TAMIL NADU STATE COUNCIL FOR

HIGHER EDUCATION
CHENNAI – 600 005.

State Integrated Board of Studies

Geography
Undergraduation – 3 Year
Programme
 Tamilnadu State Council for Higher Education

State Integrated Boards of Studies

Preamble*
In keeping with the announcement of the Honorable Minister for Higher
Education (Policy Note 6.3 2013-2014, Department of Higher Education,
Government of Tamil Nadu), with the view to provide compatibility in courses
offered by various universities, autonomous colleges & deemed universities in
Tamil Nadu facilitating the mobility of faculty and students from one university
to another and to easily solving the problem of equivalence among courses,
Tamil Nadu State Council for Higher Education (TANSCHE) has formed the
State Integrated Boards of Studies comprising experts in the areas of knowledge
concerned. The State Integrated Boards of Studies, with great diligence and
expertise has devised the mandatory areas that have to be covered for three year
undergraduation and two year postgraduation courses to realize the above
objectives. Great care has been taken so that these areas would take 75% of the
course content and the remaining 25% can be decided by the individual
institutions.
In other words, the areas that have to be covered by the student that are
mandatory for earning the degree to have due value has been worked out so
that the student will gain enough depth of knowledge in the subject concerned.
It is recommended that the institutions specify in their brochures if the course is
equivalent or not so that the stakeholder could opt for the course offered with
enough awareness about the future possibilities of deciding on the course. The
State Integrated Boards of Studies1 have striven their best to see that the
standards of higher education in our State are raised to be on a par with
international standards.

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*Note: It is stated that it is not a compulsion on the part of any educational institution
in the State to follow State Integrated Board of Studies. However, if the subjects are to be
equivalent, Section 'A' must be covered in the 75% of the syllabus of the subjects
concerned.
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State Integrated Board of Studies – Geography UG

Section A (Mandatory Areas) of each course is mandatory and the areas given
must be covered in the 75% of the syllabus to make the course equivalent. 25%
percent of the syllabus should be designed by the institutions, and the areas
covered under this also must have a weightage of 25%. Possible areas for this
25% are suggested in Section B (Suggested Non mandatory Areas). This gives
the individual universities and autonomous institutions seamless liberty to
innovate and experiment, and more importantly, it is here that the institutions
must devise appropriate strategies by which (i) to make creative and critical
applications of what has been learnt in the mandatory components, and (ii) to
meaningfully connect the learners to the career demands and expectations. It is
essential that the theoretical subject knowledge of the students must be
translated into practical hands-on experience.

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 Tamilnadu State Council for Higher Education

CONTENTS

SECTION ‘A’ – MANDATORY AREAS

CORE PAPERS Page No.

1. Physical Geography 5
2. Geomorphology 6
3. Climatology 7
4. Oceanography 8
5. Cartography 9
6. World Regional Geography 10
7. Geography of India 11
8. Human Geography 12
9. Geography of Settlements 13
10. Population Geography 14
11. Bio Geography 15
12. Principles of Remote Sensing 16
13. Principles of GIS & GNSS 17
14. Geography of Tamil Nadu 18
15. Geography of Resources 19
16. Geography of Asia 20
17. Geography of North America and South America 21
18. Geography of Africa and Australia 22
19. Practical Courses Map Scale and Climatic Data Analysis 23
20. Practical: Projection and Surveying 24
21. Representation of Relief And Map Interpretation 25
22. Practical: Aerial and Satellite Image Interpretation 26

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State Integrated Board of Studies – Geography UG

SECTION ‘B’ – NON-MANDATORY AREAS

ALLIED/ELECTIVE PAPERS Page No.

1. Geography of Travel And Tourism 27

2. Disaster Studies 28
3. Political Geography 29
4. Agricultural Geography 30
5. Urban Geography 31
6. Transport Geography 32
7. Geography of Health 33

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 Tamilnadu State Council for Higher Education

1. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

Unit 1: Scope and content of physical geography –The Earth and Universe, Evidence of the
Earth’s Sphericity, The Earth’s rotation and Revolution, Interior of the earth- Plate
tectonics- Rocks: types and classification – Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic
rocks, folding, faulting, earthquake and volcanoes – Forces of gradation and
weathering – mechanical and chemical weathering, mass wasting and mass
movement.

Unit 2: Agents of Gradation – Fluvial processes, erosion, transportation, deposition, resultant

topography – River, glacier, wind, waves and Underground water – water table –
spring and their types, karst topography, normal cycle of erosion – Davis, Penck.

Unit 3: Scope and content of Met` ecology – Definition – weather and climate, climatic
elements – surface composition and – structure of the atmosphere – Insolation,
Horizontal and verification distribution of Temperature, Heat budget.

Unit 4: Atmospheric Pressure and winds – horizontal distribution of pressure, planetary –

periodic and local winds; Atmospheric moisture condensation, Forms of
precipitation – types – cyclones; tropical temperate.

Unit 5: Importance of Ocean Studies – Surface configuration the ocean floor – continental
shelf, slope, deep, sea plain and deeps – distribution of salinity in the seas and
oceans; Circulation of oceanic water – waves, tides and currents – currents of the
Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean – Coral reefs – types.

References

1. Monkhouse F.J.Principles of physical geography.

2. Woliridge and Morgan – An outline of Geomorphology Das Gupta and Kapur, 1955 –
Physical Geography.
3. Philip Laka – Physical Geography.
4. Richl, H.(1954): Tropical Metrological, McGraw Hill Book C., Ltd., New York.
5. Garbell, M.A.,(1947): Tropical and Equatorial Meterology, Bitman Publishing
Corporation, New York.
6. Trewartha, G.T.(1968): An introduction to climate, MeGraw Hill Book, Co.New York.
7. John F.Griffith, Climate and Environment, London.
8. J.E.Hobbs, Applied Climatology, Butterworths, London.
9. Dayal P.A.: Text book of Geomorphology, Shukla Book Depot. Patna – 1996.
10. Husain M.: Climatology & Oceanography.
11. Lal D.S.: Climatology, Chaitan publication 2002.
.

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State Integrated Board of Studies – Geography UG

2. GEOMORPHOLOGY

Unit 1: Meaning – Scope of geomorphology - Origin of the earth – Gaseous Hypothesis

of Immanuel Kant - Nebular theory of Laplace – Tidal hypothesis of James Jeans
and Modification by Jeffrey – Geological history of the earth – Structure of the
earth – Rocks - classification of rocks - Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic
rocks.

Unit 2: Theory of isostasy - Wegner’s Continental drift theory – seafloor spreading –

Plate Tectonics - Earth movements – Endogeneticand Exogenetic- folds – faults
–Earthquakes-Origin of Volcanoes and Types, Major Landforms – Types of
Mountain, Plateaus, Plains.

