Saying hello

Hello! How ARE you? – Fine, thank you. How are YOU?

Hello! How are you doing? – Fine, thanks. And you?

Hi! I'm glad to SEE you. – Hello! I'm glad to see YOU.

Hello! It's nice to MEET you. – Hello! It's nice to meet YOU.

Good morning. Good afternoon. Good evening.

Saying good-bye

Good-bye!

Bye!

It was nice seeing you.

Keep in touch.

Take care now.

See you tomorrow.

See you.

Good night.

Holiday greetings

Merry Christmas! – The same to you.

Happy New Year! – The same to you.

Have a nice holiday! – The same to you.

Have a nice holiday! – You too.

Birthday greetings

Happy birthday! – Thank you.

Happy birthday to you!

Many happy returns of the day!

Love and best wishes for a happy birthday!

Congratulations

Congratulations! Your new book is great!

Congratulations on your new book!

I'd like to congratulate you. Your test paper is the best in the class.

My congratulations! Your results are excellent.

Let me congratulate you on your excellent results.

Wishing luck

Good luck!

Good luck to you!

Good luck with your new project!

I wish you luck in your ventures!

I wish you luck on your trip to the north. I'll keep my fingers crossed for
you.
I wish you luck and all the best.

I wish you the best of everything in your life.

Proposing a toast

I'd like to propose a toast.

I'd like to propose a toast (to the host; to the health of the family; to our
guest of honor).
Here's to you!

Here's to your health! / To your health! / Your health!

Here's to our hostess!

Here's to our friends!

To absent friends!

Cheers!
Condolences

I'm very sorry to hear about your nephew's accident. Is there anything I
can do to help?
Please accept my sincere sympathy in your great loss.

My deepest sympathy in your sorrow.

Agreeing, accepting

Yes.

OK. / All right.

Of course. / Certainly.

Sure. (informal)

No problem.

With pleasure.

That's a great idea.

That's right. / That's true.

I agree.

I agree completely.

Disagreeing

No.

Of course not.

I don't think so.

It's not a bad idea, but maybe some other time.

That's not exactly true.

I'm afraid I don't agree.

Asking for help

Excuse me, could you help me?

Would you mind helping me?

Excuse me, I need some help.

Can you help me, please?

Could you do me a favor?

Offering help

Can I help you?

Do you need some help?

Do you need any help?

Is there anything I can do?

How can I help?

Saying thank you

Thank you.

Thanks. (less formal)

Thank you very much.

Thanks a lot. (less formal)

Thank you for your help.

I really appreciate it.

I really appreciate your help.

You've been a great help.

Responding to thanks

You are welcome.

Don't mention it.

Any time. (informal)

That's all right. / It's all right.

That's OK. / It's OK.

Apologizing

I'm sorry.

Sorry.

I'm sorry I'm late.

I'm sorry I said it. I didn't mean it.

Excuse me, please.

Please forgive me.

I'd like to apologize for losing your book. Please forgive me.

Responses to apologies

That's all right. / It's all right.

That's OK. / It's OK.

Don't worry about it.

Never mind.

Don't mention it.

Attracting attention

Excuse me!

Excuse me, (is this Maple Street?)

Excuse me, sir, (could you help me?)

Excuse me, madam, (where is the nearest post office?)

Excuse me, miss, (what time is it?)

Hey!

Asking to repeat

Excuse me? / I beg your pardon? / Sorry?

What did you say?

I'm afraid I haven't heard what you said.

Could you repeat it, please?

Could you repeat what you just said, please?

Asking to explain

I'm afraid I don't understand.

Could you explain it, please?

What does this word mean?

I'm afraid my English is not very good.

Could you explain what you just said, please?

Saying that you understand

I understand. / I understood.

I got it. (informal)

I see.

I see what you mean.

It's clear now.

Saying that you don't know

I don't know.

I'm afraid I couldn't say.

I have no idea.

I wish I knew.

Requests

Could you help me, please?

Could you speak more slowly, please?

Would you mind speaking less loudly? – Oh, I'm sorry.

Could you lend me fifty dollars till Friday, please? – I'm afraid I can't.
Could I borrow your pen for a minute? – Sure. Here it is.

Asking for permission

May I come in? – Yes, of course.

Can I come in? (informal) – Sure.

May I use / Could I use your telephone, please?

Would you mind if I borrowed your calculator? – Of course not.

Asking to hurry

Could you do it a little faster, please?

Please hurry up, or we'll be late.

Hurry up!

Come on, let's go! (informal)

Come on! (informal)

Show some speed, will you? (slang)

Asking to stop

Please stop shouting. (stop talking, crying, etc.)

Stop it, please.

Will you please stop for a minute?

Wait! / Wait a minute.

Hold it.

That will do. / That will be enough. / That's enough.

Asking to stop because you don't like what someone is doing

Stop it right now!

That's enough! / Enough is enough!

Stop bothering me!

That's it!
Cut it out! (slang)

Oh, come off it! (slang) (Stop telling me tales!)

Warning

Watch out! / Look out!

Watch out for that bus!

Watch your step.

Watch those stairs.

Watch your tongue. / Watch your mouth. / Watch your language.

Be careful.

Careful! Behind you!

Giving advice

You should read this book.

You should see a doctor.

You'd better stay in bed for a couple of days.

If I were you, I'd go to Spain.

Giving a compliment

You look great. / You look wonderful.

That's a great suit! / What a lovely suit!

I like your new hair style.

You have a very nice house.

You speak English very well.

Responding to a compliment

Thank you.

Thank you very much.

Thank you, you are very kind.

Invitations
I would like to invite you to my birthday party (to dinner; to a restaurant;
to a concert).
Would you like to go to a concert tomorrow?

Let's go for a walk in the park.

How about a walk in the park?

Why don't we go to a concert?

Accepting an invitation

Thank you for your invitation.

Thank you. I'd love to.

I'd like that very much.

With pleasure.

That's a great idea.

Declining an invitation

Thank you for the invitation, but I can't.

I'm afraid I can't. I have to study.

I'm sorry. I'm busy tonight (tomorrow; on Saturday).

I'd like to, but I'm busy.

I wish I could but I really can't.

It's not a bad idea, but maybe some other time.

General Conversation and Discussion

Asking for an opinion

What do you think about it?
What do you think?
What is your opinion?
What is your point of view?
What is your attitude to this problem?
Alex, would you like to say something about it?
Giving an opinion
I think that we should consult a specialist.
In my opinion, we need a detailed plan of actions.
In my view, it's a difficult task.
The way I see it, it might be difficult to realize at the moment.
As far as I know, it could be very expensive.
As far as I'm concerned, time is the biggest problem.
As for me, I'm not ready to discuss it.
This is a crazy idea, if you ask me.

