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Design and Fabrication Model is Used to Extract Waste Plastic to Bio Oil

Article  in  International Journal of Engineering and Management Research · December 2020

DOI: 10.35291/2454-9150.2020.0708

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 International Journal for Research in Engineering Application & Management (IJREAM)
ISSN : 2454-9150 Vol-06, Issue-09, DEC 2020

Design and Fabrication Model is Used to Extract

Waste Plastic to Bio Oil
DINESH M H, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, GEC CHAMARAJANAGARA & INDIA,
[email protected]
Abstract: The long-term ambition of energy protection and cooperation, combined with environmental issues of
problematic waste accumulation, is tackled through the proposed waste-to-fuel technology. The need to control plastic
waste is becoming more evident. This leads to pyrolysis, which is a way to make it very useful to us by recycling them
for the production of fuel oil. In this work, plastic waste is used as a source for the production of automotive bio-diesel
fuel via a two-step thermochemical process based on pyrolysis and hydro-treatment. As many environmental and social
problems arise from plastic waste, re-use technologies are of vital importance in achieving the Sustainable Development
Goals (SDG). A potentially cost-effective solution can be accomplished by using waste plastics processed into bio-oil.
Thus, the problems faced by the rise in plastic waste and the rising fuel crisis can be avoided by developing a system
that can minimize hydrocarbons dependence due to plastics and increase the availability of alternative fuels.

Keywords — Bio-oil, Furnace, Heater, Pyrolysis, Waste plastic, Wastewater.

I. INTRODUCTION II. LITERATURE SURVEY

The world's annual plastic consumption has increased about The cracking process breaks down the long polymeric
20 times from 5 million tons in the 1950s to nearly 100 chains into useful smaller molecular weight compounds.
million tons. Plastic is one such commodity that has been so The products of this process are highly useful and can be
extensively used and is sometimes referred to as one of the utilized as fuels or chemicals in various applications [1].
greatest innovations of the millennium. There is a numerous Sequential pyrolysis and catalytic reforming system for
way in which plastic is and will continue to be used. Plastic municipal plastic wastes degradation using commercial and
has achieved such an extensive market because it is Indonesian natural zeolite catalysts. Our system will utilize
lightweight, cheap, flexible, reusable, do not rust, and so all kinds of products as fuels including liquid, gaseous and
forth. Because of this, plastics production has gone up by solid products [2]. The technical evaluation of the potential
almost 10% every year on a global basis since 1950. to convert waste plastics to high-quality diesel fuel by an
optimal combination of pyrolysis and catalytic
Plastics have now become indispensable materials, and the
hydrotreatment [3]. Setting up intermediate treatment plants
demand is continually increasing due to their diverse and
for waste plastic, such as plastic incineration, recycle, or
attractive applications in households and industries. Mostly,
obtaining the landfill for reclamation is difficult. Therefore,
thermoplastics polymers make up a high proportion of
it is necessary to use waste plastic to avoid such problems
waste, and this amount is continuously increasing around
and convert them into useful biodiesel compounds by
the globe. Hence, waste plastics pose a very serious
different methods [4]. Optimization of in-situ
environmental challenge because of their huge quantity and
transesterification process parameters to increase the yield
disposal problem as thermoplastics do not biodegrade for a
of biodiesel and further characterization of biodiesel using
very long time. All the reasoning and arguments for and
various analytical techniques. Finally, 5% of blended
against plastics finally land upon the fact that plastics are
biodiesel properties were analyzed using ASTM standard
nonbiodegradable. The disposal and decomposition of
methodology [5]. The transesterification method is
plastics have been an issue that has caused several types of
commonly used for biodiesel production because of its
research works to be carried out in this regard. Currently,
higher yield and lower energy consumption.
the disposal methods employed are landfilling, mechanical
Transesterification is a chemical process of reacting
recycling, biological recycling, thermal recycling, and
triglycerides with alcohol in the presence of a catalyst [6].
chemical recycling. Of these methods, chemical recycling is
Used frying oil (UFO) and polyolefin-based plastic wastes
a research field which is gaining much interest recently, as it
(PW) are waste materials that are abundantly available as
turns out to be that the products formed in this method are
household waste. This study was initiated with
highly advantageous.
thermogravimetric and proximate analysis of the UFO and

68 | IJREAMV06I0969019 DOI : 10.35291/2454-9150.2020.0708 © 2020, IJREAM All Rights Reserved.