.
Unit 3: Weathering – controlling factors - types – mass movement – Soil formation -
soil profile - types - erosion and conservation- Fluvial landforms- drainage
patterns- normal cycle of erosion –Davis and Penck, River Rejuvenation

Unit 4: Glacial processes –Erosional work of glacier - Depositional landforms of glacier

- Work of Wind – erosional work of wind and erosional landforms –depositional
landforms in arid regions.

Unit 5: Underground water and karst topography – Geomorphic work of groundwater –

erosional landforms developed in limestone regions- depositional landforms of
karst region - Work of Waves – erosional land forms - depositional landforms -
coast – Johnson’s classification of coast.

REFERENCES

1. Balbir Singh Negi, Physical Geography, S.J Publications Meerut, 1993

2. Bloom, A.l 1992: Geomorphology – Systematic Analysis of Late Cenozoic
landforms, Prentice Hall India, New Delhi.
3. Das Gupta, A., andKapoor, A.N, Principles of Physical Geography, S.C. Chand
& Company Ltd, 2001.
4. Dayal, P. 1996: Textbook of Geomorphology, Shukla Book depot Patna.
5. Lobeck. A.K., An Introduction to the study of Landscapes, McGraw –Hill Book
company, 1939
6. Robinson .H., Physical Geography, Mac Donald and Evans Ltd, 1971Sharma.
V.K., Earth Surface Process and forms, Tata McGraw – Hill Publishing Company
Ltd, New Delhi, 1986.
7. Thorn Bury.D., - Principles of Geomorphology, Wiley Eastern Ltd, New Delhi,
1984
8. Strahler A.H and Strahler A.N – Modern Physical Geography, New York, John
Wiley and Sons. INC, 1975

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 Tamilnadu State Council for Higher Education

3. CLIMATOLOGY

Unit 1: Weather and climate - elements – climatology and meteorology - composition of

the atmosphere –structure of the atmosphere.

Unit 2: Insolation – meaning – distribution of insolation – factors affecting the

distribution – heat budget of the earth and the atmosphere.

Unit 3: Temperature –controlling factors of temperature distribution - horizontal and

vertical – Pressure –variations in atmospheric pressure –horizontal distribution
of pressure and pressure belts - Wind - General circulation – Planetary wind belt
– seasonal winds – monsoon – concepts of origin of monsoon wind ( thermal
and dynamic ) – local winds.

Unit 4: Atmospheric Humidity – types of humidity - measurement of humidity -

Evaporation – evapotranspiration - Condensation – forms of condensation - fog-
classification of fogs - Clouds – classification and characteristic features of
clouds – Precipitations – forms - types and distribution of precipitation.

Unit 5: Air mass – characteristics – source region - classification of air masses – fronts –
concepts – classification - cyclones – origin and distribution of tropical and
temperate cyclones (Tropical cyclone Naming-Indian Ocean) - anti cyclones -
thunderstorms- tornado – Jet streams- Climatic classification – Koppen’s-
Thronthwaite’sclassifications and Trewartha – Contemporary issues in Global
climatic change law and policy)

REFERENCES

1. Lal. D.S., Climatology, Chatianya Publishing House, Allahabad, 1990

2. Howard J. Chritchfield, General Climatology, Prentice – Hall of India Pvt Ltd,
1987
3. Glen. T.Trewartha and LyesH.HornAn Introduction to Climate, International
student Edition, McGraw Hill International Book Company, 1980.
4. Patterson – Climatology.
5. Barry & Chorley – Atmosphere, weather and climate – Methuen 1968.

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State Integrated Board of Studies – Geography UG

4. OCEANOGRAPHY

Unit 1: Oceanography – meaning – scope and importance of oceanography- Distribution

of continents and ocean – Depth of the oceans- hypsometric curve- ocean bottom
– continental shelf, continental slope, and deep sea plain, deeps and trenches-
submarine canyons - Bottom topography of Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean.

Unit 2: Temperature – Process of Heating and Cooling- distribution of temperature –

horizontal and vertical - Salinity- Sources - Controlling factors - distribution of
salinity – horizontal and vertical.

Unit 3: Oceanic movements - waves and tides –ocean Currentsof Atlantic, Pacific and
IndianOceans - El Nino and LaNina.

Unit 4: Marine resources – classification - coral reef – conditions ofGrowth - types

and distribution of coral reefs Theories of origin.

Unit 5: Marine deposits- Sources and types – Classification – Marine Sediments –

Distribution of Sediments.-International Law and Politics of the Indian Ocean

REFERENCES

1. Lal .D.S., Oceanography

2. Grant Gross – Oceanography, Prentice – Hall International Editions , 1987
3. Sharma.R.C., and M.Vital – Oceanography for Geographers , Chatianya
publishing house , Allahabad , 1987
4. Paul R. Pinet – Oceanography, West Publishing Company, 1992

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 Tamilnadu State Council for Higher Education

5. CARTOGRAPHY

Unit – 1: Meaning and Nature of Cartography - Cartography as a Science Historical

development — Maps — Types of maps — Compilation and generalization of maps

Unit – 2: Map design and layout — Lettering and Toponomy — Tools and techniques for
map drawing — Map construction and reproduction — Developing processes —
Photographic and printing —Photostat — Contact prints —Electronic stencil cutters

Unit – 3: Symbolizing and processing data - diagrams on maps — Point, line, area and
volume symbols — Qualitative and Quantitative maps

Unit – 4: Mapping the geologic structure, relief and terrain data, - Mapping the
climatological and hydrological data - Mapping the socio-economic data -
Cartographic Appreciation

Unit – 5: Map projections - Fundamentals - Classification - Major types of map

projections Characteristics and use – Choice of Projection – Recent developments in
cartography – computer cartography – Digital Cartography – 3D Cartography

References

Cartography: Visualization of Geo Spatial Data — Menno Jan Kraak & Feijan Ormeing,
Pearson Duration, New Delhi, 2003.
Fundamentals of Cartography — Misra and Ramesh, Concept Publishing House, New Delhi,
1989.
Elements of Practical Geography — Singh, PL., Kalyan Publishers, 1979
Elements of Cartography — Robinson, John Wiley 4, 1978
Maps and Diagrams — Monkhouse and Wilkinson, Methuen & Co. Ltd., London, 1973
Principles 0f Cartography — Raisz, McGraw hill, 1962

Web References
https://www.geolounge.com/types-map-projections/
http://www.remsenslab.geol.uoa.gr/digital.html
https://www.kullabs.com/classes/subjects/units/lessons/notes/note-detail/156

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State Integrated Board of Studies – Geography UG

6. WORLD REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY

Unit –1: Definition of Region – Physical Elements – Space relationships – Weather and
Climate – Landforms – Hydrology – Natural Vegetation – Forest, Grasslands,
Desert – the associated Animal Life – salient features of their Adaptation. Soil –
Population – Economic Activities – Cultural Features.