Adding information
In addition to that, we don't have enough people for this work.
I'd like to add that we will need new equipment for this project.
What's more, this office is too small for all of us.
Besides, there might be travel expenses.
Also, we will need extra cash for food and other daily expenses.
Making a suggestion
I suggest getting a bank loan.
Why don't we get a bank loan?
How about using our out-of-town laboratory for this project?
We could rent some equipment instead of buying it.
You could publish an article about the project in a local newspaper.
Wouldn't it be a good idea to start a fund-raising campaign?
Let's ask James for help.
Asking to explain
I'm afraid I don't understand.
Could you explain it, please?
Would you mind explaining it in detail?
What do you mean?
Why? Why not?

Asking for clarification

I'd like to know where you are planning to sell the product.
What do you mean by saying that we don't have enough people?
Do you mean that we should hire someone to manage the project?
Could you be more specific, please?
What are you trying to say?
Explaining and clarifying
I mean that we will have to move to a different office and hire more people.
What I am trying to say is that we don't have enough money for this project.
What I wanted to say was that we could use volunteers.
In other words, we are not ready yet.
You misunderstood. Let me explain.
Asking for agreement
Do you agree?
What do you think?
Right? Is that right?
Wouldn't you agree with that? / Don't you agree with that?
You agree, don't you?

Agreeing
I agree. I agree with you on this. I agree with Alexander.
I agree completely. / I couldn't agree more.
That's true. / That's right.
You are right.
Right.
Of course. / Certainly. / Sure.
Exactly. Definitely.
I think so.
I suppose so.
Disagreeing
That's not exactly true.
I'm afraid I don't see it that way.
Not really.
I'm sorry, but it's not quite right.
I'm afraid I disagree.
I'm afraid I can't agree with that.
I don't really agree with you on that.
To tell you the truth, I have a different opinion.
Basically, I understand what you mean, but I think your conclusions are
wrong.

Understanding
I understand.
I see.
I see what you mean.
I see your point.
I got it.
When you don't know the answer
I don't know.
I really don't know.
I'm afraid I couldn't say.
I have no idea.
I wish I knew.
Don't ask me.

Doubt
I'm not quite sure about it.
Maybe, but I'm not sure.
I'm not sure that I agree with your argument.
I have to think about it.
I have mixed feelings about it.
Are you sure that this information is correct / accurate?
Disbelief
It can't be true!
I can't believe it.
I don't believe it.
Are you serious?
You must be joking.
Approval
I think that it is a great idea.
It's great! / That's great! / Great!
It's very good! / Very good!
It's a good point.
You did a great job.
Disapproval
I don't like this idea.
I'm against this plan.
I don't think it will work.
It's too expensive.
It will take too much time.
It's too time-consuming.
Asking to repeat
I'm sorry, but could you repeat what you just said?
I'm afraid I haven't heard what you said.
Could you repeat it, please?
Can you repeat it, please?
What did you say?
Sorry? / Beg your pardon?
Interrupting the speaker
I'm sorry to interrupt you, but could you repeat the address, please?
I'm sorry to interrupt, but there's a telephone call for Mr. Green.
Forgive me for interrupting you, but I'd like to ask a question.
Excuse me for interrupting you, but I don't think this information is relevant
to the subject of our discussion.
I'm sorry for the interruption.

Joy, happiness
It's great! That's great!
It's wonderful! That's wonderful!
Great! Beautiful! Wonderful! Excellent! Terrific! (adjectives)
What a wonderful day!
I'm so happy!
I love it!
Oh, what a wonderful present!
That's exactly what I wanted!
Just the thing!
Disgust
It's terrible! It's awful!
Terrible! Awful! Horrible!
How disgusting!
I hate it!
I can't stand it!
It was the worst party (trip, food, day, etc.) in my whole life!
Indifference
It doesn't make any difference to me.
It doesn't matter.
It's all the same to me.
I don't care.
I couldn't care less.
Suit yourself.
Approval, praise, admiration
You did a great job!
It's great! It's wonderful!
That's great! I'm so proud of you.
Well done!
You did it!
That's my boy! That's my girl!
Complaining, annoyance, disapproval
I wish you wouldn't take my books without permission.
I thought I told you not to smoke in this room.
I thought I asked you to be here by nine o'clock.
How many times do I have to tell you to turn off the light when you leave?
Oh, how could you?
You should be ashamed of yourself.
Shame on you!

When someone is annoying you

Leave me alone!
Mind your own business, will you?
Stop bothering me!
Lay off! (slang)
Get lost! (slang)
Annoyance, resentment, anger
Why on earth should I do it?
Who (the hell) do you think you are?
How dare you!
For goodness' sake! For heaven's sake!
Good gracious! My goodness!
Oh God! Oh my!
Damn! Damn it! Oh hell!
That's it! That does it!
Asking not to get angry
Don't get upset.
Calm down.
Take it easy.
Don't get mad!
Cool it. (slang)
Asking not to worry
Don't worry about it.
Don't worry. Everything will be all right.
Calm down.
Take it easy.
Relax.
Disappointment, complaining about life
I feel so disappointed.
Just my luck.
What a day! What a life!
Life is hard. Life is unfair.
That's life. What can you do?
Oh well. That's the way it goes.
So much for (my hopes of getting a promotion at work).
Sympathizing
I'm sorry to hear that.
I know how you feel.
That's too bad.
Bad luck. / Hard luck.
Oh dear!

Encouraging
Cheer up!
Everything will be all right!
It's not the end of the world!
Don't give up. Hang in there.
Don't worry. You'll be all right.
Surprise, disbelief
Oh really?
Is that so?
That's amazing!
That's incredible!
I'm really surprised (that he said such a thing).
No kidding? Are you serious?
You must be joking! You're kidding!
I can't believe it.
It can't be true!
Doubt, uncertainty
I'm not (quite) sure about it.
Maybe, but I am not sure.
I'm not sure. I'm not so sure.
Well, I don't know yet. I have to think about it.
I have mixed feelings about it.
I doubt it.
Physical pain
Ouch! It hurts!
 Oh! I've burned my finger!
My left foot hurts.
I have a terrible headache.
I have a pain in my chest.

