Paths To

Modernisation
Group Members:
1. Triambkeshwari Bundela
2. Vaibhav Parashar
3. Nirbhay Singh Bhati
4. Siddharth Kanthariya
5. Lakshay Agarwal
 Rise of the
Communist
Party of
China
 1. Guomindang- the nationalist party
of China, retreated.
2. The prolonged war:
=Weakened China
=Exhausted its Resources
3. Prices rose 30% per month between
1945 and 1949 causing severe stress
over people’s lives, rendering them
destroyed.
4. Ramifications of the war in Rural
Period of Crisis: China:
i. Ecological Factors→ soil
Happened due to Japanese exhaustion, deforestation and floods
ii. Socio Economic Factors→
invasion on China-1937 (Called exploitative land tenure systems,
the Second Sino-Japanese War indebtedness, primitive technology
[1937-1945]) and poor communications
 1. Lenin and Trotsky established
Third International March in 1918 to
bring about a world government
that would end exploitation.
2. Worked on the basis of traditional
Marxist ideology that revolution
would be brought by working class.
3. Mao Zedong- a major CCP

Early rise and initial

leader(1893-1976) based his
revolutionary program on
peasantry.
ideologies of CCP: 4. His success made CCP a powerful
political force that ultimately won
Communist Party of China or against Guomindang.
CCP was founded on 23 July
1921, with primary founders
being Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao
and others.
 1. Radical Approach- camped in Jiangxi from 1928 to 1934
to be secure from Guomindang attacks.
2. Peasants soviet was organized by uniting the peasantry
through confiscation and redistribution of land.
3. Stress on having an independent government and army.
4. Support of the emergence of rural women’s associations.
5. Promulgation of new marriage law to forbid arranged
marriages.
6. Stoppage of purchase/sale of marriage contracts and
simplification of divorce .
7. The Communists went on the “Long March”, 6000

Method of approach
difficult miles to Shanxi in an attempt to seek a new
base.
8. In their new base at Yanan they developed a program to

by CCP:
end warlordism (a political framework to make the
modern state globally ubiquitous), carry out land
reforms, and fight imperialism.
9. During years of war the Communists and Guomindang
worked together, later gradually the communists rose to
power and Guomindang was defeated.

Zhang Zongchang
Establishing
the New
Democracy
[1949-65]
 Establishment of
People's
Republic of
China on 1st
October, 1949 by
Mao Zedong

*Excerpt from the video of the whole ceremony.

Audio is dysfunctional due to age of the film.
 1. Based on the principle of “New
Democracy” an alliance of all
social classes.
2. This was different from the
“dictatorship of the proletariat”
3. Private ownership ended.
Characteristics 4. The “Great Leap Forward”
movement helped in rapid
People’s Republic of China- industrialization. Eg’s:
established in October 1949 in =People were encouraged to set
up steel furnaces in their
Tiananmen Square by Mao backyards
Zedong =Community cultivation
started, by 1958 about 26000
communes covered 98% of the
farm population
 1. Mao Zedong mobilized the
masses to attain the goals set
by the party
2. His “socialist man” would have
5 loves
⇛Fatherland
⇛People
Developments ⇛Labour
⇛Science
⇛Public Property
3. All-China Democratic
Women’s federation had 76
million members
4. All-China Students Federation
had 3.29 million members
 1. Some people thought more
attention was to be paid to
industrial organization and
economic growth.
2. Liu Shaochi and Deng
Drawbacks Xiaoping tried to modify the
commune system as it wasn’t
working efficiently.
3. Steel produced in the
backyard furnaces was
unusable industrially.
Conflicting
Visions
[1965-78]
1. The conflict between the Maoists wanting to create a
'Socialist Man' and those who objected to his
emphasis on ideology rather than expertise,
culminated in Mao launching the Great Proletarian
Cultural Revolution in 1965 to counter his critics.
2. The Red Guards, mainly students and the army, was
used for a campaign against old culture, old customs
and old habits.
3. Students and professionals were sent to the
countryside to learn from the masses.
4. Ideology (being Communist) was more important
than having professional knowledge. Denunciations
and slogans replaced rational debate.
5. The Cultural Revolution began a period of turmoil,
weakened the Party and severely disrupted the
economy and educational system.
6. From the late 1960s, the tide began to turn. In 1975,
the Party once again laid emphasis on greater social
discipline and the need to build an industrial
economy so that China could become a power before
the end of the century.
 Reforms
from 1978
 1. The Cultural Revolution was followed by a process of political
manoeuvring.
2. Deng Xiaoping kept party control strong while introducing a socialist
market economy.
3. In 1978, the Party declared its goal as the Four Modernisations (to develop
science, industry, agriculture, defence).
4. Debate was allowed as long as the Party was not questioned. In this new
and liberating climate, as at the time of the May Fourth movement 60
years earlier, there was an exciting explosion of new ideas.
5. On 5 December 1978, a wall-poster, 'The Fifth Modernisation' proclaimed
that without Democracy the other modernisations would come to nothing.
6. It went on to criticise the CCP for not solving the problem of poverty or
ending sexual exploitation, even citing cases of such abuse from within the
Party.
7. These demands were suppressed, but in 1989 on the seventieth
anniversary of the May Fourth movement many intellectuals called for a
greater openness and an end to 'ossified dogmas' (su shaozhi).
8. Student demonstrators at Tiananmen Square in Beijing were brutally
repressed. This was strongly condemned around the world.
9. The post-reform period has seen the emergence of debates on ways to
develop China.
10. The dominant view supported by the Party is based on strong political
control, economic liberalisation and integration into the world market.
11. Critics argue that increasing inequalities between social groups, between
regions and between men and women are creating social tensions, and
question the heavy emphasis on the market.
12. Finally, there is a growing revival of earlier so-called 'traditional ideas, of
Confucianism and arguments that China can build a modern society
following its own traditions rather than simply copying the West.
 1. In April 1989 nearly a million Chinese,
mostly young students, crowded into
central Beijing to protest for greater
democracy and call for the resignations of