Unit –2: World Regions: Major Climatic Regions of the World: Location and Characteristics;
Equatorial Regions – Highland and lowland Regions; Tropical Region; Monsoon,
Tropical Grassland and Tropical Deserts.

Unit – 3: Warm Temperate Regions: Mediterranean, Temperate Grasslands, China Type.

Unit – 4: Cool temperate Regions: British type or Marine West Coasts, Siberian type and
Laurentian type.

Unit – 5: Polar Regions: High land or ice cap type, Lowland or Tundra type.

References
1. Oliver H. Heintzelman, Richard M. Highsmity J.R. (1965) – World Regional
Geography – Printice Hall of India (P) Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Roger Minshull (1967) Regional Geography: Theory and Practice, Hutchinson
University Library, London.
3. Cole, J. (1996), A Geography of the World’s Major Regions, Routledge, London,
4. Deblij, H.J. (1994) Geography : Regions and Concepts, John Wiley, New York,
5. Darshan singh manku (1998), A Regional Geography of the world, kalyani publishers,
New Delhi.
6. Jackson, R.H. & Hudman. L.E. (1991)World Regional Geography : Issues for Today,
John

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 Tamilnadu State Council for Higher Education

7. GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA

Unit – 1: Geographical setting - Physical features – Major Physiographic Divisions -

Drainage- Perennial and non-perennial rivers in India – Climate - Soil and Natural
Vegetation. Emergent and submergent of Indian Coast.

Unit – 2: Agriculture: Irrigation – Types and distribution – Major crops and their
distribution: Rice, Wheat, Sugarcane, Cotton, Groundnut - Plantation Crops: Tea
and Coffee - Agricultural Regions – Green revolution – Problems of Indian
Agriculture.

Unit – 3: Recourses: Iron, Copper, Mica, Manganese, Bauxite, and Atomic minerals - Power
Resources: Coal, Petroleum, Natural gas, Hydro Power – Multipurpose river
projects - Atomic power stations – Need for non-conventional energy sources.

Unit – 4: Industries: Distribution and production of major industries: Cotton and textiles, Iron
and Steel, Sugar, Cement, Chemical and Automobile – Major industrial regions.

Unit – 5: Population, Transport Types and Trade: Population – Growth, density, distribution
and problems. Transport: Land, water and air - Foreign trade of India.

References
1. Gopal Singh, (1970), A Geography of India, Atnaram & sons, New Delhi.
2. Khullar, D. R., (2010), India – A Comprehensive Geography, Kalyani Publishers, New
Delhi.
3. Krishnan, M.S. (1982), Geology of India and Burma, CBS Publishers, New Delhi.
4. Majid Hussain (2008), Geography of India, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing company Ltd.,
New Delhi.
5. Mathur, S.M. (1982), Physical Geology of India, National Book Trust, India, New Delhi.
6. Pal, Saroj K. (2003), Physical Geography of India – A study in Regional Earth Sciences,
Orient Longman Pvt. Ltd. Kolkata.
7. Sharma, T.C., (2003), India – An Economic & Commercial Geography, Vikas Publishing
House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
8. Singh, R.L., (1977), India - A Regional Geography, NGSI, Varanasi.

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State Integrated Board of Studies – Geography UG

8. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

Unit – 1: Human Geography: Nature and scope - Man and Environment relationship -
Growth, Distribution and Problems of world population.

Unit – 2: Human races: Types and Distribution – Occupations - Important Tribes: Eskimo,
Pygmy, Bushman, Gond and Irula - Their adaptation to the environment - Social and
Economic activities.

Unit – 3: Economic Geography: Definition, Nature and Scope - Natural resources: Water,
Forests, Soil – Distribution and conservation - Energy resources: Coal, Petroleum,
Atomic and Hydal Power.

Unit – 4: Agriculture: Types - Geographical condition and Distribution of Wheat, Rice,

Sugarcane, Cotton, Tea, Coffee.

Unit – 5: Minerals: Distribution - Iron ore, Copper, Manganese and Mica – Distribution of
Industries: Iron and Steel, Cotton Textiles.
.
References
1. Balbeer Singh Negi, (2006), Human Geography- an Ecological approach, Kedarnath and
Ramnath Publication, Meerut.
2. Goh Chengleong (2006), Certificate: Physical and Human Geography, Oxford University
Press, London.
3. Goh Chengleong and Morgan (1975), Human and Economic Geography, Oxford
University Press, London.
4. Majid Hussain (1999), Human Geography, Rawat Publications, Jaipur.
5. Money D.C (1967), Introduction to Human Geography, University Tutorial Press, London.
6. Perpillou (1967), Human Geography, A.V.H.G. Longman London.

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 Tamilnadu State Council for Higher Education

9. GEOGRAPHY OF SETTLEMENTS

Unit – 1: Geography of Settlements: Meaning, nature and scope – Settlement: Types.

Fundamental concepts in Settlement Geography.

Unit – 2: Rural settlements: Concept, Characteristics and Factors - Types and Patterns.
Regional characteristics – Morphology – Rural problem and planning.

Unit – 3: Urban settlements: Concept and Characteristics. Urbanization: Factors -

urbanization in India and World - Functional Classification of urban centers.

Unit – 4: CBD: Functions and characteristics - Urban Morphology: Classical models -

Burgess, Homer Hoyt, Harris and Ullman - Rural–Urban Fringe.

Unit – 5: Hierarchy of urban centers - Rank-size rule - Central place theory - Urban Problems
- Slums - Urban Planning.

References
1. Bala, Raj (1986), Urbanisation in India, Rawat Publishers, Jaipur.
2. Kundu, A (1992), Urban Development and Urban Research in India, Khanna Publication,
New Delhi.
3. Majid Hussain (1999), Human Geography, Rawat Publications, Jaipur.
4. Nath V. (2007), Urbanisation, Urban Development and Metropolitan Cities in India,
Concept Publishing Co. New Delhi.
5. Pacione, Michael (2001), Urban Geography - A Global Perspective, Routedge, London.
6. Perpillou, (1967). Human Geography, A.V.H.G. Longman, London.
7. R. Ramachandran (1989), Urbanization and Urban Systems in India, Oxford University
Press, Delhi,
8. R.B. Mandal (2009), Urban Geography: A Text Book; Concept Publishing Co., New
Delhi.
9. Siddhartha K, (2013), Cities, Urbanisation and Urban Systems,kisalaya publication Pvt.
Ltd New Delhi.
10. Singh, R. L., (1994). Geography of Settlements, Rawat Publications, New Delhi.
11. Vasant Kumar Bawa (1985), Indian Metropolis, Urbanization Planning and Management,
Inter – India Publication, New Delhi.