A Brief Overview of English Grammar

Languages are divided into synthetic and analytic. At the same time, no
language is completely synthetic or analytic; both features are present in every
language.
Synthetic languages have a lot of different prefixes, suffixes, and endings that
are added to words to show relations between the words in the sentence, such
as gender, person, number, case, comparison, tense, mood, active and passive
voice. The main feature of synthetic languages is that suffixes and endings
make the meanings of individual words and their interaction with the other
words in the sentence precise and clear, so that word order in the sentence can
be quite free. Russian is a highly synthetic language.
Analytic languages have few suffixes and endings that show gender, person,
number, case, and tense. The main feature of analytic languages is that they
rely on word order to show relations between the words in the sentence. Word
order and context help to identify the functions and precise meanings of
individual words. English is largely analytic.
This major difference between English and Russian is the main cause of most
difficulties that Russian-speaking students encounter in studying English. The
most important norms of English grammar are very briefly and very generally
described in the material below.
Parts of speech

Parts of speech in English: nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs,

prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. Parts of the sentence: the subject,
the predicate, the attribute, the object, the adverbial modifier.
Parts of speech are word classes into which English words are divided on the
basis of meaning, form, and function.
Meaning includes the lexical meaning of this or that word and the general
meaning of the part of speech to which this or that word belongs. For example,
nouns are words denoting people, things, notions, and the like; verbs denote
actions; adjectives denote qualities.
Form includes suffixes, endings, and other grammatical forms. For example,
the suffix "ence" is a noun suffix; the suffix "ize" is a verb suffix; nouns can be
singular or plural (the plural ending "s"); verbs have tense forms (writes,
wrote, was writing); adjectives have degrees of comparison (larger, more
expensive).
Function, the most important distinguishing feature, is the function in a
sentence. For example, nouns usually function as subjects or objects, verbs
function as predicates, and adjectives function as attributes. As standard
English word order is quite strict, each part of the sentence has its own place
and can be identified by its position in the sentence.
For example, in declarative sentences with standard word order, the subject
stands at the beginning of the sentence, the predicate stands after the subject,
and the object stands after the predicate.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS

Personal pronouns "I, he, she, it, we, you, they" are the only group of words
that can show, more or less fully, person, number, gender, and case in their
forms. Personal pronouns have two cases: the nominative case and the
objective case.
I am here. I live here.

He (she, it) is here. He (she, it) works here.

We are here. You are here. They are here. We live here. You live here. They
live here.
Tom sees me. (him, her, it, us, you, them)

Tom often comes to me. (to him, to her, to us, to you, to them)

She often speaks about me. (about him, about her, about it, about us, about
you, about them)
They received a letter from him yesterday. (from me, from her, from us, from
you, from them)
Note: The pronoun "you" can refer to one person or to several people. As the
subject of a sentence, "you" is used only with the verb in the plural.
Anna, you are late today.

Boys, you are late today.

Possessive pronouns

Personal pronouns have two possessive forms: my, mine; his, his; her, hers;
its, its; our, ours; your, yours; their, theirs. One form is used as an attribute
before a noun (her book), and the other form (absolute form, independent
form) is used without a noun (this book is hers).
This is my place. This place is mine.

Tom is his friend. Tom is a friend of his.

Is this your book? Is this book yours?

This is their house. This house is theirs.

My pen doesn't write. Can I borrow yours?

This is not my pen. Mine is green.

Reflexive pronouns

Personal pronouns also have reflexive forms. In this case they are called
reflexive pronouns.
I see myself.

He sees himself.

She sees herself.

It sees itself.

We see ourselves.

You see yourself.

You see yourselves.

They see themselves.

OTHER PRONOUNS
Indefinite pronouns

Indefinite pronouns: some, somebody, someone, something; any, anybody,

anyone, anything; no, nobody, no one, none, nothing; every, everybody,
everyone, everything; each, both, other, either, neither, one, all, most, few,
several, much, many.
Most of the indefinite pronouns can be used as nouns or adjectives. But some
of them are used only as nouns (e.g., somebody, anyone, nothing, none), and
some only as adjectives (no, every).
I wrote some letters yesterday.

Some of the letters were long.

Somebody stole my wallet.

Many students came to the lecture.

Many of them were third-year students.

The other books that I bought are on the table.

Demonstrative pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns "this, that" are used in the singular, and "these,
those" in the plural.
I like this city.

I like these cities.

I didn't like that book.

I liked those books.

Relative pronouns

Relative pronouns "who, whom, whose, what, which, that" connect certain
types of subordinate clauses, which are called relative clauses in English, with
the main clause.
The man who is standing by the window is her brother.
I know the people who live in this house.

She returned the books that I gave her last week.

The film that we saw was very dull.

The book which you gave me is very good.

She didn't answer, which surprised me.

He did what he promised.

I don't know what she wants.

Interrogative words

Interrogative words are the pronouns "who, whom, whose, what, which" and
the adverbs "where, when, why, how".
Who is this man?

What is it?

Who / whom do you see?

What did you say?

Whose book is this?

Which book is yours?

Where do you live?

When were you born?

Why did you go there? How did it happen?

NOUNS

English nouns are divided into proper nouns (John Brown, Europe, October) and
common nouns (a boy, a book, an idea, milk, equipment, kindness). Common
nouns are divided into countable nouns (a boy, a book, an idea) and
uncountable nouns (milk, equipment, kindness). Countable nouns are divided
into concrete nouns (a boy, a book) and abstract nouns (an idea). Uncountable
nouns are divided into concrete nouns (milk, equipment) and abstract nouns
(kindness).
Gender of nouns
On the whole, English nouns don't have suffixes or endings to show gender.
(Only the personal pronouns "he, she, it" and their forms show gender.) There
are a few nouns with the feminine suffix "ess": hostess, stewardess, actress,
waitress, princess, baroness, goddess, lioness. But on the whole, gender in
English is connected only to the meaning of nouns. For example:
Tom, man, boy, father, son, brother, husband, uncle, nephew, king, lord,
mister have masculine gender (he): My brother is an economist. He works in a
bank.
Anna, woman, girl, mother, daughter, sister, wife, aunt, niece, queen, lady,
madam have feminine gender (she): My daughter likes fairy tales. She is
reading a new fairy tale now.
A teacher, doctor, author, captain, secretary, student, friend, thief, cook can be
"he" or "she": My teacher recommends this book. He says that it is very good.
An animal is generally "it", but if necessary, you can indicate gender by using
"he" or "she": My cat is very clever. She understands everything.
"It" is used when referring to an inanimate object or an abstract noun (table,
book, window, film, money, laughter, truth, health): The film was very funny. I
liked it very much.
All nouns are "they" in the plural (if they have the plural form): My children like
fairy tales. They are reading a new fairy tale now. These books are interesting.
The films were very funny. I liked them very much.
Number of nouns

Countable nouns have the category of number: one chair – two chairs; a house
– three houses; a boy – boys. Countable nouns generally form the plural by
adding the ending s/es: a ball – balls; a table – tables; a play – plays; a city –
cities; a cow – cows; a bridge – bridges; a class – classes; a tax – taxes; a
knife – knives.

