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DC Lab 07

The document describes tasks related to demonstrating pulse code modulation (PCM) in a digital communication lab. Task 1 involves generating an analog signal, sampling it, quantizing the samples, and plotting the original, sampled, and quantized signals. It also calculates the maximum quantization error. Task 2 describes encoding the quantized sample indices as a binary code and plotting the encoded signal.

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Affra Nazir
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64 views7 pages

DC Lab 07

The document describes tasks related to demonstrating pulse code modulation (PCM) in a digital communication lab. Task 1 involves generating an analog signal, sampling it, quantizing the samples, and plotting the original, sampled, and quantized signals. It also calculates the maximum quantization error. Task 2 describes encoding the quantized sample indices as a binary code and plotting the encoded signal.

Uploaded by

Affra Nazir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER &

SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF E&ME, NUST,
RAWALPINDI

EC-431 Digital Communication

Lab Number 07
Demonstration of Pulse Code Modulation

Submitted By:
Affra Nazir
CE 41 A
325292
LAB TASKS:

Task 1:
clc;
close all;
clear all;
n=input('Enter n value for n-bit PCM system : ');
n1=input('Enter number of samples in a period : ');
L=2^n;

% % Signal Generation + Sampling Operation


x=0:2*pi/n1:4*pi; %4pi to plot two cycles for visibility and n1 number of samples
per period have to be selected

Vmax=8;
s=Vmax.*sin(x); % Vmax.*sin(x)
subplot(4,1,1);
plot(s);
title('Source Analogue Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
subplot(4,1,2);
stem(s);grid on; title('Sampled Signal'); ylabel('Amplitude'); xlabel('Time');

%Quantizer for our PCM encoder case


Vmin=-Vmax;
delta=(Vmax-Vmin)/L; %step size delta
part=Vmin+1:delta:Vmax-1; % Levels are between Vmin
and Vmax with difference of delta- Without quantization
code=Vmin+(delta/2):delta:Vmax-(delta/2); % Contains Quantized values
[ind,q]=quantiz(s,part,code);
% Now, ind will contain index number and q contain quantized values

l1=length(ind);
l2=length(q);

for i=1:l1
if(ind(i)~=0) % To make index as binary decimal so started from 0
to N
ind(i)=ind(i)-1;
end
i=i+1;
end
for i=1:l2
if(q(i)==Vmin-(delta/2)) % To make quantized value in between the levels
q(i)=Vmin+(delta/2);
end
end
subplot(4,1,3);
stem(q,'r*');grid on; % Display the Quantized values
title('Quantized Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
difference_delta = q - s;

subplot(4,1,4)

stem(difference_delta,'g*');
title('Signal with Delta Difference');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');

Task 1:

code:
clc;
close all;
clear all;

n=input('Enter n value for n-bit PCM system : ');


n1=input('Enter number of samples in a period : ');
L=2^n;

% % Signal Generation + Sampling Operation


x=0:2*pi/n1:4*pi; %4 pi to plot two cycles for visibility and n1 number of samples
per period have to be selected

Vmax=8;
s=Vmax.*sin(x); % Vmax.*sin(x)
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(s,LineWidth=1.5);
title('Source Analogue Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(s,'filled',LineWidth=1.5);
grid on;
title('Sampled Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');

%Quantizer for our PCM encoder case


Vmin=-Vmax;
delta=(Vmax-Vmin)/L; %step size delta
part=Vmin:delta:Vmax; % Levels are between Vmin and Vmax with difference of delta-
Without quantization
code=Vmin-(delta/2):delta:Vmax+(delta/2); % Contains Quantized values
[ind,q]=quantiz(s,part,code);
% Now, ind will contain index number and q contain quantized values
l1=length(ind);
l2=length(q);
for i=1:l1
if(ind(i)~=0) % To make index as binary decimal so started from 0 to N
ind(i)=ind(i)-1;
end
i=i+1;
end
for i=1:l2
if(q(i)==Vmin-(delta/2)) % To make quantized value in between the levels
q(i)=Vmin+(delta/2);
end
end
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(q,'filled',LineWidth=1.5);
grid on; % Display the Quantized values
title('Quantized Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');

% Plotting the difference between the sampled and quantized signals


delta_sig = s - q;
figure;
stem(x, delta_sig, 'filled',LineWidth=1.5);
title('Difference between Sampled and Quantized Signal (S - Q)');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Delta');
legend('Delta');

% Calculating the maximum quantization error


quant_error = s - q;
max_quant_error = max(abs(quant_error));
fprintf('Maximum quantization error = %f\n', max_quant_error);

output:
Task 2:

Code:
% Encoding Process
figure
code=de2bi(ind,'left-msb');
% Convert the decimal to binary For example, for 6-bit PCM (and 12 samples/period)
ind =31 33 35 35 35 34 32 30 28 27 28 29
31 33 35 35 35 33 32 30 28 27 28 30
31

k=1;
for i=1:l1
for j=1:n
coded(k)=code(i,j);
% convert code matrix to a coded row vector
j=j+1;
k=k+1;
end
i=i+1;
end
subplot(2,1,1); grid on;
stem(coded);
% Display the encoded signal
[a b]= size(code);
axis([0 a*b -1 2]);
title('Encoded Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time Index');

subplot(2,1,2); grid on;


stairs(coded);
% Display the encoded signal
[a b]= size(code);
axis([0 a*b -1 2]);
%title('Encoded Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time Index');

output:

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