Experiment 1 – Chemical Reactions

1.What are the purposes of today's lab work?

• To perform different types of chemical reactions, including acid-base, precipitation, gas

forming, complex compound forming and oxidation-reduction reactions.
• To identify the products in these reactions and describe the chemical changes.
• To write and balance the chemical equations for the reactions observed.

2. What is a chemical reaction?

When a chemical reaction occurs, substances called reactants are transformed into different
substances called products that often have different appearances and different properties

3. Please give examples of different types of chemical reactions?

Types of reactions: synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, double displacement, and

combustion.

4. What are observable signs when chemical reactions occur?

Observable signs of chemical reactions can be a change in color, the formation of a solid
(precipitation), the release of gas, and the production of heat and light.

5. What is a synthesis reaction? Give an example

A synthesis reaction occurs when two or more reactants combine to form a single product.

C + O2  CO2

6. What is a decomposition reaction? Give an example

A decomposition reaction can be defined as a chemical reaction in which one reactant

breaks down into two or more products.

NaCl  Na + Cl

CaCO3  CaO + CO2

7. What is a single displacement reaction? Give an example

A single replacement reaction, sometimes called a single displacement reaction, is a reaction

in which one element is substituted for another element in a compound.

Fe + 2HCl  FeCl2 + H2

8. What is a double displacement reaction? Give an example

A double displacement reaction is a type of reaction where part of one reactant is replaced
by part of another reactant.
 AgNO3 + NaCl  AgCl + NaNO3

9. What is a combustion reaction? Give an example

A combustion reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which a compound and an oxidant is

reacted to produce heat and a new product.

C2H5OH + 3 O2 → 2 CO2 + 3 H2O

10. Please name all of the experiments that you will do in today's lab work?

Reactions of Cu2+
Reactions of Silver halides
Section 1: Reactions of Potassium Chloride (KCl)
Section 2: Reactions of Potassium Bromide (KBr)
Reactions of H2O2
Reactions of KMnO4
Reactions of Fe2+ and Fe3+
Section 1: Ferric ion (Fe3+)
Section 2: Ferrous ion (Fe2+)
Reactions of Al3+
Flame tests
11. What are molarity and normality?

 Molarity measures the number of moles of a solute in 1 litre solution

 Normality measures the number of grams of a solute in 1 litre solution

12. What is the equation that shows the relationship between wavelength, frequency, and speed of
an electromagnetic wave?

C is the speed of light (3 x 108 m/s)

λ is the wavelength (nm)
V is frequency

Experiment 2: pH and Buffers

1. What is the dissociation process? Write down the dissociation constant for CH 3COOH + H2O ⇌
CH3COO- + H3O+?

dissociation, in chemistry, the breaking up of a compound into simpler constituents(part) that are
usually capable of recombining under other conditions.

Dissociation is the process by which chemical molecules break down into simpler constituent.
2. What are the concentrations of hydronium ions ([H 3O+]) and hydroxyl ions ([OH-]) of pure water?

The concentration of a solute in a solution is the ratio of the solute to the solvent or total solution.
Concentration is often represented as. However, solute concentration can also be represented in
moles or volume units.

Solution:

The dissociation of the hydronium ion in pure water at 298 K is as follows below:

                             H₃O⁺  ⇔  OH⁻ + H₂

We know that pOH + pH = 14

So,  [OH⁻] + [H⁺] = 10⁻¹⁴

10⁻⁷ + 10⁻⁷ = 10⁻¹⁴

Thus, [H₃O⁺] = [OH⁻] = 10⁻⁷ g ion/liter

Hence, the concentration of H₃O⁺ (hydronium ion) and OH⁻ (hydroxide ion) in pure
water at 298 K is 10⁻⁷ g ion/liter.

3. What is the product of the concentration of hydronium ions ([H 3O+]) and hydroxyl ions ([OH-]) in
any aqueous solution?

In an aqueous solution, the H+ from an acid is associated with water to form H3O+ (a
hydronium ion), while a base accepts a proton from water to form OH– (a hydroxide
ion).

4. What is pH? How do we define/calculate the pH value of a solution?

pH is a measure of how acidic/basic water is.