A limited number of nouns have irregular plural forms: a man – men; a woman
– women; a child – children; a tooth – teeth; a sheep – sheep; a crisis – crises;
a formula – formulae; a stimulus – stimuli.
Uncountable nouns can't be counted: air, water, sugar, gold, chemistry,
mathematics, education, help, love, progress, energy. They don't have the
category of number and don't take the plural ending s/es.
As shown in the examples in the part "Gender of nouns" above, if a singular
noun (i.e., singular in form and meaning) is the subject of a sentence, the
singular form of the verb is used (my brother is; my brother works; my
daughter likes; the film was).
If the subject is expressed by a plural noun, the plural form of the verb is used
(my children like; my children are reading; these books are; the films were).
An uncountable noun is treated as a singular noun. As the subject of a
sentence, an uncountable noun is used with a singular verb: Love is blind. His
health has improved. Mathematics was his favorite subject.
Case of nouns

Animate nouns can show possession and belonging (the possessive case) by
adding the apostrophe and "s": Tom's book, the doctor's house; my friend's
car, my friends' car; the dog's name, the dogs' names; the ladies' room, the
men's room, children's books
Nouns don't have any forms or endings to indicate case. Word order and
prepositions indicate which noun is the subject of the sentence, and which is an
object. Generally, the subject stands at the beginning of the sentence, and the
object stands after the predicate.
The boy likes the cat.

The cat likes the boy.

The old man gave the cat to the boy.

Suffixes of nouns

Many English nouns don't have any suffixes that mark them as nouns; for
example, city – noun; pretty – adjective; copy – noun or verb; sparrow – noun;
tomorrow – adverb; narrow – adjective; borrow – verb.
At the same time, there are many suffixes that signal that the word is a noun.
For example:
-ment: argument, document;

-ness: kindness, happiness;

-ion: station, illusion;

-er, -or: worker, doctor;

-ism: capitalism, idealism;

-ist: idealist, psychologist;

-age: courage, passage;

-ty, -ity: safety, clarity;

-ship: friendship, ownership;

-ance, -ence: distance, absence;

-ency: agency, urgency;

-ure: picture, treasure.

The most reliable way to identify a noun is by its function in the sentence
(subject, object) and by the word order and immediate surrounding. For
example, the phrases "a book, a new book, his books; this book is interesting;
the books are on the table; he likes these books" show that the words "book,
books" are nouns.
ARTICLES

There are two articles in English: the definite article "the" and the indefinite
article "a/an". The article indicates whether the noun before which it stands is
specific (the book, the books) or some / any / one of (e.g., a book
ADJECTIVES

Adjectives don't have any means to show gender, number, or case. Adjectives
form two degrees of comparison. One-syllable adjectives (and certain two-
syllable adjectives) form the comparative and superlative degrees by adding
the suffixes "er, est". Adjectives consisting of three or more syllables (and
many adjectives of two syllables) form degrees of comparison with the help of
"more, most".
big – bigger – the biggest;

long – longer – the longest;

nice – nicer – the nicest;

happy – happier – the happiest;

foolish – more foolish – the most foolish;

curious – more curious – the most curious;

beautiful – more beautiful – the most beautiful;

important – more important – the most important.

Adjectives have a number of suffixes that signal that the word is an adjective.
For example:
-ful: useful, beautiful;

-less: careless, priceless;

-ous: curious, dangerous;

-ish: foolish, greenish;

-able, -ible: valuable, credible;

-al: digital, official;

-ant, -ent: reluctant, different;

-ic: dynamic, fantastic;

-ive: active, sensitive;

-ly: timely, lovely;

-y: empty, sunny.

Note: Some suffixes are found in nouns and adjectives. For example, the
words "metal, static, resident" can be nouns or adjectives. The suffix "ate" is
found in adjectives (adequate, separate), nouns (advocate, nitrate), and verbs
(separate, demonstrate).
Adjectives have some prefixes that signal that the word is an adjective, for
example, the prefixes "un, in, im, ir".
unclear, unfriendly;

inevitable, insincere;

impolite, irregular.

Note: Some of these prefixes are also used with other parts of speech; for
example, undo, unsettle – verbs; until – preposition; increase – verb or noun;
imply – verb.
The most reliable way to identify an adjective is by its function in the sentence,
by the word order, and by the immediate surrounding. For example, the
phrases "a tall tree, the tallest tree, my tall trees" indicate that the word "tall"
is an adjective in the function of an attribute.

ADVERBS

A large number of adverbs have the suffix "ly" (simply, happily, probably,
usually); some other adverbs have no suffix (often, never, maybe, here, there).
Some adverbs are in the same form as adjectives. For example, "fast, far, hard,
low, early, daily, weekly" can be used as adjectives or adverbs. The only way to
distinguish such adverbs from adjectives is by their place and function in a
sentence. Adjectives describe the noun, while adverbs describe the verb.
It is his daily work. (daily – adjective)

He studies daily. (daily – adverb)

According to their meaning, adverbs are usually divided into the following
types: adverbs of manner; adverbs of time; adverbs of frequency; adverbs of
place and direction; adverbs of degree.
NUMERALS

Numerals are divided into cardinal numerals and ordinal numerals.

Cardinal numerals show the number or the size of objects.

I saw four men in the car.

There are nine books on the table.

The boy is twelve years old.

John is six feet tall.

The road is twenty miles long.

Ordinal numerals show the position in a series. Generally, ordinal numerals are
used with the definite article. Any ordinal numeral except "first, second, third"
has the suffix "th". Examples:
fifth, sixth, eighth, ninth, twelfth, fifteenth, nineteenth, twentieth, twenty-
fourth, thirtieth, forty-fifth, hundredth.
The third part of the book is very funny.
He met her during his second visit.
His office is on the twenty-sixth floor.

CONJUNCTIONS

Coordinating conjunctions "and, or, but" connect coordinate elements (parallel

elements) of the sentence as well as independent clauses in the compound
sentence.
He bought bread and cheese.

I invited her, but she didn't come to the party.

