CHAPTER 3:FIRST LAW OF

DJJ20063
THERMODYNAMICS AND ITS
Thermodynamics
PROCESSES
CLO 2 : APPLY LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS AND IT PROCESSES (C3, PLO1)
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Flow-Process
(OPEN SYSTEM)
CLO 2 : APPLY LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS AND IT PROCESSES (C3, PLO1)
2
 CONTROL VOLUME
❑ Known as open system

❑ Properly selected region/volume in space which can deform, move

and rotate

❑ Both mass and energy can cross the boundary of the control volume.

❑ Involved mass flow

❑ Devices: compressor, turbine, nozzle, diffuser, boiler, throttle, water

heater, car radiator, etc

3
 CONTROL VOLUME (FLOW PROCESS)
Steady Flow Unsteady Flow
Not changing with time Involve changes within the control
volume with time including mass,
Uniform mass flow rate from one volume, energy
state to another
𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡  𝑚ሶ 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡
𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡

4
 STEADY FLOW PROCESS
“Process during a fluid flows through a control volume steadily”

Steady = no change with time

Matter and energy flow steadily in an out of an open system

Fluid properties can change from point to point within control volume but at any
point, they remains constant during the entire process

5
CONTINUITY EQUATION
mሶ = mass flow rate (kg/s)
C = velocity (m/s)
A = Area (m2)
v = specific volume (m3/kg)

6
STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION

Q = Heat transfer (J/s)

W = Power (J/s)
mሶ = mass flow rate (kg/s)
h = enthalpy (J/kg)
C = velocity (m/s)
Z = height (m)
g = gravity (9.81 m/s2)
7
 STEADY FLOW (ENGINEERING DEVICES)

a) Nozzles & Diffusers

b) Turbine & compressor/pump
c) Boiler & condenser
d) Throttling device
e) Mixing chambers
f) Heat exchangers
g) Pipe & Duct

8
 NOZZLE & DIFFUSER
Properly shaped duct used to increase/decrease the speed of the fluid
flowing through it.

Nozzle Diffuser
to increase the velocity of a fluid at increase the pressure of the fluid by
the exit at the expense of pressure decreased the velocity
Cross sectional area decrease in the Cross sectional area increased in the
flow direction for subsonic flows and flow direction for subsonic flows and
increase for super sonic flows decrease for super sonic flows
(reversed from nozzle)

9
NOZZLE & DIFFUSERS
❑ Heat transfer usually very small (Q  0)
❑ Involved no work (W  0)
❑ Involved very high velocities (K.E  0)

10
 EXAMPLE (NOZZLE)
An air enters a nozzle with specific enthalpy of 666 kJ/kg at 50°C and exit at specific enthalpy of
444 kJ/kg. If the inlet velocity is 30 m/s, determine the outlet velocity and exit temperature.

Solution:
h1 = 666 x h2 = 444 x 103 J/kg
103 J/kg
T1 = 50C =
323K
C1 = 30 m/s From steam table,
C2 = ? cp for air = 1.005kJ/kgK
T2 = ?
Outlet velocity: From steam table,
Q−W cp for air = 1.005kJ/kgK
C22 − C12
= mሶ h2 − h1 + + Z2 − Z1 g Exit temperature:
2
ℎ2 − ℎ1 = 𝑐𝑝 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
Assumption: Q = 0, W = 0, P.E = 0
ℎ2 − ℎ1
C22 − C12 𝑇2 = + 𝑇1
0 = mሶ h2 − h1 + 𝑐𝑝
2
444 x 103 − 666 x103
C22 − C12 = + 323
mሶ = −mሶ h2 − h1 1.005 𝑥 103
2 = 𝟏𝟎𝟐. 𝟏 𝑲

C2 = −2 h2 − h1 + C12

= −2 444 x 103 − 666 x103 + 302

= 𝟔𝟔𝟕 𝐦/𝐬 11
 EXAMPLE (DIFFUSER)
A steam enters a diffuser with pressure of 1.05 bar and specific volume of 0.55 m 3/kg and exit with pressure of
2.23 kN/m2 and specific volume of 0.18 m3/kg. The steam exit a diffuser at velocity of 159 m/s with specific
enthalpy change of 433 kJ/kg, determine the initial velocity and the specific internal energy change of the
steam.
Solution:

P1 = 1.05 x 105 N/m2 P2 = 2.23 x 103 N/m2

v1 = 0.55 m3/kg v2 = 0.18 m3/kg
C2 = 159 m/s
3
(h2 – h1) = 433 x 10 J/kg
C1 = ?
(u2 – u1) = ?

