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Untitled

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Wilfharry billy
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CHAPTER 2 TENSION MEMBERS 2-1 TYPES OF TENSION MEMBERS The elements of a structure that carry tension loads are termed tension members, The hottom chords of roof and bridge trusses are classic examples of tension members. Some of the truss web members may carry tension or may be a tension for certain loading conditions and compression for other loading conditions. Transmission and microwave towers and bracing systems in multistory buildings and steel cables as. used in suspension bridges and in cable-supporied roofs are examples of steel tension members. Some examples of these members are shown in Fig. (2-1). In all these uses the tensile strength of the steel is used. In this stress configuration plate buckling or warping is not a consideration in some instances; however, specifications will require a minimum amount of member stiffness for aesthetic and safety reasons. Generally, tension members may be categorized as rods and bars, rolled structural shapes, built-up members, and wires or cables. Currently, the Egyptian Code of Practice does not allow the use of rods and cables in bracing systems or as main tension members. 43 44 _ Steel Structures Design a KE i pets, Fig. 2.1 Samples of Steel Structures Containing i Tension Members Chapter 2: Tension Members 45 WIRING CABLE Fig. 2.2 Samples of Cross-Sections of Tension Members 2-2 EXAMPLES ON MEMBERS USED IN TRUSSES 1- Unsymmetric sections (single angles) Which is used in vertical and diagonal members of trusses, minimum radius of gyration is ry = 0.2a. 46 _ Steel Structures Design 2- Symmetric sections a. Star-shaped b. Which is used in vertical members of trusses at intersections with longitudinal bracing, and in long tension members, minimum radins of gyration is ry * 0.385a. c. Two angles back-to-back Which is used in chord members of trusses and web members of high values of forces. Minimum radius of gyration is r, = 0.3a and maximum radius of gyration is ry = 0.45a. Chapter 2: TensionMembers__47 Table (2-1) Approximate Values of Ridius of Gyration for Sections Composed of Angles case| secriow or ueuser| or | ror x, ! mp- 0.88 | ------ Caen | ej eee + = 0.48) a ae %, = 0.30 sd f= 0.8850] ————__ 7, = 0.20] ——---- % 1,= 0.14a| —--~-- e ie setafes 48__ Steel Structures Design 23 TENSION MEMBERS RESISTANCE ‘The maximum resistance of a tension member “T,” is calculated fom Equation (2-1): Tr= AnerF; Where: Anet is the effective net area of the cross section, F, is the allowable stress of the steel in tension which is defined according to the Egyptian Code of Practive, ECP 2001, as: F,=0.58F, = = 9D There are two code requirements for tension members; the stress requirements and the stiffness requirements. 2-3-1 Allowable Stress in Tension ‘The actual stress in a tension member is based on the effective net area and should not exceed the allowable stress. The allowable tensile stress (F,) for steel is calculated using Equation (2-2) or Table (2-1) which shows the allowable tensile stress for different steel grades used in structural design. The yield stress of the different steel grades can be taken from Table (1-2). Table (2-2) Allowable Tensile Stress For Different Steel Grades F (allowable tensile stress), t/em’ Bisel erade t<40mm 40mm 3d+t (where d is the bolt diameter and t is the angle leg thickness). 56__ Steel Structures Design 2-8 EXAMPLES ON DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS Example 2.1 Design the lower chord tension member “ A “ shown in the figure. The force in the member is 20 t ( casc II ) and the bolts used in the connections are M16 nonpretensioned ordinary bolts. Data : Force = 20 t (case II), length=2.00 m Ly=2 m andLy=6 m CNNSSSSIZZ Estimation of the member cross section : Arq = Force/(0.85 Fix1.2) = 20/(0.85 x [0.58 x 2.4] x 1.2)= 14.08 em? Choose 2 angles back-to-back for the lower chord. Area of IL = 14.08/2 = 7.04 cm? For 2 angles back-to-back with equal legs : rx ~0.3a and ry =0.45a de = Lilt #03 a) = 200/(0.3a) < 300 Be eq = > 2.22 cm (dl fe ia x dy = Lyl(ty #0.45 a) = y 600/(0.45a) < 300 i eq 24.45 cm For construction: a-t>3 $= 4.8 em From the tables choose 2Ls 70 x 70 x 7 -_—=—=—_~ Chapter 2: Tension Members 57 Checks : Ant = Agns— Aset 2 [9.40— "G5 +02)x07)~ 1628 on! face = 20/16.28 = 1.228 tem? < (0.58 x 2.4) x 1.2 (case II) = 1.68 em? which is safe = 200/7 =28.6 < 60 OK Lyfe = 200/2.12= 94.34<300 OK Lyhty 2 [ly any + Au. X (€y + 0.5 te pi) [42.4+9.4x (1.97+0.5x1)] 199.5 cm* Ax =2x9.40=18.8 cm? 1995 3.26 om Za, V8.8 = 600/3.26 = 184 < 300 Ok 3- Construction requirement a —-7em>3$+t-55em Ok Example 2.2 Design the same member of Example 2.1 using welded connections. Estimation of the member cross section : Arg = 20/{(0.58 x 2.4) x 1.2]= 11.97 em? Steel Structures Design os ‘Choose 2 angles back-to-back for the lower chord. A of IL = 11.97/2=5.98 cm” y For 2 angles back-to-back with equal legs : 1 = 0.3a and ry = 0.458 Mx = Ly/(t $0.3 a) = 200/(0.3a) $300 rq = 2.22 cm y =045 a) = ty = Lylty 600/(0 45a) < 300 aeq 24.45 om From the Tables choose 2Ls 65 x 65 x7 Cheeks : 1-8 Ane = Agross = 2 x 8.7= 17.4 cm? ft = 20/174 = 1.15 tlm? < (0.58 x 2.4) x 1.2 (case TI) = 1.68 tem” which is safe 2. Stiffness -Lid =200/6.5=30.77<60 OK de = Lylte=200/1.96=102<300 OK wdy = Lylty Wy-21.=2 Dy ary + An (ey +t. pt/2))] [33.4 +8.7 (1.85 + 1/2))] = 162.9 cm* Ag =2%8.7=17.4 om? fies ay = =3.06 cm yet 174 = 600/3.06 = 196 < 300 OK Chapter 2: Tension Members 59 Example 2.3 Design the same tension member of Example 2.1 using unequal angles. Use M16 ordinary bolts in all the truss connections and 10 mm gusset plates. Data : Force = + 20t (case I), length=2 m Lina=2m, Lou =6 m Estimati the member cross section : Arg = 20/(0.85 x [0.58 x 2.4] x 1.2)= 14.08 cm? Choose 2 angles back-to-back for the lower chord. Area of IL = 14,08/2= 7.04 cm? Choose 2Ls back-to-back 90 x 60 x 6 Cheeks : 1-S1 j | Ane 2 [8.69 - (1.6 + 02) x 0.6) = 15.22 cm’ fie = 20/15.22= 1.314 vom? < H (0.58 x 2.4 x 1.2) (case Il) = 1.68 { jen fa son tem? which is safe ! 2- Stiffness -Lid =200/6=33.3< 60 OK tx =L alte =200/1.72=116.3<300 OK (ty in the example = ty from tables ) why =Lylty 1y=2[]+A(top/2+e,)"] (sy in the example = ry from tables and ly in the example =I, from tables ) I, =2[71.7+8.69 (1/2 +2.89)] = 343.13 cm* 60__ Steel Structures Design Ay dy = 600/4.44 = 135 < 300 OK 3- Construction requirement a =6.0 cm>3>+t=3x16+0.6=5.4 cm OK Example 2.4 Design a diagonal member in a truss if the tensile force is 4 t (case T) and the member length is 2.8 m. The bolts used in all the truss connections are M16 ordinary bolts grade 4.6 with 10 mm thick gusset plates. Data: Force = + 4 t (case Il), length = 2.8m Estimation of the member cross section : Assume the section is a single angle (unsymmetrical section) Arg = 4/(0.85 x 0.85 x (0.58 x 2.4))= 3.98 om? For IL: 10.2 a 1 = Lity= 280/0.2 a < 300 a>4.6 om For construction: a>3 $ +t a-t>4.8 cm Choose IL 55 x 55x 5 Az. 5 x 0.5 — (1.6 +0.2) x 0.5 85 om? A, -=(5.5-0.5)x0.5=2.5 om Ase = Ar + Ao(—241_) =3.57 0m? 3Ai+ A2 fat = 4/3.57 = 1.12 tlm? < 0.58 Fy = Cusset 7 1.4 Vem which is safe Aft Chapter 2: Tension Members 61 -Lid = 280/5.5=50.9<60 OK ho -=LAty=280/1.07<300 OK “ Example 2.5 Design the shown tcusion member if length of the member is 4m and it carries a force of 4 t. The bolts used in the connections are M16 ordinary bolts with 10 mm gusset plates. Es ation of the member cross sectio1 Arg = 4/(0.85 x 2.4) =3.36 cm? (Assuming that the cross section will be symmetrical about the gusset plate): (star-shaped) A of one angle = 3.36/2 = 1.68 cm? For star-shaped angles: r, = 0.385 a 2 =1/0.385 a< 300 = 400/0.385 a a >3.46 cm Lid < 60 3 400/d < 60 4 > 400/60 =7 cm 7 =(a+tor) 62__ Stoel Structures Design Construction requirements a-t>4.8 cm From Table choose 2Ls star — shaped 55 x 55 x 5 Ave = 2 (5.32 = (1.6 + 0.2)x 0.5) = 8.84 cm™ far = 4/8.84 = 0.45 tom? <0.58 F,=1.4t/cm? which is safe 2- Stiffness -Lid =400/2x5.5+1)=333<60 OK ~ L/ty = 400/2.09 = 191.38 < 300 OK Example 2.6 Design the lower chord tension member “ A “ shown in the figure. The force in the member is 30 t ( case II) using a circular hollow section. A 12x3.0=36.0m Data : Force = 30 t (case ll), length = 3.00 m, Lx = 3.0 m and