- Calculate the pH value of a solution:

The pH scale is a compact way to specify the acidity of a solution: pH = - log[H3O+]

- Define the pH value of a solution:

• Acidic solution: pH < 7 or [H3O+] > [OH-]

• Basic solution: pH > 7 or [H3O+] < [OH-]

• Neutral solution: pH = 7 or [H3O+] = [OH-]

5. If [H3O+] = 0.001 M. What is the pH value?

pH = - log[H3O+] = 3
6. What equipment can you use to measure the pH of prepared solutions?

pH meter

7. Please give the definitions of an acid and a base according to Arrhenius classification?

According to the Arrhenius theory, an acid is a substance that dissociates in water to form
hydronium ion (H3O+), and a base is a substance that dissociates in water to form hydroxide (OH–)
ions.

8. What is the conjugate base of CH 3COOH?

9. What is a buffer? What is its main characteristic?

A buffer is a solution of a weak acid or weak base and its conjugate weak base or weak acid,
respectively.

Buffers have the function that resists a large change in pH on the addition of H + or OH-. This
is because the weak base, A-, will react with added H+ and the weak acid, HA, will react with added
OH-. Changes in pH of buffer solutions can be determined using the Henderson-Hasselbach
equation

10. Calculate the initial concentration of each substance when mixing 40.0 mL of 0.1 M CH 3COOH
and 10.0mL of 0.1 M CH3COONa?

To calculate the initial concentration of each substance, we need to use the equation for
calculating the concentration of a solution, which is:

C1V1 = C2V2

Where C1 is the initial concentration,

V1 is the initial volume,

C2 is the final concentration, and

V2 is the final volume.

In this case, we can use the equation to calculate the initial concentration of CH3COOH and
CH3COONa when they are mixed together.

We can assume that the volumes are additive, so the final volume is 50.0 mL (40.0 mL + 10.0
mL).

For CH3COOH: C1 × V1 = C2 × V2 C1 × 40.0 mL = (0.1 M) × 50.0 mL C1 = (0.1 M × 50.0 mL) /

40.0 mL C1 = 0.125 M Therefore, the initial concentration of CH3COOH is 0.125 M.
 For CH3COONa: C1 × V1 = C2 × V2 C1 × 10.0 mL = (0.1 M) × 50.0 mL C1 = (0.1 M × 50.0 mL) /
10.0 mL C1 = 0.5 M Therefore, the initial concentration of CH3COONa is 0.5 M

11. If the original pH of buffer A is 4, if we add enough HCl to change pH by one unit, what is the final
pH value?

¿ ¿
4 = pKa + log(Cl− HCl ¿)  pKa = 4 - log(Cl− HCl ¿)

12. If the original pH of buffer A is 4, if we add enough NaOH to change pH by one unit, what is the
final pH value?x

Experiment 3: Redox Titration with KMnO4

1. What are the objectives of today's lab work?

• Learn about the term of gram equivalent weight

• Review of oxidation-reduction reactions
• Standardize the concentration of KMnO4 solution and determine the oxalic acid normality

2. What is a redox reaction (oxidation-reduction reaction)?

 An oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction is a type of chemical reaction that involves a
transfer of electrons between two species. therefore, the oxidation states of atoms are changed.

3. In a redox reaction, what are the oxidizing agent and reducing agent?

The substance that gains electrons is said to be reduced; therefore, it is called the oxidizing
agent.

The substance that loses electrons is said to be oxidized; thus, it is called

the reducing agent.

The redox reaction involves two (02) half-reactions. Oxidation is the half-reaction in which
there is a loss of electrons by a species (or an increase of the oxidation number of an atom).
Reduction is the half-reaction in which there is a gain of electrons by a species (or a decrease in the
oxidation number of an atom).

4. Balance the reaction between potassium permanganate (KMnO 4) with oxalic acid (H2C2O4) in the
presence of excess sulfuric acid (H 2SO4)? Show your work

5. Please define the gram equivalent weight (GEW) of oxidizing agent and gram equivalent weight
of the reducing agent

The equivalent weight (EW) of an oxidizing or reducing agent for a particular reaction is
equal to its formula weight divided by the total number of electrons gained or lost when the
reaction occurs (i.e. by the total change in valence). While, gram equivalent weight is the measure of
the reactive capacity of a molecule. The solute's role in the reaction determines the solution's
normality.