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State Integrated Board of Studies – Geography UG

10. POPULATION GEOGRAPHY

Unit 1: Nature, scope and significance of Population Geography - Sources of

Population data - Reliability of population data - World population
distribution - Factors
affecting distribution - Density patterns

Unit 2: Dynamics of Population - Fertility - Measures and determinants of Fertility -

World trend - Mortality - Measures and determinants of mortality - World
trend
- World population - Growth and its trend
'
Unit 3: Theories of population growth - Malthus - Ricardo - Demographic Transition -
Migration- Types - Determinants - Major consequences of migrations - Laws
of Migration - Policies on migration

Unit 4: Population composition - Sex composition - Gender - Age structure – Problems

of the aged - Literacy - Determinants and world pattern of literacy

Unit 5: Occupational composition of population - Determinants and world pattern -

Urbanization - Population and resources - Optimum population, over
population
and under population - Population policies.

References
1. The End of World Population Growth in the 21sst century: New Challenges for
Human Capital formation and Sustainable Development - Lutz, W. Sanderso,
w.e.and Scherbov, S. - Earthscan, London 2005.
2. Geography and Population: Approach and Applications - Clarke John, I
(ed.),Pergamon Press Ltd. Oxford, 1984
3. Population Geography - Clarke, J .1., Pergamon Press Ltd., Oxford, 1972
4. Population Geogjraphy: A Reader, Demko, G.J., Rose, H.M. and Schnell, G.A.,
McGraw HilllBook Col., New York, 1970
5. Principles of Demography, Bogue Donald, J., John Wiley & Sone, New York,
1969
Geography of Population: World Patterns - Trewartha, G.T., John Wiley &
Sons, New York, 1969
6. Population Geography, Wilson, M.G.A., Nelson, London, 1968.
7. Geography of Population, Beaujeu - Gamier, Longman Group Ltd, London, 1966

Web References
https://www.thoughtco.com/population-geography-overview-1435468
https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/tutorials/ecology/popn_dyn.html
http://www.economicsdiscussion.net/theory-of-population/top-3-theories-of-
population-with-diagram/18461
https://study.com/academy/lesson/population-composition-definition-elements.html
http://www.economicsdiscussion.net/economics-2/occupational-structure-and-
economic-development/2161

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 Tamilnadu State Council for Higher Education

11. BIO GEOGRAPHY

Unit 1: Bio-geography: Definition, Scope and significance Evolution of life on

Earth: Origin of Fauna and Flora- plants and Animal evolution throughout
the geological times – distribution of plant life on the earth.

Unit 2: Basic Ecological Principles – Bio-energy cycle in the Terrestrials Eco-

system – Tropical level and food chain. Concepts of Biome, Eco-tone and
community.

Unit 3: Bio- Diversity: Problems of Extinction of plant and animal life – Habitat
decay and need for conservation – Process of Desertification and its
Consequences – Industrial Effluents and their effects on fresh water
Biology.

Unit 4: World Biomes: Major Biomes – Tropical forest – Tropical Grasslands –

Temperate Grassland and Tropical Deserts.

Unit 5: Ecological and Environmental Managements: Study of Ecological regions

of Himalayas and the Western – Ghats –Conservation and Management –
Major Global Environmental Problems- International Co-operation.

References

1. Robinson, H. (1972). Biogeography. Macdonald and Evans Publication, London.

2. Singh, S. (1991). Environmental Geography. Prayag Pustak Bhawan, Allahabad.
3. Pears, N. (1993). Basic Biogeography. Longman Publications, London.
4. Newbigin, M. (1968). Plant and Animal Geography. Geography. Egmont Books Ltd.,
London.
5. Saxena, H.M. (2004). Environmental Geography (2 nd Edition). Rawat Publications,
Jaipur.

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State Integrated Board of Studies – Geography UG

12. PRINCIPLES OF REMOTE SENSING

Unit 1: Remote Sensing: Definition and Types: Aerial, Satellite and Radar,
Development of Space Programmes – History and Organization
Associated with Remote Sensing in India and in other Countries.

Unit 2: Remote Sensing Processes: Sources of Energy, Electromagnetic Radiations

(EMR), Electromagnetic Spectrum, Atmospheric Windows, Energy
Interaction with Atmosphere and Earth.

Unit 3: Platforms, types of Platforms and its characteristics, Active and Passive,
Optical-mechanical scanners and Push-broom scanners – Thermal remote
sensing - Ideal Remote Sensing Systems

Unit 4: Fundamentals of Aerial Remote Sensing: Components of Aerial Camera,

Types of Aerial Photographs, Marginal Information of Aerial Photographs,
Elements of Photo Interpretation.

Unit 5: Fundamentals of Satellite Remote Sensing: Types of Satellites: Geo-

stationary and Sun-synchronous Satellites, Resolution: Spatial, Spectral,
Radiometric and Temporal, Types of Data Products, Marginal Information
of Satellite Images.
_____________________________

References

1. Barrett, E.C. and Curtis, L.F. (1992). Introduction to Environmental Remote Sensing.
Chapman and Hall Publications, London.
2. Campbell, J.B. and Wynne, R.H. (1987). Introduction to Remote Sensing. The
Guilford Press, New York.
3. Lillesand, T.M. and Kiefer, R.W. (1987). Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation.
John Willy and Sons, New York.
4. Lueder, D.R. (1959). Aerial Photographic Interpretation– Principles and
Applications. McGraw Hill Book Co., New York.
5. Wolf, P.R. (1974). Elements of Photogrammetry: with Air Photo Interpretation and
Remote Sensing. McGraw Hill Book Co.,
New York.

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 Tamilnadu State Council for Higher Education

13. PRINCIPLES OF GIS & GNSS

Unit 1: Basic concepts: Definition and History of GIS – Component of GIS – Data
structure and formats – Spatial data models: Raster and Vector – Database
design – Linking spatial and non-spatial data – Data inputting in GIS

Unit 2: Raster and Vector data Analysis: Integration of raster and vector data,
Raster data – types, data structure, data compression, data files, data
conversions –

Unit 3: Slope, Aspects, overlay operations and statistical analysis. Vector data –
topological and non-topological vector data, map scale, spatial resolution,
spatial data accuracy, vector data sources. Comparison between raster and
vector data.