Ly = 9.0 m. Chapter 2: Tension Members _ 63 Estimation of the member cross section: im req = 30// ( {0.58 x 2.4}x 1.2) = 17.86 em* From the tables choose pipe No. 108 th 6 G A=19.2cm* Anct = Agross = 19.2em* fact =30/19.2 = 1.56 t/ em? < {0.58 x 2.4} x 1.2 (case II) = 1.68 vem? — which is safe 2- Stiffness Ld = ==300/15.8=27.77 <60 OK Lx/t% =300/3.61 <300 OK Ly/1, =900/3.61=249.3 <300 OK 64 _ Steel Structures Design Example 2.7 Design the same tension member of Example 2.6 using a square hollow section (S.H.S). Data : Force = 30 t (case Il), member length =3.0m , Lx=3.0 mand L, =9.0m. Estimation of the member cross section: Avreq = 30 / ( {0.58 x 2.4}x 1.2) =17.9 cm? - From the tables choose S.H.S 100 th 5 A=18.9 cm? Checks : = 18.9 cm? = 1.587 t/ em? < [{0.58 x 2.4} x 1.2] = 1.68 thom? 2: Stiffness Lid =300/10 =30<60 OK Lx/t 100 / 3.87 =77.5 <300 OK Ly/ty =900/3.87 =232.5 <300 OK Chapter 2: Tension Members __ 65 Example 2.8 Design the same tension member of Example 2.6 using a rectangular hollow section (R.H.S). Data : Force = 30 t (case II), member length=3m ,Lx=3mand Ly= om. Estimation of the member cross section: Aveq = 30/ ( {0.58 x 2.4}x 1.2) = 17.9 om? : _ From the tables choose R.H.S 120 x 80x 5 1 A=18.9 cm? [ A reg} *H — rf * oe Ly 1-Strength - ee ‘Ave = Agross = 18.9 om Fra, 730/189 = 1.58 / cm? <[{0.58 x 2.4} x 1.2] (case II) = 1.68 vem’ =25<60 OK = 67.7 <300 OK =280 <300 OK 66 _ Steel Structures Design Note : In case of rotating the rectangular hollow section by 90°, the actual stress will not change while the stiffness will improve . 1- Strength Anct = Agross = 18.9 cm? fer = = 30/18.9 = 1.58 t / cm? < [£0.58 x 2.4} x 1.2 ] (case I) = 37.5 < 60 OK 93.5 <300 OK 203 < 300 OK Lid =300/8 Lx/t =300/3.21 Ly/ty =900/4.43 2-9 EFFECTIVE AREA OF THREADED TENSION MEMBERS 2-9-1 Tie Rods for Steel Frame Buildings For roofs of steel frame industrial buildings with steep slopes, tie rods are used to provide lateral supports especially for purlins consisting of channel cuss section (See Fig. 2.3).-For channels that have small resistance against lateral bending, one can utilize tie rods to provide lateral supports to purlins in order to decrease the lateral bending. Chapter 2: Tension Members 67 ELEVATION Joss ot PLAN Fig. 2.3 Plan Showing Tic Rods The industrial buildings also frequently have girts running between the columns along the vertical walls (See Fig. 2.4). The rods may also be used in such cases. The following recommendations can lead to economical design: () For light roofs with corrugated steel sheets as covering material, tie rods will be needed at one-third points if the spacing between trusses is more than 6.0 ms, (i) For spacing less than 6.0 ms with the same covering material as in (), tie rods at midpoints may be sufficient. (iii) For heavier coveting material such as those made of cement tiles, clay tiles or slate, the one tie rod at-third points will be necessary for spacing more than 4.0 ms. (iv) _ For spacing less than 4.0 ms with the same covering material as (iii) the tie rods at mid-points will be satisfactory. 68 __ Steel Structures Design pe oo Side view Part Elevation Fig. 2.4 Tie Rods for Side Girts Conceming the stiffness condition of section 2.4, a common practice is to use rod diameters not less than 1/500 of their length even though stress calculations may permit much smaller sizes. For practical construction considerations it is usually desirable to limit the minimum diameter of tie rods to. 12 mms. For tie rods used for purlins of roof trusses, the maximum force in a tie rod will occur in the top tie rod since it must support the sum of the forces in the lower tie rods. It is of general practice to use the same diameter for both the top and lower tie rods. Chapter 2: Tension Members __69 2-10 SOME EXAMPLES OF DETAILING OF ROOF TRUSSES =i | ; ail ol ; n | *| a J g Y i 7 1 LY i Ha | we , | SX « 8 I $ a s | 2 5 ss | See FN | XS NJ 2L 80x80x8 H 70_ Steel Structures Design Ridge Cap "0.5mm thick" Conmugated tel. ie im thicl jsnees o.5 mm thick — [160 | L ‘BOx80x8s, 1 ‘L 80x80x8 i B0xBO%8 1] 2 sox | L 60x60x6 Te plates 150x100x10 2L 70x70x7_ | aL |

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