 International Journal for Research in Engineering Application & Management (IJREAM)
ISSN : 2454-9150 Vol-06, Issue-09, DEC 2020

PW to examine their potential as feedstocks for pyrolysis which may be useful for the development of practical
conversion into fuel products. This was followed by extrudate catalysts for commercial-scale production of
microwave co-pyrolysis of a mixture of UFO and PW over biodiesel [19]. Pyrolysis waste oil (WPPO). Such findings
a range of different ratios of PW added to UFO and are anticipated to better clarify the applicability and
different operating temperatures to assess the potential of shortcomings of HDPE in the manufacture of substitute
using this co-pyrolysis approach to treat and convert these diesel fuel as a feedstock [20].
household wastes into an alternative fuel source [7].
Biodiesel production directly from wet algae assisted by
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Radio Frequency heating was investigated. Chlorella PYROLYSIS PROCESS
Vulgaris microalgae were chosen as the feedstock because
of their high lipid and carbohydrate contents [8]. The Following two major pyrolysis methods are used
optimal pyrolysis temperature required for biochar to converting plastic wastes into useful bio-oil,
production was also optimized [9]. The catalytic pyrolysis
A. Thermal pyrolysis
of different types of plastics waste (PS, PE, PP, and PET) as
single or mixed in different ratios in the presence of B. Catalytic pyrolysis
modified natural zeolite (NZ) catalysts in a small pilot-scale A. Thermal pyrolysis
pyrolysis reactor was carried out [10]. To exploit the high
efficiency of low-cost and stable pine wood-based biochar The non-catalytic or thermal pyrolysis of plastic is a high
catalysts, impregnated with different chemical materials energy, endothermic process requiring temperatures of at
followed by lipase immobilization on calcite and glass- least 350°C–500°C. Thermal cracking or Pyrolysis involves
ceramic material, for the production of biodiesel via the degradation of the polymeric materials by heating in the
transesterification reaction [11]. Investigate the prospective absence of oxygen. The process is usually conducted at
use of secondary tannery sludge as an inexpensive feedstock temperatures between 350° C and 500° C and results in the
for lipid extraction and biodiesel production via acid- formation of a carbonized char (solid residues) and a
catalyzed in-situ transesterification reaction under volatile (Naveen Kumar P et al 2018).
optimized conditions [12]. The bioconversion of fermented In this paper, we are going to use the thermal pyrolysis
feeding medium into BSFL (Black Soldier Fly Larvae) method to convert waste plastic into bio fuel.
biomass served as a key player in determining the true
Pyrolysis is a chemical reaction in which large molecules
benefit of inoculating exomicrobes to ferment the feeding
are broken down into smaller molecules. The simplest
medium before BSFL offering [13]. To study the effects of
example of pyrolysis is cooking in which complex food
the addition of biodiesel residue, glycerol in the epoxy
molecules are broken down into smaller & easy to
resin, verifying the impact on its mechanical,
digestible molecules.
thermomechanical, and adhesive properties. For that, a
methodology of characterization of these materials was Waste plastic and tire are long-chain molecules or polymer
used, concerning its properties showing promising results hydrocarbons. Pyrolysis technology is the industrial process
with 1.0% of addition [14]. A study on the production of of breaking down large molecules of plastic/tire into smaller
biodiesel with degummed used vegetable oil (collected from molecules of oil, gas, and carbon black. Pyrolysis of waste
local food processing outfits in Nigeria) using eggshell, plastic or tire takes place in absence of oxygen, at about
pineapple peel and cow bone calcined at a single 350-500 degree C and reaction time is about 15-90 minute.
temperature (700 ◦C) as a catalyst [15]. Integration of
Pyrolysis oil is sometimes known as bio-crude oil or bio-oil,
acidogenic fermentation with yeast fermentation for lipid
is a synthetic fuel under investigation as a substitute for
biosynthesis is an attractive resource recovering strategy
petroleum. It is extracted by biomass to liquid technology of
from both environmental and industrial points of view
destructive distillation from dried biomass in a reactor at a
[16,17]. Most of the crude glycerin used in ruminant feed
temperature of about 500 degree Celsius with subsequent
studies has been derived from vegetable oils (first-use oil),
cooling.
such as castor bean, soybean, cottonseed, sunflower,
rapeseed, canola, and palm oil. Thus, at present, a limited The oil produced in a pyrolysis process is acidic, with a PH
number of studies have evaluated the effects of crude of 1.5-3.8. The acidity may be lessened by the addition of
glycerin originating from waste vegetable oils (second-use readily available base components.
oil) with high crude fat contents in animal diets [18]. The Little work has been done on the stability of bio-oil acidity
microstructure and porosity of different extrudate catalysts that has been altered with base components while the exact
were analyzed by SEM and micro-CT to describe the composition of bio-oil depends on the bio mass source and
relationship between the preparation conditions, pore processing conditions a typical composition is as falls water
structure, mechanical strength, and catalytic performance, 20- 28 %, suspended solids, and pyrolytic lignin 22-36%,

69 | IJREAMV06I0969019 DOI : 10.35291/2454-9150.2020.0708 © 2020, IJREAM All Rights Reserved.

