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A World of Regions: Christine B. Tenorio, MPA

The document discusses several topics related to regionalism and globalization: 1) It defines regionalism and regionalization as processes of economic cooperation and concentration of economic flows within regions. 2) It describes the global North-South divide and defines the global North and South. 3) It discusses regional integration in Asia and Latin America, noting different challenges to integration including uneven economic development and cultural/security issues. 4) It provides an overview of the goals and formation of ASEAN as a regional economic organization in Southeast Asia.

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Mianira Migo
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40 views

A World of Regions: Christine B. Tenorio, MPA

The document discusses several topics related to regionalism and globalization: 1) It defines regionalism and regionalization as processes of economic cooperation and concentration of economic flows within regions. 2) It describes the global North-South divide and defines the global North and South. 3) It discusses regional integration in Asia and Latin America, noting different challenges to integration including uneven economic development and cultural/security issues. 4) It provides an overview of the goals and formation of ASEAN as a regional economic organization in Southeast Asia.

Uploaded by

Mianira Migo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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A World of

Regions
Christine B. Tenorio, MPA
A World of Regions
Regionalism - is a political process characterized by
economic policy cooperation and coordination among
countries (Claudio, 2018).

Regionalization – is the concentration of economic flow


within region thereby binding together the region’s
economy. They are product of political and economic
actors, and even social movements. Regions group and
divide due to common traits and vested interest.

North-South Divide or Rich-Poor Divide – is the socio-


economic and political division between the wealthy
developed countries known as “the North”, and the
poorer developing countries or “the South”. Although
most of the countries under “the North” are located in
the Northern Hemisphere, the divide is purely not
based on geographic location.
The Global North - mostly The Global South -refers to regions of
encompasses the West and the First Latin America, Asia, Africa, and
World, along with many of the Second Oceania. It includes the countries
World. It is the home of all the G8 belonging to the Third World and
(Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Periphery. These are regions outside
Japan, United Kingdom, United States Europe and North America. The use of
and European Union). It also includes the phrase Global South marks a shift
the outermost regions of the European from a central focus on development or
Union, Australia, New Zealand, and cultural difference toward an emphasis
developed members of Asia (The Four on geopolitical relations of power
Asian Tigers – Hongkong, Singapore, (Dados, 2012).
Taiwan and South Korea.
Global South
Global South – the emergence of the term Global South is in
part to aid countries in the Southern Hemisphere to work in
collaborations on political, economic, social, environmental,
cultural and technical issues. This is called South-South
Cooperation a political and economical term referring to the
long-term goal of pursuing world economic changes that
mutually benefit countries in the Global South and lead to
greater solidarity among the disadvantage in the world
system (Gray, 2016).

Global South was first used in 1969 in a contemporary political


sense and continued to gain appeal throughout the second
half of the 20th century.

Alfred Sauvy (1898-1990) – a French demographer,


anthropologist and economic historian who coined the term
“the Third World” in 1952, comparing it with Third Estate, a
concept that emerged during the French Revolution which
refers to the French population.
Global Relations in Latin America

Latin America – like Africa, has small


population but endowed with rich
natural resources. Because of this, this
region is target for grand-scale pillage for
capital accumulation by Europe and the
United States. Countries in Latin
America were under the control of either
Spain or Portugal during Colonial Era.
Different Waves of Globalization in Latin America

Happened around 15th to 16th the Spanish and Portuguese was the third globalization
centuries. Extracontinental colonies were well established wave. Due to the nature of
military invasion of the this time in the 90th century. technological changes,
Americas was immediately felt. Latin America was the basic globalization affects the
source of raw materials by the cultural sphere of Latin
European countries America. Computers and
telecommunication were now
made available and air travel
has become widespread.

Military Economic Cultural


Wave Wave Wave
Asian Regionalism
Regional Integration – the process by which two or more
neighbouring nation-states agree to cooperate and work closely
together to achieve peace, stability, and wealth

Economic Integration – cooperation among countries within the


region. A process by which different countries come agreement to
remove trade barriers (e.g., education, health care, employment
benefit, and pensions) and political institutions.

Single market – is the midpoint between political and economic


integration the cooperating states become so integrated that all
barriers are removed.

The integration of East and South Asia is the product of global


economic integration. Accordingly to Sally (2010), East-Asian
integration is the strongest in trade in transport and machinery
which the heart of these products of processing trade (also known as
fragmented or network trade)
Asian Regionalism

It took time for Asia to integrate The delay is diversified cultures, Issues and problems of security.
economically due to, first religions and customs among the The issues on terrorism and
unbalanced economic growth. people. Asia has a long history boundary disputes and other
Some countries in Asia have and brilliant ancient civilization but problems brought some negative
medium-high income (e.g., impeded the progress of consequences to the progress of
Singapore and South Korea), integration. Asia’s economic integration
others are medium-low income
(e.g., Philippine and Indonesia),
and low-income earners (e.g.,
Pakistan and Cambodia)

Economic Cultural Security


ASEAN or South East Nations
q The ASEAN or South East Nations was established on August 8, 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand. Up today, there are
10-member state of which the Philippines is one of its founding members. The gist of the aims and purposes of
ASEAN is to accelerate the economic growth, promote on matters of socio-cultural interests, and maintain
regional peace and prosperity.
q In 2007, these objectives are clearly manifested in its three: ASEAN Political-Security Community; ASEAN
Economic Community; and ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community. ASEAN has convened to form the ASEAN
Community in 2015, of which its four main goals are: Single Market and Production Base; Highly-Competitive
Economic Region; Equitable Economic Development; and Integration into the Global Economy (Coloso, 2015)
q Austria (2004) discussed three factors that drive economic integration of the ASEAN: Market-led process through
the international production sharing MNCs. The unilateral and multilateral reduction of barriers to trade and
invest, rapid development of transportation, and information technology made it possible to establish and set up
business in Asian Countries.
q TNCs or MNCs geared their business to developing countries where labour-intensive segment of the production
chain is located and wages are low; Institution-led process through the free trade, investment agreements, and
functional cooperation.
q Sub-regional Economic Zones (SREZs) aim to enhance the attractiveness of investment in the continuous areas by
combining their advantages and exploit economic complementariness.
q According to former Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) Assistant Ceferino Rodolfo, “Asia is the most
dynamic and fastest growing region in the world; and in Asia, the most dynamic is Southeast Asia; in Southeast
Asia, the fastest growing sub-regions in the Philippines.
Challenges on Regionalization and Globalization in Asia

through increasing trade and financial sector stable macroeconomics policies will give Each country has increasing stake in the
integration offers enormous benefits, confidence to financial markets and attract sound policies of the others with countries
however this poses new challenges. The private saving in the domestic level and becoming more integrated. Countries within
openness of Asian economy encouraged regional cooperation. Then the increasing the region can play a constructive role in
competitiveness and transfer of technology. pace of financial innovation and integration encouraging each other in maintaining sound
pose a problem. Room for policy maneuver policies. On the talk given by Secretary-
and scope for policy mistakes is limited due to General of the Association of Southeast
large capital flows. Asian Nations, Rodolfo C. Severino at the
Symposium on AFTA and Beyond on May 30,
2002, he said that regional integration is the
only way to generate sufficient economic
activity, improve efficiency, heighten
competition, attract investment and create

Regional
Financial
Trade policy
flows
coordination
Thank you J

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