Initial velocity:
C22 − C12
Q − W = mሶ h2 − h1 + + Z2 − Z1 g
2

Assumption: Q = 0, W = 0, P.E = 0

C1 = 2 h2 − h1 + C22

= 2 433 x 103 + 1592

= 𝟗𝟒𝟒 𝐦/𝐬
Specific internal energy change:
𝑢2 − 𝑢1 = ℎ2 − ℎ1 − 𝑃2 𝑣2 − 𝑃1 𝑣1
= 433 𝑥103 − 2.23 𝑥103 0.18 − 1.05 𝑥105 0.55
= 𝟒𝟗𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈 12
 TURBINE & COMPRESSOR
Turbine Compressor/pump

➢ Drives the electric generator in ➢ Used to increase the pressure of

steam, gas or hydroelectric power the fluid
plants ➢ Work is supplied to the device
➢ As the fluid passes through the from external source through a
rotating shaft
turbine, work is done against the
blades which attach to the shaft ➢ Involve work input
→ result: the shaft rotates and the
➢ Compressor : capable of
turbine produces work compressing the gas to very high
pressure
➢ Pumps: works very much like
compressor except they handle
liquids instead of gases

13
 EXAMPLE (TURBINE)
A fluid flows steadily in a turbine with 250 kg/min at pressure of 6.5 bar, specific volume of 0.22 m3/kg and
cross-sectional area of 0.2 m2. The fluid exit with pressure of 5.2 bar and specific volume of 0.35 m3/kg. If the
heat transfer to the surroundings is 142 kJ/kg and exit velocity is neglected, determine the inlet velocity and
power transferred. Given the specific internal energy at the exit is 700 kJ/kg greater than the inlet.

Solution:
P1 = 6.5 x105 N/m2 P2 = 5.2 x 105 N/m2 Power:
v1 = 0.22 m3/kg v2 = 0.35 m3/kg h2 − h1 = u2 − u1 + (P2 v2 − P1 v1 )
A1 = 0.2 m2 C2 = 0
𝑚ሶ = 250 kg/min = 700 x103 + 5.2 x105 0.35 − 6.5x105 0.22
Q = –142 x 103 J/kg = 739 x103 J/kg
C1 = ?
W=? C22 − C12
Q − W = mሶ h2 − h1 + + Z2 − Z1 g
U2-U1 = 700 x103 J/kg 2
Assumption: C2 = 0, P.E = 0
kg 1 min
mሶ = 250
x = 4.17 kg/s
min 60 s −C12
J kg W = −mሶ h2 − h1 + +Q
Q = −142 x 103 x 4.17 = −592.14 x103 J/s 2
kg s

4.5872
Inlet velocity: = −4.17 739 x10 3
+
2
C1 A1
mሶ = + (−592.14 x103 )
v1
= 𝟑𝟔𝟕𝟑. 𝟖 𝐤𝐖
mv
ሶ 1
C1 =
A1
4.17 0.22
=
0.2 14
= 𝟒. 𝟓𝟖𝟕 𝐦/𝐬
 EXAMPLE (COMPRESSOR)
A gas with molecular mass of 68 kg/kmol enters a compressor at pressure of 0.2 bar, velocity of 10 m/s and
temperature of 29C. The gas leaves the compressor with velocity of 44 m/s at pressure 3.8 bar. The power of
780 kW is required to compress the gas adiabatically. Calculate the enthalpy change and the mass flow rate of
the gas. Given cv = 0.65 kJ/kgK

Solution:

P1 = 0.2 x105 N/m2 P2 = 3.8 x 105 N/m2 Enthalpy change:

T1 = 29C = 302 K C2 = 44 m/s
C1 = 10 m/s h2 − h1 = cp T2 − T1
M = 68 kg/kmol = 772.27 483.26 − 302
= 𝟏𝟑𝟗. 𝟗𝟖 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠
cv = 0.65 x 103 J/kgK
W = – 780 x 103 J/s Mass flow rate:
(h2 – h1) = ? Q−W
𝑚ሶ = ? C22 − C12
R0 = mሶ h2 − h1 + + Z2 − Z1 g
R= cp = R + cv 2
M = 122.27 + 0.65 x 103
8314.4
= = 𝟕𝟕𝟐. 𝟐𝟕 𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊 Assumption: Q = 0, P.E = 0
68
= 𝟏𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟕 𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊
−W
R γ−1
mሶ =
cv = C22 − C12
γ−1 P2 γ h2 − h1 +
T2 = xT1 2
R P1
γ= +1 1.19−1
cv 3.8 1.19 − −780 x103
122.27 = x 302 =
= +1 0.2 442 − 102
0.65 x 103 = 𝟒𝟖𝟑. 𝟐𝟔 𝐊 139.98 x103 +
= 𝟏. 𝟏𝟗 2
= 𝟓. 𝟓𝟒 𝐤𝐠/𝐬
15
BOILER & CONDENSER
Boiler Condenser
▪ A liquid is converted into ▪ Vapor is condensed to
vapour in a boiler by liquid by removing heat
supplying heat to it. from it
▪ No shaft work involved ▪ No shaft work involved

16
 EXAMPLE (BOILER)
A steam enters a boiler at pressure of 8 bar at 300°C with velocity and diameter of 45 m/s and 18 cm. The exit
pressure and specific entropy is 3.5 bar and 6.3 kJ/kgK while the exit velocity is 50 m/s. If the heat transfer to
the boiler is 120 kJ/kg and the entrance is 1.52 m higher than the exit, determine the enthalpy change, mass flow
rate of the steam and the heat transferred in MJ/week.

Solution:

P1 = 8 bar P2 = 3.5 bar Enthalpy change;

T1 = 300C s2 = 6.3 kJ/kgK h2 − h1 = 2474.24 − 3057
C1 = 45 m/s C2 = 50 m/s = −𝟓𝟖𝟐. 𝟕𝟔 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠
d1 = 18 x10-2 m2
mass flow rate;
Q = –120 x103 J/kg C1 A1
(Z2 – Z1) = –1.52 m mሶ =
v1
(h2 – h1) = ? 45 0.025
=
𝑚ሶ = ? 0.3242
Q = (MJ/week)? = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟕 𝐤𝐠/𝐬
From steam table;
State ① superheated steam State ②  saturated mixture heat transfer;
P1 = 8 bar, T1 = 300C P1 = 3.5 bar, s2 = 6.3 kJ/kgK J kg
Q = −120 x 103 x 3.47 = −416.4 x103 J/s
h1 = 3057 kJ/kg 𝑠 − 𝑠𝑓 kg s
x= J 1 M 3600 s 24 hr 7 day
v1 = 0.3242 m3/kg 𝑠𝑓𝑔 Q = −416.4 x103 x 6 x x x
Area; 6.3 − 1.727 s 10 1 hr 1 day 1 week
= = −𝟐𝟓𝟏 𝟖𝟑𝟖. 𝟕𝟐 𝐌𝐉/𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐤
𝜋𝑑2 5.214
𝐴1 = = 0.88
4
𝜋 18𝑥10−2 2 ℎ2 = ℎ𝑓 + 𝑥ℎ𝑓𝑔
= = 584 + 0.88 2148
4
= 0.025 𝑚2 = 2474.24 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

17
 EXAMPLE (CONDENSER)
A fluid enters a condenser at pressure of 2.3 bar, specific volume of 0.57 m3/kg and specific internal energy of
1000 kJ/kg. The fluid exit the condenser at pressure of 4.2 bar, specific volume of 0.84 m3/kg and specific
internal energy of 1349 kJ/kg. Determine the heat transfer and state either it is from or to the condenser. Mass
flow rate of the fluid is 3168 kg for every hour.