 International Journal for Research in Engineering Application & Management (IJREAM)
ISSN : 2454-9150 Vol-06, Issue-09, DEC 2020

hydroxyl-acetaldehyde 8-12%, levoglucosan3-8 %, acetic The gaseous hydrocarbons at a temperature of about 350 oC
acid4-8 %, acetol 3-6 %, sellubiosonl-2 %, glycol 1-2 %, are condensed to about 30-35oC.
formic acid 3-6 %. The water molecules are split during
Fig shows the scheme of the process involved in the
pyrolysis and held separately in other compounds within the
experiments and the photograph of the experimental set up
complex with the pyrolysis liquid. The distinction is
respectively. Waste plastics had been procured from the
significant, as the "water" in pyrolysis oil does not separate
commercial source and stored in a raw material storage unit.
like standard fossil fuels.
The raw material was then fed into the reactor and heated
using electrical energy. The yield commenced at a
temperature of 3500C. The gaseous products resulting from
the pyrolysis of the plastic wastes are supplied through the
copper tube. Then the burned plastic gas condensed in a
water-cooled condenser to liquid fuel and collected for
experiments.

IV. RESULTS
1.Lower reaction temperature of 350 to 5000C: Lower
operating cost, increased safety, and reduced maintenance.
2. Step energy recovery system: to ensure the energy
efficiency of more than 80%.
Figure 1: Working principle of bio-crude oil extraction from a waste
plastic material.
3. Energy self-sufficient machinery: ensures more profits to
investor & no of oil, stable can be used to external fuel for
In our experiments, the commercialization of usable heating required during normal operations.
shredded plastics was obtained and washed before
pyrolysis. One of the most favorable and effective disposal 4. Effective Scrubbing system: to ensure that emissions are
methods is pyrolysis, which is environmentally friendly and well below limits prescribed by environmental authorities.
efficient. Pyrolysis is the thermal degradation of solid waste 5. Multiple layers of safety: to prevent machinery damage
at high temperatures (300-9000C) in the absence of oxygen or health hazards.
(and oxygen). Since the structure of the products and their
yields can be significantly changed by catalysts, the results 6. Safe and automatic pyrolysis gas handling system.
of pyrolysis in the absence of a catalyst have been presented V. CONCLUSIONS
in this article Pyrolysis of waste plastics was carried out in
an indigenously designed and fabricated reactor. Bio-oil production has become an important concern for the
treatment of vehicle applications. Therefore, it is of special
The reactor is a stainless-steel tube of length 145mm, interest to boost thermal pyrolysis. The bio-oil production
internal diameter 37mm, outer diameter 41mm sealed at one from waste plastic is examined in the present work and
end, and an outlet tube at the other end. The reactor is to be concluded in this study as below.
placed inside the furnace for external heating with the raw
material inside for internal heating. The reactor is heated by 1. The pyrolysis reactor must be designed to meet the needs
electrical heating to a temperature of about500oC and more. of mixed waste plastics and small and medium-scale
development.
The furnace provides the heat the reactor needs for
pyrolysis to take place, it has a thermocouple to control the 2. Waste plastic has a major potential to gain bio-oil and to
temperature. A heating element converts electricity into heat alleviate environmental issues as a technological solution.
through the process of resistive or Joule heating. Electric 3. The cost of thermal pyrolysis is somewhat low relative to
current passing through the element encounters resistance, other methods.
resulting in heating of the element. Unlike the Peltier Effect,
4. If bio-oil blending with diesel can be used, the effective
this process is independent of the direction of the current
cost can be reduced even further.
flow. Copper tubing is joined using flare connection,
compression connection, or solder. Copper offers a high 5. If proper infrastructure and financial support are given,
level of corrosion resistance but is becoming very costly. the approach is superior in all respects (ecological and
The condenser cools all the heated vapor coming out of the economical).
reactor. It has an inlet and outlet for cold water to run
through its outer area. This is used for cooling the vapor. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Thanks to our students for involving in experimental

70 | IJREAMV06I0969019 DOI : 10.35291/2454-9150.2020.0708 © 2020, IJREAM All Rights Reserved.

 International Journal for Research in Engineering Application & Management (IJREAM)
ISSN : 2454-9150 Vol-06, Issue-09, DEC 2020

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production of biodiesel from secondary tannery sludge by in
situ transesterification, Bioresource Technology Reports 11
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71 | IJREAMV06I0969019 DOI : 10.35291/2454-9150.2020.0708 © 2020, IJREAM All Rights Reserved.

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