Unit 4: Introduction - Historical development – GPS system overview - Space

Segment - Control Segment - User segment - Recent trends; Working
principles of GPS: Satellite ranging - resection; error sources atmospheric -
Ionospheric errors – multipath, Selective availability – anti-spoofing error
rectification

Unit 5: GNSS and GIS Integration: Integration techniques - Data focused

integration, position focused and technology focused integration;
Technology convergence for data use; Hardware and software platforms;
GPS, GIS.

References

1. Burrough, P.A. (1986). Principles of Geographical Information System for Land

Resources Assessment. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
2. Heywood, I., Cornelius, S. and Carver, S. (1988). An Introduction to Geographical
Information Systems. Addison Wiley Longmont, New York.
3. Burrough, P.A. and McDonnell, R. (2000). Principles of Geographical Information
Systems. Oxford University Press, London.
4. Hofmann-Wellenhof, B., Lichtenegger, H. and Wasle, E. (2008). Global Navigational
Satellite Systems (GNSS). Springer Wien, New York.
5. Agrawal, N.K. (2006). Essentials of GPS. Geodesy and GPS Publications, Hyderabad.
6. Sickle, J.V. (2008). GPS for Land Surveyors, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group,
New York.

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State Integrated Board of Studies – Geography UG

14. GEOGRAPHY OF TAMIL NADU

Unit 1: Location and Extend: Administrative units – Major relief features Major
rivers – Climate: temperature, Seasonal and Annual rainfall distribution,
Soil: types and their distribution.

Unit 2: Forest, Livestock and Fisheries: Types and distribution, forest products,
Livestock: cattle, sheep, dairying and fisheries-inland and deep-sea fishing.

Unit 3: Irrigation and Agriculture Resources: types and distribution – canal, tank
and well irrigation, Agriculture: distribution and production of rice, cotton,
sugarcane, and rain fed crops, oil seeds, tea and coffee.

Unit 4: Mineral and Industrial Resources: General distribution and production.

Power resources: Hydel, thermal, atomic and wind power, Industries:
distribution and production of – cement, sugar, cotton, automobile and
paper.

Unit 5: Transport: Development and distribution of roads, railways, air and sea
transportation - Important ports, Population – growth and distribution of
rural and urban population.

_____________________________

References

1. Kumaraswamy, S.V. (2014). Geography of Tamil Nadu (Tamil Edition), Sakthi

Abirami Pathipagam, Coimbatore.
2. SHBoTN (2004). Statistical Hand Book of Tamil Nadu. Department of Economics
and Statistics, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai.
3. TNEA (2014). Tamil Nadu – An Economic Appraisal 2011-12 to 2013-14.
Department of Evaluation and Applied Research, Chennai.
4. SCRoTN (2004). Season and Crop Report of Tamil Nadu for the Agricultural Year
2003-2004. Department of Economics and Statistics, Chennai.

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 Tamilnadu State Council for Higher Education

15. GEOGRAPHY OF RESOURCES

Unit 1: Resources: Meaning – Nature and Significance in Resources – Classification

and Types – Need for Conservation and Sustainable Development.

Unit 2: Water Resources – Importance – Classification – Continent wise Distribution

and Utilization of Water Resources – Problems and Issues.

Unit 3: Biotic Resources – Major Forest Types and Distribution – Livestock –

Fisheries – Major Fishing Grounds of the World.

Unit 4: Minerals Resources – Classification and Distribution of Major Minerals: Iron

and Copper – Energy Resources – Coal, Petroleum, Hydro Electric and Atomic
Power – Major Industrial Zones of the World.

Unit 5: Transportation and Trade – Different Modes of Transport – Trade – Types,

Factors affecting Trade – Multilateral and Bilateral – Agreements of Trade –
WTO – GATT.

References

1. Alexander, J.W. (1964). Economic Geography. John Wiley & Sons Inc, New York.
2. Leong, C.H. and Morgan, G.C. (1982). Economic and Human Geography (2nd
Edition). Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur.
3. Bengtson, N.A. and Royen, W.V. (1935). Fundamentals of Economic Geography.
Prentice Hall Inc, New York.
4. Thomas, R.S. (1962). The Geography of Economic Activities. McGraw Hill, New
York.
5. Mather, A.S. and Chapman, K. (1995). Environmental Resources. John Wiley and
Sons, New York.

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State Integrated Board of Studies – Geography UG

16. GEOGRAPHY OF ASIA

Unit-1: Physical Landscape: Setting and situation of Asia - Strategic importance of its
location - Asia is a continent of contrast - Geo-politics - Physiographic divisions -
Drainage - Climate: major climatic regions - Natural vegetation: flora and fauna.

Unit-2: Soil and Agriculture: Soil: types, characteristics and problems - Agricultural
determinants - Major crops and distribution - Agricultural regions - Agricultural
problems and sustainable agriculture.

Unit-3: Minerals and Industries: Minerals: location, distribution and issues - Power
resources - Industries: major industries and their location - problems and future.

Unit-4: Transport and Trade: Transport: types and major routes - Major ports and harbors
- Tourism - Trade: major imports and exports.

Unit-5: Population, Urbanization and Recent Issues: Population: distribution, population

pyramids, problems and policies with case studies - Languages - Urbanization:
current status and urban problems - Natural and Human Hazards - Asia in future.

Suggested References
1. Douglas.L.J., (2009) World Regional Geography, 10th Edition, Pearson
Education, Inc., New Jersey.
2. Hussain M. (2015) World Geography, 5th Edition, Rawat publications, Jaipur.

Web References
1. http://www.mapsopensource.com/asia-political-map.html (Political facts of Asia)
2. http://www.mapsofworld.com/physical-map/asia.htm (Physical of Asia)
3. http://www.asiafastfacts.com/asiaclimate.html (Climate of Asia)
4. http://www.Biologydiscussion.com/soil/what-are-the-main-causes-of-soil-
degradation/7276(Soil of Asia)
5. http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/causes-effects-solutions-of-
desertification.php (Natural Vegetation of Asia)

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 Tamilnadu State Council for Higher Education

17. GEOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICA AND SOUTH AMERICA

Unit 1: Political Landscape: Location and extent, Boundaries, Countries and capitals,
Physical Landscape: Relief features.
Unit 2: Drainage: Rivers, Importance of Panama canal, Climate: Seasons, Climatic
Regions, Natural Vegetation: Regions and classification.
Unit 3: Soil: Soil Types and Distribution, Agriculture: Major crops, Agricultural regions
and its distribution.
Unit 4: Mineral and Power Resources: Important Minerals and its distribution,
Industries: Major industries and Industrial regions.
Unit 5: Transportation: Roadways, Railways, Waterways, Airways and Inter-continental,
Population: Distribution, Density and Growth of population, Urbanisation: Level
of Urbanization, Major cities and Migration.

