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Topics Grammar

The document discusses key elements of English grammar including subjects, verbs, objects, and other topics like verb tenses, passive voice, comparisons, and clauses. It provides definitions and examples of subjects, verbs, objects. Subjects are the doers of the action and can be nouns, pronouns, noun phrases, clauses. Verbs express action or state of being and include various forms like base form, past tense, present participle. Objects are nouns or pronouns that receive the action of a transitive verb. Not all sentences require objects depending on whether the verb is transitive or intransitive.

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47 views8 pages

Topics Grammar

The document discusses key elements of English grammar including subjects, verbs, objects, and other topics like verb tenses, passive voice, comparisons, and clauses. It provides definitions and examples of subjects, verbs, objects. Subjects are the doers of the action and can be nouns, pronouns, noun phrases, clauses. Verbs express action or state of being and include various forms like base form, past tense, present participle. Objects are nouns or pronouns that receive the action of a transitive verb. Not all sentences require objects depending on whether the verb is transitive or intransitive.

Uploaded by

Depii
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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TOPICS GRAMMAR

The Element of Sentence

Subject Verb Agreement

Essential Tenses: 4 Tenses

Passive Voice

Degree of Comparison

Gerund and To Infinitive

Clauses in English
THE ELEMENT OF SENTENCE

1. SUBJECT
2. VERB
3. OBJECT

Kalimat dalam suatu bahasa inggris harus memiliki setidaknya


subjek dan verb

Kalimat harus diakhiri oleh titik.

Simple sentence = S+V atau S+V+O atau S+V+ Ket atau S+V+O+Ket

1. APA ITU SUBJECT?


Subjek adalah pelaku. Orang atau benda yang melakukan aktivitas
dalam suatu kalimat.

Subjek itu selalu kata benda (noun)


Noun bukan hanya benda/objek yang bisa dilihat, seperti; book, fodd, Dll
Noun juga berbentuk;

1. Noun: kata benda abstrak dan bisa dilihat


Contoh: Chair, idea, graph

2. Noun Phrase: kumpulan kata yang secara keseluruhan menjadi kata


benda
Contoh: The provided map illustrates residential areas = an interesting
movie, a big house, a big blue woll vintage house

3. Pronoun: kata ganti orang ( I, you, they, we, he, it)


Contoh: personally agree with the statement

4. Noun Clause: klausa yang berupa kata benda


Contoh: What the bar graph shows is relvant the location where you live
(S) is beautiful.

WH Questions a NC: I am curious about how their life is (O)

5. Gerund:V-ing yang berupa kata benda= selalu singular


Contoh: Making bricks includes serven steps of process. Reading (gerund
N) is boring (ADJ). Working from home is challenging

6. To Infinitive: To + V1 yang berupa kata benda= selalu singular


Contoh: To replace the woodland with school building (s) takes one year.
Exercise 1
Identify the Subject!
Identifikasilah Subject yang ada di kalimat-
kalimat di bawah ini:
1. Your new neighbors are very noisy (noun phrase)
2. Drinking beer is not permitted (gerund)
3. The professor stepped off the pavement (noun)
4. We will cancel your name and address to ensure confidentiality (pronoun)
5. The car (which/that) I bought yesterday has the latest ignition system. (adjective clause)
6. How to make cookies is difficult for me (noun clause)

Exercise 2
Subject in IELTS essay!
Identifikasilah Subject yang ada di essay ini:
Overall, clothing exports from both Columbia and Myanmar (S) had increased (P)
from their initial values (O) by the end of the period shown.
Japanese clothing exports (S). on the other hand, had slightly declined (P) interestingly,
Colombian and Japanese exports (S) showed (P) relatively small fluctuations (O) from 1999-
2003 whereas exports from Myanmar (S) were (P) extremely volatile (complement-ADJ)
02. Apa itu verb?
Verb adalah kata kerja dan “to be”
Contoh verb: eat, show, is

Contoh verb dalam kalimat:


1. The bar graph shows a gradual increase.
2. Nowadays, children are curious.

Different Types of Verb


Verb dasar V1 V2 (past) V3 (perfect/ V-ing
(kamus) (present, passive (progressive)
modal)
To show Show Showed Showed Showing
To consume Consume Consumed Consumed Consuming
To take Take Took taken Taking
To come Come Came Come Coming
To be Is/am/are Was/were Have/ (To be) being
Has been
Verb “be” and “seem”
Verb “be” dan “seem” dinamakan linking verb
Apapun yang muncul setelah verb “be” atau “seem” disebut complement.

Apa itu complemen?


Complement terdiri dari ANA (ADJECTIVE, NOUN,ADVERB)
Contoh:

She is beautiful. (ADJECTIVE)


She is a teacher. (NOUN)
She is here. (ADVERB)

You seem beautiful. She seems beautiful. It sounds interesting. It happens very
quickly.
You look gorgeous. She looks gorgeous.

Exercise 3
Identify the verb!
Identifikasi Verb yang ada dikalimat ini:

1. He plays the piano in a jazz club. (present tense)


2. David is singing in the shower again. (continues/progressive)
3. He was told to be quiet. (past tense passive)
4. His arm swelled up after the accident. (past tense active)
5. The population has increased by 10% since 1970. (present perfect)
Adapula Verb yang bisa membutuhkan Object dan tidak
03. Apa itu object?
Contoh: Verb TV dan IV:
Object adalah orang atau benda yang dikenakan pekerjaan dalam suatu Begin, drop, hurt, open, ring, win.
kalimat.
Contoh: Nowadays, children have watched too much tv. Contoh kalimat:

Yang mana object-nya? Ya, object nya adalah tv. 1. Minion won the All England match.
2. Minion won
Mengapa? Karena tv adalah benda yang ditonton oleh anak-anak.

Does a sentence always need an object?


Apakah setiap kalimat perlu object?
Jawabannya adalah tidak, bergantung pada Verb dikalimat tersebut.

Ada Verb yang membutuhkan Object disebut Transitivie Verb (TV)

Contoh. TV
Beat, contain, hit, enjoy, need

Contoh kalimat:

1. People need air to breathes.


2. People need

Adapula Verb ysng tidak membutuhkan Object disebut Intransitive Verb (IV).

Contoh IV:
Arrive, come, faint, go, sit down, sleep, snow.

Contoh kalimat:
1. We arrived at 11 a.m
2. We arrived the station at 11 a.m
Subject Object Possessive Adjective Possessive Pronouns Examples:

I Me My book The book is Mine SHE told ME that IT is HER bag. I wonder where is Mine.

You You Your book The money is Yours My family and I went to Bali last month.
We Us Our Ours You and I are assigned for a project together.

They Them Their Theirs


He Him His His
She Her Her Hers
It It Its Its

MODALS
Modals are ALWAYS followed by V1
Examples:
Can/Could
Will/Would Doctors can provide (could provide= past tense) their own medical services out of hospitals.
One has to(had to) take responsibility for the damage.
Shall/Should

May/Might
+ V1
Must

Have to/Has to/had to

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