Subordinating conjunctions (e.g., after, because, if, since, that, when) connect
the subordinate clause with the main clause in the complex sentence.
I will go to the store after I finish writing this article.
She didn't go to the concert because she was busy.
INTERJECTIONS

Interjections are words expressing emotions, such as surprise, anger,

disappointment, annoyance, regret, doubt, joy, etc. An interjection has no
grammatical connection with the other words in the sentence.
Interjections consist of one or several words. For example: oh; well; ouch;
alas; hey; my goodness; oh my; oh dear.
Interjections are generally used as exclamations at the beginning of the
sentence. Interjections expressing strong emotions are used with an
exclamation mark. Interjections expressing mild emotions are usually
separated by a comma.
My goodness! I've lost the key!
Ouch! It hurts!
Well, it's time to go.
Oh, what a surprise!

VERBS

Verbs have few suffixes that identify them as verbs: ize, ise – apologize,
organize, advertise; fy – intensify, simplify; en – liven, ripen; ate –
concentrate, decorate.
Verbs have a number of prefixes that signal that the word is a verb, for
example, enjoy, become, affirm, confirm, combine, dislike, display, forget,
forgive, mistake, prefer, perceive, receive, remember, understand.
The most reliable way to identify a verb is by its function in the sentence
(predicate), by the word order, and by the immediate surrounding. For
example, the phrases "he plays; he is playing; he played; did he play; he can
play tennis" show that the word "play" is a verb.
English verbs can be described from different sides: main verbs, auxiliary
verbs, modal verbs; regular and irregular verbs; transitive and intransitive
verbs.
Note: Difficult prefixes and suffixes of nouns, adjectives, and verbs are
described in the materials on English spelling in the section Writing.
Main verbs

Main verbs, or principal verbs, are notional verbs: work, live, play, study, go,
cry, kiss, fix, catch.
Main verbs have only one ending that shows person and number: the ending
s/es, which is added to the base form of the verb in the third person singular of
the simple present tense. Compare:
No endings: I/we/you/they work, live, play, go, study, cry, kiss, fix, catch;

Ending s/es: he/she/it works, lives, plays, goes, studies, cries, kisses, fixes,
catches.

Auxiliary verbs

Auxiliary verbs (be, have, will, do) perform different functions: the verb "be"
helps to form the continuous tenses in the active voice and all of the tenses in
the passive voice and also functions as a linking verb; the verb "have" helps to
form the perfect tenses; the verb "will" helps to form the future tenses; the
verb "do" helps to form questions and answers in the simple present and simple
past.
She is typing now.
That letter was typed yesterday.
She is a secretary.
She has already typed two letters.
She will type a report tomorrow.
Do you know her? – Yes, I do. / No, I don't.
Did you see her yesterday? – Yes, I did. / No, I didn't.
The verb "be" is the only English verb that shows, more or less fully, person
and number in its forms.
Simple present: I am; he/she/it is; we/you/they are.

Simple past: I/he/she/it was; we/you/they were.

Modal verbs

Modal verbs (can, could, may, might, must, should, will, would) are sometimes
called defective verbs, because they can't form the tenses in the regular way
and can't be used without a main verb. Modal verbs describe the speaker's
attitude to the action expressed by the main verb.
I must help him.
We should go there.
He can swim.
Could you help me, please?
He might leave soon.
May I come in?
Will you please be quiet?
I would like to go to Mexico.
Regular and irregular verbs

Regular verbs form the simple past tense and the past participle by adding the
ending "ed" to the base form of the verb: work – worked – worked; play –
played – played; copy – copied – copied; borrow – borrowed – borrowed
Irregular verbs form the simple past tense and the past participle by changing
the root of the word: take – took – taken; go – went – gone; buy – bought –
bought; sit – sat – sat; be – was/were – been.
Infinitive, gerund, participle

All verbs, except modal verbs, have four verbal forms: the infinitive, the
gerund, the present participle, and the past participle. These verbal forms are
called verbals or non-finite forms of the verb.
The infinitive is the base form of the verb plus the particle "to": to read, to go,
to jump. The infinitive loses the particle "to" after modal verbs. Compare:
He likes to read.
She can read.
He wants to go.
He must go.
Verbs form gerunds by adding the ending "ing" to the base form of the verb. A
gerund is used in the function of a noun.
He likes reading.

Swimming is good for health.

The present participle is formed by adding the ending "ing" to the base form
of the verb. The present participle is used in the formation of the continuous
tenses and can also function as an attribute.
The girl is crying.

I see a running man.

The past participle is used in the formation of the perfect tenses and the
tenses in the passive voice and can also function as an attribute.
He has visited London several times.
The letter was sent yesterday.
I saw two broken chairs.
English tenses

English verbs have a rather complicated system of tenses. Only two endings
can be added directly to the base form of the verb: the ending s/es for the
third person singular in the simple present tense and the ending "ed" for all
persons in the simple past tense (regular verbs only). The simple present and
the simple past in the active voice have tense forms consisting of one word.
All the other tenses are formed by certain combinations of the auxiliary verbs
"be, have, will" with the infinitive (without the particle "to"), with the present
participle, or with the past participle of the main verb.
Active Voice

Simple Present
I/we/you/they play, speak
he/she/it plays, speaks
Present Continuous
I am playing, am speaking
he/she/it is playing, is speaking
we/you/they are playing, are speaking
Present Perfect
I/we/you/they have played, have spoken
he/she/it has played, has spoken
Present Perfect Continuous
I/we/you/they have been playing, have been speaking
he/she/it has been playing, has been speaking
Simple Past
I/he/she/it/we/you/they played, spoke
Past Continuous
I/he/she/it was playing, was speaking
we/you/they were playing, were speaking
Past Perfect
I/he/she/it/we/you/they had played, had spoken
Past Perfect Continuous
I/he/she/it/we/you/they had been playing, had been speaking
Simple Future
I/he/she/it/we/you/they will play, will speak
Future Continuous
I/he/she/it/we/you/they will be playing, will be speaking
Future Perfect
I/he/she/it/we/you/they will have played, will have spoken
Future Perfect Continuous
I/he/she/it/we/you/they will have been playing, will have been speaking
Passive Voice

Simple Present
I am informed, am taught
he/she/it is informed, is taught
we/you/they are informed, are taught
Present Continuous
I am being informed, am being taught
he/she/it is being informed, is being taught
we/you/they are being informed, are being taught
Present Perfect
I/we/you/they have been informed, have been taught
he/she/it has been informed, has been taught
Simple Past
I/he/she/it was informed, was taught
we/you/they were informed, were taught
Past Continuous
I/he/she/it was being informed, was being taught
we/you/they were being informed, were being taught
Past Perfect
I/he/she/it/we/you/they had been informed, had been taught
Simple Future
I/he/she/it/we/you/they will be informed, will be taught
Future Perfect
I/he/she/it/we/you/they will have been informed, will have been taught