Solution:

P1 = 2.3 x 105 N/m2 P2 = 4.2 x 105 N/m2

v1 = 0.57 m3/kg v2 = 0.84 m3/kg
u1 = 1000 x 103 J/kg u2 = 1349 x 103 J/kg heat transfer:
𝑚ሶ = 3168 kg/hr C22 −C21
Q − W = mሶ ቂ h2 − h1 + + ( Z2 −
Q = ? (direction = ?) 2
Z1 )gቃ
𝑘𝑔 1 ℎ𝑟
mሶ = 3168 𝑥 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝒈/𝒔
ℎ𝑟 3600 𝑠 Assumption: W = 0, K.E = 0, P.E = 0;

ℎ1 = 𝑢1 + 𝑃1 𝑣1 Q = m(ℎ
ሶ 2 − ℎ1 )
= 1000 𝑥103 + 2.3 𝑥 105 0.57 = 0.88 (1701.8 x103 − 1131.1 𝑥103 )
= 𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟏. 𝟏 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈 = 𝟓𝟎𝟐. 𝟐𝟐 𝐤𝐖
= (𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦)
ℎ2 = 𝑢2 + 𝑃2 𝑣2
= 1349 𝑥103 + 4.2 𝑥 105 0.84
= 𝟏𝟕𝟎𝟏. 𝟖 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈

18
 EXERCISE
1. A turbine received a steam steadily at 258 kg/min and heat transfer to the
surrounding is 55 kJ/s. The pressure, specific volume and specific internal
energy at the inlet are 2.5 bar, 0.172 m3/kg and 1981 kJ/kg while at the
outlet are 3.3 bar, 0.65 m3/kg and 1511 kJ/kg. The velocity at the inlet
and outlet are 12 m/s and 25 m/s. Determine the power required by the
turbine in kW.
(Ans: 1227.52 kW)

19
 EXERCISE
2. A gas flow through a condenser at 0.46 kg/s at specific enthalpy of 1882
kJ/kg and velocity of 10 m/s. The gas exit a condenser with specific
enthalpy of 2013 kJ/kg. Determine the heat transfer of the system in kW if
the exit velocity is neglected.
(Ans: 60.24 kW)

20
 EXERCISE
3. A steam enters a boiler at 3.42 bar, specific volume of 0.567 m3/kg,
specific internal energy of 1892 kJ/kg at velocity of 5 m/s. At rate 2.65
kg/s, the steam exit with 755 kN/m2, specific volume of 0.892 m3/kg,
specific internal energy of 2014 kJ/kg and velocity of 35 m/s. The boiler’s
exit is 2 m higger than the entrance. Determine the heat transfer in kW and
state either it is into or out of the system.
(Ans: 1,623.8 kW)

21
 EXERCISE
4. A steam enters s diffuser with specific enthalpy of 567 kJ/kg and exit with
specific enthalpy, velocity and specific volume of 868 kJ/kg, 100 m/s and
2.66 m3/kg at cross sectional area of 0.42 m2. Determine the initial
velocity and mass flow rate of the steam.
(Ans: C1 = 782.3 m/s; m ̇= 15.79 kg/s)

22
 EXERCISE
5. Enthalpy inlet for nozzle is 1546 kJ/kg with velocity 20 m/s while enthalpy
at the outlet is 1000 kJ/kg. The inlet area and specific volume is 0.53 m2
and 0.211 m3/kg while the outlet specific volume is 0.96 m3/kg. Determine:
i. Velocity at the nozzle outlet
ii. Mass flow rate
iii. Nozzle outlet area
(Ans: 1045.18 m/s, 50.24 kg/s, 0.046 m2)

23
 EXERCISE
6. A gas flow steadily at 34.8 kg/min with pressure of 0.53 MN/m2 with
velocity of 200 m/s. The steam exit the compressor at pressure 3.4 bar,
specific volume of 0.565 m3/kg and velocity of 395 m/s with internal
energy change 2111 kJ/kg. If the heat transfer from the surrounding is 360
kW and the inlet pipe diameter is 0.74 m, determine the power developed
by the compressor.
(Ans: 44.571 MW)

24