6. What is normality? How do you calculate the normality of a solution?

7. What is the normality of an 1-M H2SO4 solution?

N=Mxn=1x2=2N
8. What is the normality of an 1-M HCl solution?

N=Mxn=1x1=1
9. What is the titration technique? What is its principle?

Titration is a quantitative chemical analysis. It is used to determine an unknown

concentration of a known substance in a sample

A titration is a technique where a solution of known concentration is used to determine the

concentration of an unknown solution

The principle of titration is based on the concept of stoichiometry, which states that the
amount of a substance involved in a chemical reaction is determined by the number of moles of the
reactants in the balanced chemical equation. By measuring the amount of the standard solution
needed to react with the unknown solution, the concentration of the unknown solution can be
calculated.

10. Please watch the following video clip and list out all the steps of titration using a burette:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9DkB82xLvNE
Step 1: Prepare the burret and solutions
Step 2: Bring the burette down below eyes level
Step 3: Clean by rinsing water 3 times
Step 4: Noticing the bubbles will cause significant errors back to step 3
Step 5: Fill the burette
Step 6: Add indicator
Step 7: Titrate and record results
Step 8: Repeat
Experiment 4: Chemical Equilibrium
1. What are the objectives of today's lab work?

• To observe the effect of applying stresses on chemical systems at equilibrium

• To apply Le Chatelier’s Principle to explain the changes in the system

2. What is chemical equilibrium in a reversible chemical reaction? And when the equilibrium state
of a chemical reaction can be obtained?

A reversible reaction is a chemical reaction where the reactants form products that, in
turn, react together to give the reactants back.

Reversible reactions will reach an equilibrium point where the concentrations of the
reactants and products will no longer change.

A reversible reaction is denoted by a double arrow pointing in both directions in a chemical

equation.

3. Please define dynamic equilibrium and static equilibrium

Difference between Static and Dynamic Equilibrium

The fundamental variations between dynamic and static equilibrium are given below.

 In most cases, static equilibrium is irreversible. Dynamic equilibrium is reversible in

nature.
 There is no further chemical reaction in the system that is in static equilibrium. Dynamic
equilibrium means that the products and reactants are still involved in physical reactions.
 In static equilibrium, the backward and forward reaction rates are null. In dynamic
equilibrium, the backward and forward reaction rates are most probably equal.
 Static equilibrium can exist in both closed and open systems. Dynamic equilibrium can
only exist in closed bodies or systems.

Dynamic Equilibrium can be defined as the state of a given system in which the
reversible reaction taking place in it stops changing the ratio of reactants and products, but
there is a movement of substances between the reactants and the products. This movement
occurs at an equal rate and there is no net change of the reactant and product ratio.

static equilibrium, also known as mechanical equilibrium, refers to a state where a

reaction has stopped and there is no movement between the reactants and products. In other
words, the system is at rest, and the forward and reverse reaction rates are both
4. Please describe factors that can disturb a reversible reaction at its equilibrium state?

A reversible reaction at equilibrium can be disturbed if stresses are applied to it. Stresses
can be changes in concentration, temperature, or pressure. The composition of the reaction
mixture will shift until equilibrium has been reestablished.

5. What is Le Chatelier's Principle about?

A reversible reaction at equilibrium can be disturbed if stresses are applied to it. Stresses
can be changes in concentration, temperature, or pressure. The composition of the reaction
mixture will shift until equilibrium has been reestablished. This is known as Le Chatelier’s principle

 how a system at equilibrium responds to changes in temperature, pressure, or

concentration of reactants or products.

6. Please write the Equilibrium equation K x u = F

7. Please fill out the following table

K
Reaction favors (reactants / products) Reaction lies to (left / center / right)
Value
K << 1
K~1
K >> 1

8. Please predict the outcome of today lab work and fill out the following table
Description of
System No. System name Predicted outcome
conditions
1