PREPOSITIONS and POSTPOSITIONS

A preposition is used with a noun (or pronoun) and stands before it, forming a
phrase that functions as a prepositional indirect object (about Tom; for me) or
as an adverbial modifier (under the table; before dinner).
Prepositions are traditionally divided into prepositions of place (on the street, in
the house, at the airport), prepositions of direction (to the river, through the
park), prepositions of time (at two o'clock, in 1995, for a year, on Monday),
prepositions of manner (by train, with a key), and some others.
A postposition is used with a verb and stands after it, forming an idiomatic
phrase with this verb (phrasal verb). For example: come in, get back, turn out,
put on, break down, pick up, take off, think over
Many prepositions and postpositions are the same in form (e.g., in, on, over,
off, along, before, by, inside, through, down), but their functions in sentences
are different. In English linguistic materials, postpositions are usually called
"adverbial particles" or "adverbs".

English nouns do not have any case endings (only personal

pronouns have some case endings), so it is mostly the word
order that tells us where things are in a sentence, and how
they interact. Compare:
The dog sees the cat.

The cat sees the dog.

The subject and the object in these sentences are completely

the same in form. How do you know who sees whom? The
rules of English word order tell us about it.
Word order patterns in English sentences

A sentence is a group of words containing a subject and a

predicate and expressing a complete thought. Word order
arranges separate words into sentences in a certain way and
indicates where to find the subject, the predicate, and the
other parts of the sentence. Word order and context help to
identify the meanings of individual words.
English sentences are divided into declarative sentences
(statements), interrogative sentences (questions), imperative
sentences (commands, requests), and exclamatory
sentences. Declarative sentences are the most common type
of sentences. Word order in declarative sentences serves as a
basis for word order in the other types of sentences.
The main minimal pattern of basic word order in English
declarative sentences is SUBJECT + PREDICATE. Examples:
Maria works. Time flies.
The most common pattern of basic word order in English
declarative sentences is SUBJECT + PREDICATE + OBJECT,
often called SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT (SVO) in English
linguistic sources. Examples: Tom writes stories. The dog
sees the cat.
An ordinary declarative sentence containing all five parts of
the sentence, for example, "Mike read an interesting story
yesterday", has the following word order:
The subject is placed at the beginning of the sentence before
the predicate; the predicate follows the subject; the object is
placed after the predicate; the adverbial modifier is placed
after the object (or after the verb if there is no object); the
attribute (an adjective) is placed before its noun (attributes in
the form of a noun with a preposition are placed after their
nouns).
Verb type and word order

Word order after the verb usually depends on the type of verb
(transitive verb, intransitive verb, linking verb).
Transitive verbs

Transitive verbs require a direct object: Tom writes stories.

Denis likes films. Anna bought a book. I saw him yesterday.
Some transitive verbs (e.g., bring, give, send, show, tell) are
often followed by two objects: an indirect object and a direct
object. For example: He gave me the key. She sent him a
letter. Such sentences often have the following word order:
He gave the key to me. She sent a letter to him.
Intransitive verbs

Intransitive verbs do not take a direct object. Intransitive

verbs may stand alone or may be followed by an adverbial
modifier (an adverb, a phrase) or by a prepositional object.
Examples of sentences with intransitive verbs: Maria works.
He is sleeping. She writes very quickly. He went there
yesterday. They live in a small town. He spoke to the
manager. I thought about it. I agree with you.
Linking verbs

Linking verbs (e.g., be, become, feel, get, grow, look, seem)
are followed by a complement. The verb BE is the main
linking verb. It is often followed by a noun or an adjective: He
is a doctor. He is kind.
Other linking verbs are usually followed by an adjective (the
linking verb "become" may also be followed by a noun): He
became famous. She became a doctor. He feels happy. It is
getting cold. It grew dark. She looked sad. He seems tired.
The material below describes standard word order in different
types of sentences very briefly. The other materials of the
section Word Order give a more detailed description of
standard word order and its peculiarities in different types of
sentences.
Declarative sentences

Subject + predicate (+ object + adverbial modifier):

Maria works.

Tom is a writer.

This book is interesting.

I live in Moscow.

Tom writes short stories for children.

He talked to Anna yesterday.

My son bought three history books.

He is writing a report now.

Interrogative sentences

Interrogative sentences include general questions, special

questions, alternative questions, and tag questions.
General questions

Auxiliary verb + subject + main verb (+ object + adverbial

modifier):
Do you live here? – Yes, I do.

Does he speak English? – Yes, he does.

Did you go to the concert? – No, I didn't.

Is he writing a report now? – Yes, he is.

Have you seen this film? – No, I haven't.

Special questions

Question word + auxiliary verb + subject + main verb (+

object + adverbial modifier):
Where does he live? – He lives in Paris.

What are you writing now? – I'm writing a new story.

When did they visit Mexico? – They visited Mexico five years
ago.
What is your name? – My name is Alex.

How old are you? – I'm 24 years old.

Alternative questions

Alternative questions are questions with a choice. Word order

before "or" is the same as in general questions.
Is he a teacher or a doctor? – He is a teacher.

Does he live in Paris or in Rome? – He lives in Rome.

Are you writing a report or a letter? – I'm writing a report.

Would you like coffee or tea? – Tea, please.

Tag questions

Tag questions consist of two parts. The first part has the
same word order as statements; the second part is a short
general question (the tag).
He is a teacher, isn't he? – Yes, he is.
He lives here, doesn't he? – No, he doesn't.

You went there, didn't you? – Yes, I did.

They haven't seen this film, have they? – No, they haven't.

Imperative sentences

Imperative sentences (commands, instructions, requests)

have the same word order as statements, but the subject
(you) is usually omitted.
Go to your room.

Listen to the story.

Please sit down.

Give me that book, please.

Negative imperative sentences are formed with the help of

the auxiliary verb "don't".
Don't cry.

Don't wait for me.

Requests

Polite requests in English are usually in the form of general

questions using "could, may, will, would".
Could you help me, please?

May I speak to Tom, please?

Will you please ask him to call me?

Would you mind helping me with this report?

Exclamatory sentences

Exclamatory sentences have the same word order as

statements (i.e., the subject is before the predicate).
She is a great singer!

It is an excellent opportunity!

How well he knows history!

What a beautiful town this is!

How strange it is!

In some types of exclamatory sentences, the subject (it, this,

that) and the linking verb are often omitted.
What a pity!

What a beautiful present!

What beautiful flowers!