Suggested References
1. Douglas. L.J., (2009) World Regional Geography, 10th Edition, Pearson Education
Inc., New Jersey.
2. Hussain. M., (2013) World Geography, 4th Edition, Rawat Publications, Jaipur.

Web References
1. www.worldatlas.com
2. www.nature.org
3. www.americangeosciences.org
4. www.tandfonline.com
5. www.worldpopulation review.com

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State Integrated Board of Studies – Geography UG

18. GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA AND AUSTRALIA

Unit-1: Political Setting, Physical, Drainage: Location and Extent, Boundaries, Countries
and Capitals, Physical: Relief Features, Drainage Patterns, lakes in Africa.

Unit-2: Soil, Agriculture, Natural Vegetation and Animal Life: Soil: Types and
Distribution, Agriculture: Major Crops and Distribution, Main Producers, Natural
Vegetation and Animal Life: Major Vegetation Regions and Type of Animals.

Unit-3:Minerals and Power Resources, Industries: Minerals and Power resources: major
Minerals and distribution, Industries: Major Industries and its distribution.

Unit-4: Transportation, Trade: Transportation: Animal Transport, Roadway, Railway,

Airway, Waterways, Trade: Exports and Imports.

Unit-5: Population, Urbanization: Population: Cultural Regions, Distribution and Density

of population, Urbanization: Level of Urbanization, Major Cities.

Suggested References
1. Majid Husain (2009) Geography of India, Tata McGraw hill Education Private Ltd,
New Delhi.
Douglas L .Johnson (2009) World Regional Geography, Tenth edition, Pearson
Education Inc, New Jersey.
2. Majid Husain (2012) World Geography, Fourth edition, Rawat Publications, Jaipur.

Web References

1. www.gifex.com
2. www.nrcs.usda.gov
3. www.premierafricanminerals.com
4. www.economicwatch.com
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

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 Tamilnadu State Council for Higher Education

19. PRACTICAL COURSES MAP SCALE AND CLIMATIC DATA

ANALYSIS

Ex. 01: Determination of Map Scale

Ex. 02: Construction of Graphic Scale
Ex. 03: Construction of Diagonal Scale
Ex. 04: Conversion of Map Scales
Ex. 05: Measurement of Distances and Areas on Maps
Ex. 06: Enlargement and Reduction of Maps
Ex. 07: Combination of Maps
Ex. 08: Determination of True North Bearings
Ex. 09: Conversion of Bearings
Ex. 10: Representation of Climatic Data by Isopleths
Ex. 11: Climatic Line Graphs
Ex. 12: Columnar Diagrams
Ex. 13: Rainfall Dispersion Diagrams
Ex. 14: Wind-rose Diagrams
Ex. 15: Climographs
Ex. 16: Synoptic Weather Charts

References
1. Singh, R.L. and Singh, R. P. B. (2009) Elements of Practical Geography, Kalyani
Publishers, New Delhi.
2. Gopal Singh (1998) Map Work and Practical Geography (4th Edition), Vikas
Publishing House, Ahmedabad.
3. Zulfequar Ahmad Khan, M.D., (1998) Text book of Practical Geography, Concept
Publishing Company, New Delhi.
4. King, C. A.M (1966) Techniques in Geomorphology, Edward Arnold, London

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State Integrated Board of Studies – Geography UG

20. PRACTICAL: PROJECTION AND SURVEYING

Unit -1: Map Projections: Definition, Significance and Classification – Construction

and Classification – Construction of Zenithal Projections: Equidistant,
Equal Area, Gnomonic and Orthographic (or) Stereographic Projections.

Unit -2: Construction of Cylindrical Projection: Equidistant, Equal Area and

Mercator Projections – Simple Conical Projections with One and Two
Standard Parallels – Bone’s and Polyconic Projections.

Unit -3: Surveying: Chain Survey: Triangulation, Open and Closed Traverse –
Prismatic Campus: Open and Closed Traverse.

Unit -4: Plane Table Survey: Open and Closed Traverse - Correction of Closing
Errors - Bowditch Method - Finding of Resection Points: Trial and Error
Methods and Tracing Paper methods (Three Points only).

Unit -5: Survey with Indian Clinometers and Abney Level: Accessible and
Inaccessible Methods - Dumpy Level - Collimation Method, Calculation of
Heights.

References

1. Jayachandaran, S. (1964). Practical Geography (Tamil Edition). Tamil Nadu Text

Book Society, Chennai.
2. Khan, M.Z.A. (1998). Text Book of Practical Geography. Concept Publishing
Company, New Delhi.
3. Negi, B.S. (1998). Practical Geography. Kedarnath and Ramnath, Meerut.
4. Singh, G. (1995). Map Work and Practical Geography (3 rd Edition). Vikas Publishing
House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
5. Monkhouse, F.J. and Wilkinson, H.R. (1971). Maps and Diagrams (3rd Edition).
Methuen & Co., London.
6. Saha, P. and Basu, P. (2013). Advanced Practical Geography. Kolkata Books and
Allied Publisher, Kolkata.
7. Alvi, Z. (1998). A Text book of Practical Geography. Sangam Books Limited,
Hyderabad.
8. Herubin, C.A. (1991). Principles of Surveying (4th Edition). Prentice Hall, New
Jersey.

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 Tamilnadu State Council for Higher Education

21. REPRESENTATION OF RELIEF AND MAP INTERPRETATION

Ex. 01: Methods of Representation of Relief

Ex. 02: Preparation of a Contour Map
Ex. 03: Representation of Relief Features by Contours
Ex. 04: Drawing of Profiles
Ex. 05: Calculation of Gradient and Slope
Ex. 06: Methods of Average Slope Determination
Ex. 07: Drawing of Hypsometric Curves
Ex. 08: Representation of Relief on a Block Diagram
Topographic Maps: Conventional signs and symbols of SOI maps
Cartographic appreciation and comparison of SOI,
OS and US sheets
Interpretation of SOI maps.

References

1. Gopal singh, (1996). Map work and practical geography, Vikas Publishing House Pvt.Ltd.,
2. Khullar, (1997). Practical Geography, Educational Publishers, New Delhi.
3. Monkhouse, F.J. and Wilkinson, H.R., (1989). Maps and Diagrams, B.I.Publications, New
Delhi.
4. Pijushkanti Saha and Partha Basu, (2010). Advanced Practical Geography, Books and
Allied (P) Ltd, Kolkata.
5. Singh, R. L., (2005). Elements of Practical Geography, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.
6. Zulfequar Ahmad Khan, M. D., (1998). Text Book of Practical Geography, Concept
Publishing Company, New Delhi.