Tiananmen Square
Chinese.
2. Communist Party leaders deemed too

Massacre
repressive. For nearly three weeks, the
protesters kept up daily vigils, and marched
Occurred on June 4, 1989 at the and chanted.
3. Western reporters captured much of the
Tiananmen Square, Beijing
drama for television and newspaper
audiences in the United States and Europe.
4. On June 4, 1989, however, Chinese troops
and security police stormed through
Tiananmen Square, firing indiscriminately
into the crowds of protesters.
The Story
of Taiwan
1. Chiang Kai-shek, defeated by the CCP fled in 1949 to Taiwan with
over US$300 million in gold reserves and crates of priceless art
treasures and established the Republic of China.
2. Taiwan had been a Japanese colony since the Chinese ceded it after
the 1894-95 war with Japan. The Cairo Declaration (1943) and the
Potsdam Proclamation (1949) restored sovereignty to China
3. The GMD, under Chiang Kai-shek went on to establish a repressive
government forbidding free speech and political opposition and
excluding the local population from positions of power
4. However, they carried out land reforms that increased agricultural
productivity and modernised the economy so that by 1973 Taiwan
had a GNP second only to that of Japan in Asia
5. The economy, largely dependent on trade has been steadily
growing, but what is important is that the gap between the rich
and poor has been steadily declining
6. Even more dramatic has been the transformation of Taiwan into a
democracy. It began slowly after the death of Chiang in 1975 and
grew in momentum when martial law was lifted in 1987 and
opposition parties were legally permitted.
7. The first free elections began the process of bringing local
Taiwanese to power.
8. Diplomatically most countries have only trade missions in Taiwan.
The Story
of Korea
 1. The Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) of Korea
suffered internal and external pressure
from China, Japan, and the West.
2. Japan seized Korea in 1910, ending the
nearly 500-year-long Joseon Dynasty.
3. The Korean people demonstrated against
colonial authority, established a
provisional government, and sent

Beginnings of
delegations to international leaders.
4. Japanese colonial control ended in 1945,
but it was the continuing efforts of
Modernisation freedom activists that guaranteed Korea's
independence.
5. Following liberation, the Korean Peninsula
was temporarily split at the 38th parallel,
but this became permanent with the
establishment of separate governments.
A Post-War
Nation
1. The Korean War erupted in June 1950 between
South Korea and North Korea and ended three
years later with an armistice deal.
2. It caused tremendous casualties and property
damage, as well as inflation.
3. South Korea was forced to rely on US economic
aid, and Syngman Rhee's regime was prolonged
twice through unlawful constitutional
modifications.
4. In April 1960, residents demonstrated against a
stolen election, forcing Rhee to resign.
5. The suppressed people's spirit burst in the form
of rallies and demands, but the Democratic Party
administration was unable to respond to citizens'
requests.
6. In May 1961, General Park Chung-Hee and other
military leaders deposed Rhee in a military coup.
 Rapid
Industrialisation
Under Strong
Leadership
1. Korea's economic expansion began in the early
1960s, fueled by ambitious industrialists, a
skilled labour force, and a high level of
education.
2. The Saemaul Movement was established in 1970
to promote and mobilise the rural populace and
modernise the agricultural industry.
3. Foreign investment and local savings aided the
expansion of the heavy industrial sector, while
remittances from South Korean workers abroad
aided overall economic development.
4. Park Chung-Hee changed the constitution in 1971
to provide for a perpetual president and
established the Yusin Constitution in 1972, but
the second oil crisis in 1979 hampered economic
strategy and the Park administration's use of
emergency measures and censorship caused
political unrest.
 Continued
Economic
Growth and
Calls for
Democratisation
1. After the death of Park Chung-Hee, another military
coup under Chun-Doo-Hwan staged.
2. Against this, there were various protests were held
by students and citizens and they demanded the
democracy.
3. But military coup suppressed the movement for
democracy and implemented martial law.
4. But there was a city in Gwangju, students and
citizens continued the movement against martial
law.
5. However, Chun's military suppressed and Chun
became the president.
6. Under his reign, the administration strengthened,
there was economic growth, urbanisation, improved
education level and media also advanced.
7. However citizens self awareness about political
rights led them to demand for a constitutional
amendment to allow a direct election.
8. The June democracy movement forced to revise the
constitution and Korean democracy began.
 Korean
Democracy
and the IMF
Crisis
1. As per its new constitution,
the first direct election since
1971 was held in December 1987
2. Roh –Tae-Woo was elected
3. In 1990 long time opposition
leader Kim Young Sam joined
hands with Roh's party
4. In December 1992, Kim a
civilian was elected as the
president after decades of
military rule
Two Roads to
Modernisation
1. The histories of Japan and China demonstrate how
distinct historical circumstances led to the
formation of autonomous and modern states.
2. Japan's elite-driven modernization fostered militant
nationalism, aided in the maintenance of a
repressive system, and produced a colonial empire.
3. China's road to modernization led to a collapse of
governmental and social order, warlordism,
banditry, and civil war, as well as natural calamities.
4. The CCP wanted to remove tradition and strengthen
national unity and strength, but its authoritarian
political system reduced the principles of
emancipation and equality to words.
5. The Party has implemented market reforms and
proven successful in making China economically
powerful, but its political structure remains tightly
controlled.
6. This new circumstance raises the question of how
China might progress while preserving its legacy.
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THANK YOU
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