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JAVA INTERVIEW
CHECKLIST FOR 2023
(TOP 150 Questions & Answers)
SAVE AND SHARE
Table of content-
➢ Object Oriented Programming (OOP)
➢ General Questions about Java
➢ Java Threads
➢ Java Collections
➢ Garbage Collectors
➢ Exception Handling
➢ Java Applets
➢ Swing
➢ JDBC
➢ Remote Method Invocation (RMI)
➢ Servlets
➢ JSP
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Object Oriented Programming (OOP)

1. What is Java?
Java is a computer programming language that is concurrent,
class-based and object-oriented. The advantages of object-
oriented software development are shown below:
• Modular development of code, which leads to easy
maintenance and modification.
• Reusability of code.

• Improved reliability and flexibility of code.

• Increased understanding of code.

2. What are the concepts of OOP?

Object Oriented Programming (OOP) includes:
• Abstraction

• Encapsulation

• Polymorphism

• Inheritance

• Predefined types must be objects

• User defined types must be objects

• Operations must be performed by sending messages to

objects

3. Mention some features of Java

Some of the features which play important role in the
popularity of java are as follows:
• Object-Oriented

• Platform independent

• High Performance

• Multithreaded

• Portable

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• Secure

4. Is Java 100% Object-oriented?

Not 100%. Java does not satisfy all the OOP conditions
(predefined types must be objects) because it uses eight
primitive data types(Boolean, byte, char, int, float, double,
long, short) which are not objects.

5. What is Abstraction?
Abstraction is the process of separating ideas from specific
instances and thus, develop classes in terms of their own
functionality, instead of their implementation details. Java
supports the creation and existence of abstract classes that expose interfaces, without
including the actual implementation of all methods. The abstraction technique aims to
separate the implementation details of a class from its behavior.

6. What is Encapsulation?
Encapsulation provides objects with the ability to hide their
internal characteristics and behavior. Each object provides a
number of methods, which can be accessed by other objects
and change its internal data. In Java, there are three access
modifiers: public, private and protected. Each modifier imposes
different access rights to other classes, either in the same or in
external packages. Some of the advantages of using
encapsulation are listed below:
• The internal state of every object is protected by hiding
its attributes.
• It increases usability and maintenance of code, because
the behavior of an object can be independently changed
or extended.
• It improves modularity by preventing objects to interact
with each other, in an undesired way.

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7. What are the differences between

Abstraction and Encapsulation?
Abstraction and encapsulation are complementary concepts. On
the one hand, abstraction focuses on the behavior of an object.
On the other hand, encapsulation focuses on the
implementation of an object’s behavior. Encapsulation is usually
achieved by hiding information about the internal state of an
object and thus, can be seen as a strategy used in order to
provide abstraction.

8. What is Polymorphism?
Polymorphism is the ability of programming languages to
present the same interface for differing underlying data types.
A polymorphic type is a type whose operations can also be
applied to values of some other type.
You can see the example below where Vehicle interface has the
method increaseVelocity. Truck, Train and Aeroplane
implement the Vehicle Interface and the method increases the
velocity to the appropriate velocity related to the vehicle type.

9. What are the types of Polymorphism?

There are two types of Polymorphism in Java:
• Compile-time polymorphism (Static binding) – Method
overloading
• Runtime polymorphism (Dynamic binding) – Method
overriding

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We can perform polymorphism by Method Overloading and

Method Overriding.
Compile Time Runtime

Methods of a class have the the subclass has method with the name
same name. Each method has a as of a superclass method. It has the
different number of parameters . number of paramers, type of
It can have parameters with parameters and the return type as of a
different types and order. superclass method.

Method Overloading is to add to Method Overriding is to modify the

the method behavior. It can be method’s behavior .
extending to the method’s
behavior.

Overloaded methods will not Overridden methods will have exactly

have same signature. the same signature.

Inheritance is not need in this Inheritance is reuqired.

case.

10. What is Inheritance?

Inheritance provides an object with the ability to acquire the
fields and methods of another class, called base class.
Inheritance provides reusability of code and can be used to add
additional features to an existing class, without modifying it.

11. What is composition?

Composition is exactly like Aggregation except that the lifetime
of the ‘part’ is controlled by the ‘whole’. This control may be
direct or transitive. That is, the ‘whole’ may take direct
responsibility for creating or destroying the ‘part’, or it may
accept an already created part, and later pass it on to some
other whole that assumes responsibility for it.

12. What is an association?

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Association represents the ability of one instance to send a

message to another instance. This is typically implemented
with a pointer or reference instance variable, although it might
also be implemented as a method argument or the creation of
a local variable.

13. What is aggregation?

Aggregation is the typical whole/part relationship. This is
exactly the same as an association with the exception that
instances cannot have cyclic aggregation relationships.

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General Questions about Java

14. What is JVM?

15. Why is Java called the Platform

Independent Programming Language?

16. What is the Difference between JDK and

JRE?
The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) is basically the Java Virtual
Machine (JVM) where your Java programs are being executed. It also
includes browser plugins for applet execution. The Java Development Kit
(JDK) is the full-featured Software Development Kit for Java, including
the JRE, the compilers and tools (like JavaDoc, and Java Debugger), in
order for a user to develop, compile and execute Java applications.

JDK JRE

JDK stands for the JRE stands for the term: Java Runtime
term : Java Environment.
Development Kit.

JDK is the tool for JRE is a runtime environment. JavaByte

compilng, code gets executed in the environment.
documenting and
packaging Java
software.

JDK has JRE and JRE is a JVM implementation

development tools.

17. What does the static keyword mean?

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The static keyword denotes that a member variable or method can be

accessed, without requiring an instantiation of the class to which it
belongs.