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State Integrated Board of Studies – Geography UG

22. PRACTICAL: AERIAL AND SATELLITE IMAGE INTERPRETATION

Unit -1: Marginal information of aerial photographs – Elements of aerial

photographs – Determination of scale, distance, height and area.

Unit -2: Stereovision test using pocket stereoscope and mirror stereoscope –
Interpretation of single vertical photograph – Interpretation of stereopair

Unit -3: Marginal information of satellite images – Elements of image

interpretation – Image classification

Unit -4: Interpretation of resources satellite images – Interpretation of weather

satellite images

Unit -5: Preparation of thematic maps from aerial photographs – preparation of

thematic maps from satellite imageries.
_____________________________

References

1. Barrett, E.C. and Curtis, L.F. (1992). Introduction to Environmental Remote Sensing.
Chapman and Hall Publications, London.
2. Campbell, J.B. and Wynne, R.H. (1987). Introduction to Remote Sensing. The
Guilford Press, New York.
3. Lillesand, T.M. and Kiefer, R.W. (1987). Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation.
John Willy and Sons, New York.
4. Lueder, D.R. (1959). Aerial Photographic Interpretation– Principles and
Applications. McGraw Hill Book Co., New York.
5. Wolf, P.R. (1974). Elements of Photogrammetry: with Air Photo Interpretation and
Remote Sensing. McGraw Hill Book Co., New York.

26
 Tamilnadu State Council for Higher Education

Elective Courses
1. GEOGRAPHY OF TRAVEL AND TOURISM

Unit -1: Concept of Leisure and Tourism – Principles and Purpose – Types of Tourism –
Significance of Tourism development in modern society – Tourism development in
the world – Tourism in India.

Unit -2: History of Tourism – Ancient, Medieval and Modern Periods – Determinants and
motivation of tourism

Unit -3: Elements of tourism – Attraction, Accessibility and Amenities – Classification of

tourist spots – Accommodation – Primary and supplementary accommodation –
Hotels, inns and motels

Unit -4: Role of transport in tourism development – Travel formalities – Tour itinerary –
Travel agency – Travel restriction – Passport, visa and bank restriction – Traveler’s
cheques – Credit and debit cards – Tourism and environment – Eco tourism

Unit -5: Tourist Organization – WTO – ITDC and subsidiaries – Tourism promotion –
advertisement – Tourism planning and development – Tourist spots in India –
Potential of tourism in India Problems of tourism development

References
Tourism development – Bhatia, Sterling Publishers, 1986
Tourism: Past, Present and Future – Burkart & Madlik, Heinemann, 1976
Geography of Tourism – Robinson, Mcdonald and Evans, 1976
Geography of Recreation and Leisure, - Consgrove, Hutchinson, 1972

Web References
http://www.tourismsociety.org/page/88/tourism-definitions.htm
https://www.britannica.com/topic/tourism
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-elements-of-tourism-system_fig2_313841811
http://anandasanyal.blogspot.com/2009/04/role-of-transportation-in-tourism.html
https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rthp21

27
State Integrated Board of Studies – Geography UG

2. DISASTER STUDIES

Unit-1:Aim and Scope of Disaster Studies, Risk,Vulnerability and Disasters: Definition and
Concepts.

Unit-2: Disasters in India: (a) Causes, Impact, Distribution and Mapping: Flood, Landslide,
and Drought.

Unit-3: Disasters in India: (b) Causes, Impact, Distribution and Mapping: Earthquake,
Tsunami and Cyclone.

Unit-4: Human induced disasters: Causes, Impact, Distribution and Mapping.

Unit-5: Response and Mitigation to Disasters: Mitigation and Preparedness, NDMA and
NIDM; Indigenous Knowledge and Community-Based Disaster Management; Do’s
and Don’ts during Disasters

References
1. Government of India, 1997. Vulnerability Atlas of India. New Delhi, Building
Materials & Technology Promotion Council, Ministry of Urban Development,
Government of India.
2. Kapur, A., 2010. Vulnerable India: A Geographical Study of Disasters, Sage
Publication, New Delhi.Suggested References
3. Savindra S. and Jeetendra S. (2013) Disaster Management,Pravalika Publications,
Allahabad.
4. Govt. of India (2008) Vulnerability Atlas of India. BMTPC, New Delhi.
5. Govt. of India (2011) Disaster Management in India.Ministry of Home Affairs, New
Delhi.
6. Modh, S. (2010) Managing Natural Disaster: Hydrological, Marine and Geological
Disasters, Macmillan, Delhi.
7. Kapur, A. (2010) Vulnerable India: A Geographical Study of Disasters, Sage
Publication, New Delhi.
8. Carter, N. (1991) Disaster Management: A Disaster Manager's Handbook. Asian
Development Bank, Manila.

Web References
1. http://www.ndma.gov.in/en/
2. http://nidm.gov.in/
3. http://www.imd.gov.in/

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 Tamilnadu State Council for Higher Education

3. POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY

Unit 1Introduction: Concepts, Nature and Scope.

Unit 2State, Nation and Nation State – Concept of Nation and State, Attributes of State –
Frontiers, Boundaries, Shape, Size, Territory and Sovereignty, Concept of Nation
State; Geopolitics; Theories (Heartland and Rimland)

Unit 3Electoral Geography – Geography of Voting, Geographic Influences on voting

pattern, Geography of Representation, Gerrymandering.

Unit 4Political Geography of Resource Conflicts – Water Sharing Disputes, Disputes and
Conflicts Related to Forest Rights and Minerals.

Unit 5Politics of Displacement: Issues of relief, compensation and rehabilitation: with

reference to Dams and Special Economic Zones

References

1. Adhikari, S., (2004): Political Geography, Rawat Publication, New Delhi.

2. Dr.Sudeepth., (2013):Political Geography of India –ShardaPustakBhawan,
Allahabad.
3. SdudeeptaAdhikari., (2007):Political Geography,Rawat Publication,NewDelhi.
4. Painter J. and Jeffrey A., (2009): Political Geography, Sage Publications.
5. Taylor P. and Flint C., (2000): Political Geography, Pearson Education.
6. Cox, K., (2002): Political Geography: Territory, State and Society, Wiley-
Blackwell
7. Gallaher, C., et al, (2009): Key Concepts in Political Geography, Sage
Publications.

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State Integrated Board of Studies – Geography UG

4. AGRICULTURAL GEOGRAPHY

Unit 1: Nature scope and significance of Agricultural Geography – Approaches to

the study of Agricultural geography – Elements of agriculture.

Unit 2: Determinants of agricultural land use – Physical, economic, social,

institutional and technological determinants.