How strange!

Simple, compound, and complex sentences

English sentences are also divided into simple sentences,

compound sentences, and complex sentences.
Simple sentences

A simple sentence, or independent clause, has a subject and

a predicate and other necessary parts of the sentence.
Life goes on.

She works in a hotel.

You don't know him.

He wrote a letter to the manager.

Compound sentences

A compound sentence consists of two (or more) simple

sentences connected by a coordinating conjunction (e.g., and,
but, or). Each simple sentence has a subject and a predicate.
Maria lives in Moscow, and her friend Elizabeth lives in New
York.
He wrote a letter to the manager, but the manager didn't
answer.
Her children may watch TV here, or they may play in the
yard.
Simple sentences connected by "and" may be connected
without a conjunction. In such cases, a semicolon is used
between the sentences in a compound sentence.
Maria lives in Moscow; her friend Elizabeth lives in New York.

Complex sentences

A complex sentence consists of the main clause and the

subordinate clause connected by a subordinating conjunction
(e.g., that, after, when, since, because, if, though). Each
clause has a subject and a predicate.
I told him that I didn't know anything about their plans.

Betty has been working as a secretary since she moved to

California.
Tom went to bed early because he was very tired.

General idioms with examples.

about to (do something)

- to be on the point of doing something

I was about to leave when the phone rang. 

according to (someone or something)

- as said or told by someone, in agreement with something, in the order of something, in

proportion to something

According to our teacher, there will be no class next week. 

We did everything according to the terms of our agreement. 
We will dress for the hike, according to the weather. 

account for (something)

- to provide an explanation or an answer for something

The bad weather accounts for the fact that few people came to the meeting. 

after all
- considering the fact that something happened or happens, something that is usually assumed

"You don't need to phone him. After all, he never phones you." 

all of a sudden

- suddenly, without advance warning

All of a sudden, it became cloudy and began to rain. 

as a matter of fact

- actually

"As a matter of fact, we have been to the sports stadium many times." 

as far as

- to the extent or degree of something

As far as I know, the movie will start in a few minutes. 

as for

- with regard to, concerning

"As for myself, I think that I will return home now." 

as if

- in the same way that something would be, that

The drink tastes as if it were made with orange juice. 

It seemed as if the whole school came to the concert. 

as long as

- provided that, on condition that

"As long as you promise to be careful, you can borrow my car." 

as soon as

- just after something, when

I phoned my friend as soon as I finished dinner. 

as to

- with regard to, according to

"As to your question, I will answer it tomorrow." 

The players were put into groups as to their ability. 

as well

- in addition, also, too

I plan to take swimming lessons this summer. I plan to take a computer course as
well. 

as well as (someone or something)

- in addition to someone or something

"Please bring your swimming suit as well as your towel." 

B Idioms

back and forth

- backwards and forwards, first one way and then the other way

The argument with the lawyer went back and forth before the judge made a
decision. 

better off

- to be in a better situation than before

My friend would be better off if he sold his old car and bought a new one. 

break down (something) or break (something) down

- to divide something into parts, to separate something into simpler substances

We tried to break down the problem for further study. 

The sugar began to break down soon after it was swallowed. 

break up or break up (something) or break (something) up

- to separate, to divide into groups or pieces, to put an end to something

I hope that my favorite band does not break up. 

The students did not want to break up their groups. 
The coach decided to break the team up into small groups. 

by the way

- incidentally

"By the way, could you please bring your laptop computer tomorrow." 

C Idioms

carry out (something) or carry (something) out

- to put something into action, to accomplish something, to do something

The scientist wanted to carry out more experiments before discussing the new
medicine. 

come on!

- please, hurry, go faster

"Come on, I only have a few minutes before I must go." 
"Come on, stop doing that." 

come up

- to happen unexpectedly

I will not be able to go to the party if something else comes up. 

come up with (something)

- to produce or find a thought or idea or answer

I tried to come up with a name for the new magazine. 

D Idioms

deal with (something)

- to be concerned with something, to take action about something

We will deal with the boxes tomorrow. 

E Idioms

end up (doing something or going somewhere)

- to do something that one had not planned to do, to go somewhere one had not planned to go

We ended up watching a movie last night. 

We ended up going to a restaurant after the movie last night. 
 F Idioms

figure out (someone or something) or figure (someone or something) out

- to try to understand someone or something, to solve something

I finally figured out how to use the new computer software. 

fill in (something) or fill (something) in

- to write words in blank spaces

"Please fill in this form and give it to the receptionist." 

I filled the form in and gave it to the receptionist. 

find out (something)

- to learn or discover something

My mother is angry with me because she found out that I had quit my French
class. 

first of all

- the very first thing

First of all, we prepared the garden and then we planted the seeds. 

for good

- permanently

The city plans to close the public swimming pool for good. 

for sure

- without doubt, certainly, surely

"I will go to the movie with you for sure next week." 

G Idioms

get back to (something)

- to return to something

I was happy to get back to my work after my holiday. 

get into (something)

- to become interested or involved in something

I do not want to get into an argument with my friend. 

We will get into the details of the plan tomorrow. 

get into (somewhere)

- to enter somewhere

My friend wants to get into a good university. 

I bumped my head as I was getting into the car. 

get out of (somewhere)

- to leave somewhere, to escape from somewhere

I have an appointment and I want to get out of my house quickly. 

get rid of (something)

- to give or throw something away, to sell or destroy something, to make a cold or fever
disappear

I bought a new television so I want to get rid of my old one. 

get through (something)

- to complete something, to finish something

My friend is having trouble getting through her final exams. 

I have much reading that I must get through before tomorrow. 

go ahead

- to begin to do something

"Let`s go ahead and start now. We can`t wait any longer." 

go on

- to continue

The game will probably go on for an hour after we leave. 

go over (something)

- to examine or review something

The accountant will go over our books tomorrow. 

We plan to go over that question tomorrow. 

go through (something)

- to discuss something, to look at something, to do something

The teacher decided to go through the exercise before the test. 

go with (something)

- to choose one thing rather than another

We decided to go with the small rental car rather than the large one. 

H Idioms
hang out (somewhere or with someone)

- to spend one`s time with no great purpose, to spend leisure time with friends

Recently, my friend has been hanging out with a bad group of people. 

have (something) to do with (something)

- to be about something, to be on the subject of something, to be related to something

"The book has something to do with cooking but I am not sure if you will like it." 
That problem has nothing to do with me. 

hold on

- to wait a minute, to stop, to wait and not hang up the phone

"Please hold on for a minute while I lock the door." 