18. Can you override private or static method

in Java?
A user cannot override static methods in Java, because method
overriding is based upon dynamic binding at runtime and static methods
are statically bound at compile time. A static method is not associated
with any instance of a class so the concept is not applicable.

19. Can you access the non-static variable in

static context?
A static variable in Java belongs to its class and its value remains the
same for all its instances. A static variable is initialized when the class is
loaded by the JVM. If your code tries to access a non-static variable,
without any instance, the compiler will complain, because those
variables are not created yet and they are not associated with any
instance.

20. What are the Data Types supported by

Java?
The eight primitive data types supported by the Java programming
language are:
• byte

• short

• int

• long

• float

• double

• boolean

• char

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21. What is Autoboxing and Unboxing?

Autoboxing is the automatic conversion made by the Java
compiler between the primitive types and their corresponding object
wrapper classes. For example, the compiler converts an int to
an Integer, a double to a Double, and so on. If the conversion goes the
other way, this operation is called unboxing.

22. What is Function Overriding and

Overloading in Java?
Method overloading in Java occurs when two or more methods in the
same class have the exact same name, but different parameters. On the
other hand, method overriding is defined as the case when a child class
redefines the same method as a parent class. Overridden methods must
have the same name, argument list, and return type. The overriding
method may not limit the access of the method it overrides.

23. What is a Constructor?

A constructor gets invoked when a new object is created. Every
class has a constructor. In case the programmer does not provide a
constructor for a class, the Java compiler (Javac) creates a default
constructor for that class.

24. What is Constructor Overloading?

The constructor overloading is similar to method overloading in Java.
Different constructors can be created for a single class. Each constructor
must have its own unique parameter list.

25. What is Copy-Constructor?

Finally, Java does support copy constructors like C++, but the difference
lies in the fact that Java does not create a default copy constructor if
you do not write your own.

26. Does Java support multiple inheritance?

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No, Java does not support multiple inheritance. Each class is able to
extend only on one class but is able to implement more than one
interfaces.

27. What is the difference between an Interface

and an Abstract class?
Java provides and supports the creation of both the abstract classes and
interfaces. Both implementations share some common characteristics,
but they differ in the following features:
• All methods in an interface are implicitly abstract. On the other hand, an
abstract class may contain both abstract and non-abstract methods.
• A class may implement a number of Interfaces but can extend only one
abstract class.
• In order for a class to implement an interface, it must implement all its
declared methods. However, a class may not implement all declared
methods of an abstract class. Though, in this case, the sub-class must also
be declared as abstract.
• Abstract classes can implement interfaces without even providing the
implementation of interface methods.
• Variables declared in a Java interface is by default final. An abstract class
may contain non-final variables.
• Members of a Java interface are public by default. A member of an
abstract class can either be private, protected or public.
• An interface is absolutely abstract and cannot be instantiated. An abstract
class also cannot be instantiated but can be invoked if it contains the main
method.

Interface Abstract Class

An interface has the method Abstract class has the abstract

signatures. It does not have methods and details to be
any implementation. overridden.

A Class can implement In this case, a class can extend just

multiple interfaces one abstract class

Interface has all abstract Non abstract methods can be there

methods. in an abstract class.

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Instance properties cannot be Instance properties can be there in

there in an interface. an abstract class.

An Interface is publicly visible An abstract class can be public,

or not visible. private and protected visibile.

Any change in the interface will Adding a method to an abstract class

impact the classes and implementing it does not require
implementing the interface. change in the code for derived
classes.

An Interface cannot have An abstract class can have

constructors constructors

Interfaces are slow in terms of Abstract classes are fast in execution

performance of the methods in the derived
classes.

28. What are pass by reference and pass by

value?
When an object is passed by value, this means that a copy of the object
is passed. Thus, even if changes are made to that object, it does not
affect the original value. When an object is passed by reference, this
means that the actual object is not passed, rather a reference of the
object is passed. Thus, any changes made by the external method, are
also reflected in all places.

29. What is the purpose of a Volatile Variable?

Volatile variable values can be modified by different threads. They will
never have the chance to block and hold a lock. Synchronization will
happen whenever the variables are accessed. Using volatile may be
faster than a lock, but it will not work in some situations. The range of
situations in which volatile is effective was expanded in Java 5; in
particular, double-checked locking now works correctly.

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30. What is the purpose of a Transient

variable?
A transient variable would not be serialized even if the class to which it
belongs is serialized.

31. What is Local Variable and Instance

Variable?
Local variable Instance variable

Local variable is declared inside Instance variable is declared

a method or constructor. It can inside a class.
be declared within a block

Local variable need to be

initialized before use. The code Instance variable initialization is
will not compile. not necessary. If not initialized,
default value is used.

32. What are the different access modifiers

available in Java?

33. Difference between static binding and

dynamic binding
Static Binding Dynamic Binding

Definition of a procedure is An example for dynamic binding is

related to static binding activation of a procedure

Declaration of a name for a Binding of a name can be dynamic

variable is done to bind bound.
statically the variable.

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The Scope of the declaration is Lifetime of a binding is

statically bound. dynamically bound.

34. What are wrapper classes?

A wrapper class converts java primitives into objects. So a primitive
wrapper class is a wrapper class that encapsulates, hides or wraps data
types from the eight primitive data types so that these can be used to
create instantiated objects with methods in another class or in other
classes. The primitive wrapper classes are found in the Java API.

35. What is singleton class and how can we

make a class singleton?
In a singleton class we:
• ensure that only one instance of the singleton class ever exists

• provide global access to that instance

To create a singleton class we:

• declare all constructors of the class as private

• provide a static method that returns a reference to the instance

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