Unit 3: Von Thunen’s theory of agricultural location and its recent modifications –
Land use – Types – Land use surveys – Land capability classification.

Unit 4: Measurement of agricultural productivity – Crop combination –

Delimitation of crop combination regions – Weaver – Crop diversification
regions.

Unit 5: Agricultural regions of the world – A review of Whittlessey’s agricultural

classification – Agricultural regions of India – Characteristics – Agricultural
Problems.

_____________________________
References

1. Basu, D.N., and Guha, G.S., (1996). Agro-Climatic Regional Planning in India (Vol. I
& II). Concept Publication, New Delhi.
2. Grigg, D.B. (1984). Introduction to Agricultural Geography. Hutchinson, London.
3. Shafi, M., (2006). Agricultural Geography. Doring Kindersley India Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi.
4. Singh, J. and Dhillon, S.S. (1984). Agricultural Geography. Tata McGraw Hill, New
Delhi.
5. Hussain, M. (1979). Agricultural Geography. Inter India Publications, New Delhi.
6. Morgan, W.B. and Munton, R.J.C. (1971). Agricultural Geography. Methuen & Co.,
London.
7. Singh, J. and Dhillon, S.S. (1995). Agricultural Geography. Tata McGraw Hill Pub.
Company Ltd., New Delhi.

30
 Tamilnadu State Council for Higher Education

5. URBAN GEOGRAPHY

Unit -1: Urban Geography: Nature, Scope and Development – Origin and Evolution of
Towns - Urbanization: Factors of Urban Growth – World urbanization – Trends of
Urbanization in India.
Unit -2: Urban Morphology: Functional Classification of Towns - Urban Land use – CBD
and its characteristics - Primate City.
Unit -3: Theories and Models: Classical: Burgess, Homer Hoyt, Harris and Ullman – Central
Place Theory: Christaller and Losch – Rank Size Rule.
Unit 4: Urban Expansion: Vertical and Horizontal – Urban Sprawl – Rural-Urban Fringe –
Suburbs – Satellite Town – Conurbation - City region – Umland.
Unit 5: Urban Problems: Slums – Poverty – Crime – Pollution - Water Supply and Transport
- Urban Planning: Policies – Town Planning

Suggested References
1. Northam R.M (1975) Urban Geography, John Wiley Sons, New York.
2. Carter.H. (1972) the study of Urban Geography, Edward Arnold, London.
3. Paul L. Knox and Linda McCarthy (2011),Urbanization: An Introduction to Urban
Geography. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 3rd edition.
4. Misra R.P &K.V.Sundaram(1971) Regional planning and Development, University of
Mysore. David Kaplan, James O. Wheeler, and Steven Holloway, (2014) Urban Geography,
3rd edition.

Web References
https://www.e-education.psu.edu/emsc100tsb/node/143
https://www.wiley.com/en-us/General+%26+Introductory+Geography/Urban+Geography-c-
GE23

31
State Integrated Board of Studies – Geography UG

6. TRANSPORT GEOGRAPHY

Unit 1: Nature and Scope of Transport Geography - Importance of Transport - Approaches

to the Study of Transport Geography - Historical Development of Transport.

Unit 2: Different types of Transportation - Merits and Demerits - Choice of Mode of

Transport - Land Transport; Road - Railway - Pipe line - Water Ways; Ocean and
Inland - Airways.

Unit 3: Concepts of Transportation Network - Definition and Meanings of Connectivity -

Accessibility - Nodal Efficiency.

Unit 4: Transport Systems in India - Road - Railway - Inland Water ways - Harbors and
Ports - Air Transport - Importance and Major Transport Routes.

Unit 5: Role of Transport in Regional Development - Rural and Urban Transport -

Problems - Transport Planning.

References
Transport and Developing Countries - Hillings, H., Routledge, 1996
Geography of Transportation, Naresh Kumar, Concept Publication, 1991
Transport for the Space Economy: A Geographical Study -Hay, A, Macmillan, 1973
Transportation Geography: Comments and Readings - Eliot Hurst, M.E.,1971
Geography of Transportation - Taafee E.1., and H.L. Gauthier, Prentice Hall Foundation of
Economic Geography Series, 1970
Location in Space: A Theoretical approach to Economic Geography - Lloyd, P .E., and P.
Dicken, Harper and Row, 1969

Web References
https://transportgeography.org/?page_id=40
https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog597i_02/node/814
http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/niatt_labmanual/chapters/traveldemandforecasting/professi
onalpractice/NetworksAndNodes.htm
http://geography.name/spatial-interaction/
https://transportgeography.org/?page_id=430

32
 Tamilnadu State Council for Higher Education

7. GEOGRAPHY OF HEALTH

Unit 1 Perspectives on Health: Definition; linkages with environment, development and

health; drivingforces in health and environmental trends - population dynamics,
urbanization, poverty andinequality.

Unit 2 Pressure on Environmental Quality and Health: Human activities and environmental
pressureland use and agricultural development; industrialisation; transport and
energy.

Unit 3 Exposure and Health Risks: Air pollution; household wastes; water; housing;
workplace.

Unit 4 Health and Disease Pattern in Environmental Context with special reference to India,
Types ofDiseases and their regional pattern (Communicable and Lifestyle related
diseases).

Unit 5 Climate Change and Human Health: Changes in climate system – heat and cold;
Biologicaldisease agents; food production and nutrition.

References
1. Akhtar Rais (Ed.), 1990: Environment and Health Themes in Medical Geography, Ashish
Publishing House, New Delhi.
2. Avon Joan L. and Jonathan A Patzed.2001: Ecosystem Changes and Public
Health,Baltimin,John Hopling Unit Press(ed).
3. Bradley, D., 1977: Water, Wastes and Health in Hot Climates, John Wiley Chichesten.
4. Christaler George and Hristopoles Dionissios, 1998: Spatio Temporal Environment Health
Modelling, Boston Kluwer Academic Press.
5. Cliff, A.D. and Peter,H., 1988 : Atlas of Disease Distributions, Blackwell Publishers,
Oxford.
6. Gatrell, A.,and Loytonen, 1998 : GIS and Health, Taylor and Francis Ltd, London.
7. Hardham T. and Tannav M.,(eds): Urban Health in Developing Countries; Progress,
Projects,Earthgoan, London.
8. Murray C. and A. Lopez, 1996: The Global Burden of Disease, Harvard University Press.
9. Moeller Dade Wed., 1993: Environmental Health, Cambridge, Harward Univ. Press.
10. Phillips, D.and Verhasselt, Y., 1994: Health and Development, Routledge, London.
11. Tromp, S., 1980: Biometeorology: The Impact of Weather and Climate on Humans and
theirEnvironment, Heydon and Son.

33