"Hold on, don't say anything, I can't hear the speaker." 

I Idioms

in a way

- to a certain extent, a little, somewhat

In a way, I want to go to the new restaurant, but in a way I do not really care. 

in case

- if, if something should happen

I will take my umbrella in case it rains. 

in common
- shared together or equally, in use or ownership by all

I had nothing in common with the other members of the class. 

in detail

- giving all the details, item by item

The saleswoman explained the new product in detail. 

in effect

- for practical purposes, basically

The man's silence was in effect a way of disagreeing with the other people in the
meeting. 

in fact

- actually, the truth is

The man has been to China before. In fact, he has been there three times. 

in favor of (someone or something)

- to approve or support someone or something

Everybody is in favor of the new police chief. 

My company is not in favor of changing our holiday schedule. 

in general

- in most situations or circumstances

In general, most of the people are happy with the new manager. 

in order to

- for the purpose of

They have decided to close down the school for the summer in order to do some
major repairs. 

in other words

- in a different (usually more direct) way

"In other words, if you do not finish the assignment by Wednesday, you will not
pass the course." 

in place

- in the proper place or location

Everything in the room was in place when we arrived for the meeting. 

in some ways

- in some unspecified way or manner, by some unspecified means

In some ways, I know what my friend wants to say but in other ways, I do not. 

in terms of (something)

- with regard to something

In terms of our agreement with the other company, we are not allowed to sell the
products online. 

in time

- with enough time to do something, within a certain time, before a time limit expires

I did not arrive home in time to meet my cousin. 

The girl is working hard to finish her homework in time to go to a movie. 

K Idioms
keep (someone or something) in mind

- to remember and think about someone or something

I told my friend to keep the time that I must leave for work in mind. 
If I need someone to help fix my computer, I usually keep my friend in mind. 

kind of

- somewhat, more or less, moderately

I was kind of tired when I arrived home last night. 

L Idioms

look for (something)

- to try to find something, to hunt or search for something

My friend has been looking for her credit card all morning but she cannot find it. 

look up (something) or look (something) up

- to search for something in a dictionary or other book

I will look up my friend's name in the telephone book. 

I looked the word up in the dictionary. 

M Idioms

make a difference

- to cause a change in a situation, to change the nature of something

It does not make a difference whether our boss comes to the meeting or not. 
If I study hard this weekend, it should make a difference in my test results next
week. 

make sense

- to seem reasonable

The manager's new proposal makes sense. 

make sure

- to make certain, to establish something without a doubt

I want to make sure that my friend will meet me tomorrow. 

more or less

- somewhat, to some extent

I more or less have decided to study business next year. 

N Idioms

no matter

- regardless

No matter how hard that I try, my music teacher is never satisfied. 

not at all

- certainly not, absolutely not

I am not at all happy with my new computer. 

 O Idioms

of course

- certainly, definitely, naturally

"Of course you can use my car if you want to." 

on the other hand

- however, in contrast, looking at the opposite side of a matter

He is very intelligent but on the other hand he is lazy and always gets low marks at
school. 

on time

- at the scheduled time, exactly at the correct time, punctually

Our train arrived exactly on time. 

once again

- again, one more time, once more

I tried once again to phone my boss at his home . 

open to (something)

- to be agreeable to learn or hear about new ideas or suggestions

Most members of the class were open to the teacher's ideas. 

Our boss is always open to new ideas. 

P Idioms
pick up (something) or pick (something) up

- to get or receive something

I will pick up my dry cleaning tomorrow. 

I picked up a copy of the newspaper at the station. 

point out (someone or something) or point (someone or something) out

- to explain or call attention to someone or something

My teacher was very kind when she pointed out the mistakes that I had made. 

put out (something) or put (something) out

- to produce or make something (a product or brochure or report or CD or movie or paper)

The company puts out a newsletter every month for the employees. 

R Idioms

regardless of (something)

- without considering or thinking about something, without regard to something, in spite of

something

Regardless of the weather, we are going to go fishing tomorrow morning. 

right away

- immediately

"I forgot my book at home but I will go and get it right away." 

rule out (someone or something) or rule (someone or something) out

- to decide against or eliminate someone or something

The police ruled out the man as a possible bank robber. 
We decided to rule Monday out as the day to have our meeting. 

run into (something - a fact or trouble or problems or difficulty)

- to experience something, to encounter something

The mechanic ran into trouble when he was fixing my car. 

I ran into some interesting facts while I was researching my essay. 

S Idioms

set up (something) or set (something) up

- to establish something, to provide the money for something

The newspaper company provided the money to set up the new travel magazine. 
The company set up a unique system to test the new product. 

show up

- to appear, to arrive, to be present

"What time did your friend show up for the party?" 

so far

- until now

So far, no one has entered the speech contest at the television station. 

so to speak

- as one might or could say, this is one way to say something

We had a good time at the restaurant, so to speak, although the service was not
very good. 
sort of (something)

- to be almost something, to be similar to something, to be not quite something

"Did you finish cleaning the kitchen?" 

"Sort of, but not really." 

stick with (something)

- to continue doing something, to not quit something

The boy has been able to stick with his music lessons since he was a child. 

T Idioms

take advantage of (someone or something)

- to use someone or something for one's own benefit

We took advantage of the beautiful weather and went to the beach. 

take care of (someone or something)

- to look after or give attention to someone or something

It is good to take care of your health or you will become sick. 

take out (something) or take (something) out

- to remove something from somewhere

The teacher told us to take out our books. 

I took out some onions from the refridgerator. 

take over (something) or take (something) over

- to take control of something, to take command of something

The large company wants to take over the small company in our town. 

take place

- to happen, to occur

The soccer game took place on the coldest day of the year. 

to the extent that

- to the degree that, in so far as

I plan to provide information about the new company policy, to the extent that I am
familiar with it. 

turn in (something) or turn (something) in

- to give something to someone, to hand something to someone

I arrived at school early so that I could turn in my essay. 

turn out

- to be found or known, to prove to be true

It turned out that more people came to the meeting than we had expected. 

U Idioms

up to

- until, as far as a certain point, approaching a certain point

Up to last week, I had never been inside a bowling alley. 

There were probably up to thirty people at the meeting. 

up to (someone) to decide (something) or do (something)

- to be responsible to choose or decide something

It is up to the company president to decide when the meeting will start. 

used to (something)

- accustomed to something

My friend is not used to living in such a big city. 

W Idioms

with respect to (something)

- referring to something, concerning something

I do not know what the company will do with respect to the old computer system. 
work out

- to end successfully

I hope that everything will work out for my friend when she moves next month.