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Ps Print
Ps Print
Baseload: is the level that it typically does not go below, that is, the basic amount of electricity
that is always required. Baseload is typically provided by large coal-fired and nuclear power stations.
They may take days to fire up, and their output does not vary.
Examples of baseload power plants are: Nuclear power plant, Coal power plant, Hydroelectric plant,
Geothermal plant, Biogas plant, Biomass plant, Solar thermal with storage, Ocean thermal energy
conversion.
2. Peak load: is the daily fluctuation of electricity use. It is usually lowest in the morning and highest
in the early evening. It also varies seasonally. Peak load, the variable part of the electrical supply and
demand, is provided by more responsive and smaller plants whose output can be quickly ramped up
and down or that can even be quickly turned on and off.
Examples of peak load power plants are Gas plant, Solar power plants, Wind turbines, Diesel
generators, Storage type hydro plants, Pumped storage hydropower plants.
• Generators of base load plants are usually designed for maximum efficiency at full load
• Generators of peak load plants are usually designed for maximum efficiency at 50 to 75% full
load.
Power plant
(ONGC) -Coal, natural gas oil, Nuclear Water Solar, Tidal, Wind, Geothermal
3. Super heater
4.Turbine
5. Condenser:
7.Economizer
Important Points:
ηThermal = 30 – 40%
(1) Pressure
(2) Temperature.
(3) Pressure in condenser. η of thermal plant is low due to condenser.
• Forced Draught Fan: Takes air from atmosphere and gives to the boiler
furnace through air preheater (i.e., inside the system).
• Induced Draught Fan: Takes air from ESP (Electrostatic precipitator) and gives
it to the chimney (i.e., to outside the system)
• ESP (Electrostatic precipitator): Dust collector.
WQH
P( H .P) =
75
WQH
= 735.5 (W )
75
= 9.8110−3 WQH ( KW )
Supplies current from transmission substation to distribution substation at very high voltage.
Carry bulk power.
No tapping in between, thus constant current (current density, as the cross-sectional area is
fixed for a line already constructed) throughout the length.
A feeder is a conductor having constant current density. The size of the feeder designed
based on current-carrying capacity.
For V ≤ 220 kV, selection of conductor done based on the current-carrying capacity.
For V > 220 kV, the selection of conductor is done based on the concept of corona or electric
field intensity.
In both cases, our concern is about power loss which leads to temperature rise in the
conductor. Hence, the selection of the size of the conductor for the feeder is designed
based on temperature rise.
Distributor:
Service mains:
Insulated wires that supply power from distribution transformer to our homes, industries,
farms etc are called service mains.
UG Cables:
Disadvantages
2. Lead sheath: In order to protect the cable from moisture, gases or other damaging liquids (acids
or alkalis) in the soil and atmosphere, a metallic sheath of lead or aluminum is provided over the
insulation. It has minimum dielectric stress in a cable.
3. Bedding: Over the metallic sheath is applied a layer of bedding which consists of fibrous material
like jute or hessian tape. It is to protect the lead sheath against corrosion.
4. Armouring: Over the bedding, armouring is provided which consists of one or two layers of
galvanized steel wire or steel tape. Its purpose is to protect the cable from mechanical injuries.
5. Serving: This is outer most layer like (bedding) made of PVC and often same material as bedding.
Outer sheath offered protection to cable not much electrically but more mechanically.
Power system Protection
1.While we are opening a circuit, we should follow the below sequence:
Open CB - Open Isolator-Close Earthing Switch
1.Circuit Breaker: Operated under no load or full load by using manual or relay operation. It is filled
by some arc quenching media like SF6.
3. Load Interrupter:
4. Line Isolator:
5. Earthing screen:
➢ Earthing screen is galvanized iron wire mounted on sub station to protect from direct
lightning stroke.
➢ It provides very low resistance to Lightning stroke.
6.Lightning arrester:
➢ L.A are made up of metal oxides such as ZnO, silver oxides (AgO), Zinc carbide (ZnC)
➢ These provide nonlinear characteristics (I.e., Low Z for abnormal, high Z for normal
conditions)
➢ V-I characteristics of L.A: I=K Vn ; n≠1
n= 5 to 8 for Valve type L.A
1. Oil CB In which circuit breakers Oil is used for extinguishing the ARC they are called
Oil Circuit Breaker.
Oil circuit breakers are used in small and medium substations for protection of
distribution lines.
In Switchyard oil circuit breaker used.
Advantages:
The oil extinguishes the ARC by creating the hydrogen gas and the hydrogen gas can cool
the ARC.
The oil also helps for cooling in the circuit breaker.
The produced hydrogen gas provides good insulation between the contacts.
Disadvantages:
Advantages:
Advantages
Disadvantages:
Note Point:
Air break CB is used for less voltages & air at atm. Pressure is used.
Air blast CB is used for high voltages & Compressed Air at high pressure is used.
4.Vaccum cb Dielectric strength of Vacuum is 8 times greater than air and 4times greater
than SF6.
Advantages:
The time of Arcing is very less as the Sulfur hexafluoride gas quickly absorb the arc electrons.
As the dielectric strength of Sulfur hexafluoride gas is very high so this circuit breaker can
interrupt a large amount of current.
There is no risk of fire.
As the whole chamber closed tightly there is no moisture problem.
Low maintenance cost.
Disadvantages:
Application