SULTAN QABOOS UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

ECCE4467/MCTE 4210
Power Electronics and Drives
UNIT 3
Single Phase Half Bridge Rectifiers
Slides Prepared by: Dr. Rashid Al-Abri
Modified and Presented by: Dr. Khaled Alawasa

These Slides are Based On (Prof. Mohamed El-Sharkawi, Prof. Adel Gastli, Muhammed Rashid, and Mohan).
 OUTLINES
Rectifiers Classification.

Single-phase Diode Bridge Rectifiers

Single-phase SCR Bridge Rectifiers

Basic Rectifier Concept

Rectifier Circuit Analysis

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 REVISION

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 BACKGROUND
Rectification: The process of converting the
alternating voltages and currents to direct
currents.

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 RECTIFIERS CLASSIFICATIONS
Half-wave
Single phase
Full-wave
Uncontrolled
rectifier
Half-wave
Three phase
Full-wave

Half-wave
Single phase
Full-wave
Controlled
rectifier
Half-wave
Three phase
Full-wave

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 TERMINOLOGIES
 Let “f” be the instantaneous value of any voltage or current
associated with a rectifier circuit, then the following terms,
characterizing the properties of “f”, can be defined.
Assuming f to be periodic over the time period T
Peak value
Average (DC) value of f(Fav) :
RMS (effective) value of f(FRMS) :
Form factor of f(fFF) :
Ripple factor of f(fRF) :
Crest factor of f(Cf) :

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 TERMINOLOGIES (CONTINUED)
 Output dc power, Pdc
– Pdc = VdcIdc
 Output ac power, Pac
– Pac = VrmsIrms
 Efficiency, η
– η = Pdc/Pac
 Effective value of the ac component of the output
voltage, Vac
– Vac = Vrms2 – Vdc2
 Transformer utilization factor, TUF
– TUF = Pdc/VsIs
– Vs, Is are rms voltage and current of the transformer
secondary
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 ROOT-MEAN-SQUARES (RMS)

2
(.)
2
1
2 
0
. dt

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 ROOT MEAN SQUARES OF F

2
1
 ( f ) dt
2
Step 2:
2 0
2
Step 1: (f)
2
1
  2
Step 3: ( f ) d t
2 0
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 CONCEPT OF RMS
v2 Average of v2

Square root of the

t
Average
average of v2 v of v=0

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 SINGLE PHASE RECTIFIER OPERATION
LOAD TYPES
The operation of rectifier circuit highly
depends on the type of the load, three types
of loads are usually considered:
1. Pure resistive load (R-load)
2. Resistive -inductive load (RL-load)
3. Resistive -inductive load with EMF source (e.g., DC
motors)

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 Uncontrolled Single-phase Half-Wave Rectifier
RESISTIVE LOAD

𝜋
1
𝑉𝑜 = න 𝑉𝑚 sin( 𝜔𝑡)𝑑𝜔𝑡
2𝜋
0

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 Uncontrolled Single-phase Half-Wave Rectifier
RESISTIVE LOAD

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 Example
For the diode circuit (single-phase, uncontrolled, half-wave rectifier), if the supply voltage is adjusted to peak value of 220 V, the load
resistance is 10 , simulate the supply voltage, load voltage, load current and diode voltage. Calculate the mean voltage and peak reverse
voltage.

250

200

150

100
Supply voltage, V

50

-50

-100

-150

-200

-250
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
Time, s

250 50

200 0

-50
150

Diode voltage, V
Load voltage, V

-100
100

-150
50

-200

0
-250
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
Time, s
-50
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
Time, s

 - The mean voltage = 220/ = 220/ = 70.03 V

1 Vmax
2 0
Vmean  V sin ( ) d  - From simulation = 68.12 V

max
- The peak reverse voltage = -220 V
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 Example
For the half-wave rectifier with R load, the source is a sinusoid of 120 V rms at a frequency of 60 Hz. The
load resistor is 5 ohm. Determine (a) the average load current, (b) the average power absorbed by the
load and (c) the power factor of the circuit.

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 1Φ HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER
WITH RESISTIVE LOAD- EXAMPLE
 Example: The rectifier shown in Fig. (in the previous slide) has a
pure resistive load of R Determine (a) The efficiency, (b) Form
factor (c) Ripple factor (d) Peak inverse voltage (PIV) of diode D.

1 V V Vdc Vm
Vdc 
2 
Vm sin(t ) dt  m ( cos  cos(0))  m
2 
I dc  
R R
0

 Vm
1 V I rms 
Vrms 
2 
(Vm sin t ) 2  m
2 2R Vm
0
Vrms 
FF   2   1.57
Vm Vm Vdc Vm 2
*
Pdc V *I  R 
  dc dc   40.53%
Pac Vrms * I rms Vm Vm V
* RF  ac  FF 2  1  1.57 2  1  1.211
2 2R Vdc

(d) It is clear from Fig. that the PIV is = Vm

 Inductive Load

β : Extinction angle

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 Example:
For the single-phase, uncontrolled half-wave rectifier, a 240 V, 50 Hz supply is connected across the R-L load
through a power diode. Determine the current waveform, the mean load voltage, the mean load current
using both analysis and simulation. The resistance is 10  and the inductance is 0.1 H.
The supply voltage rms is 240 V, the peak value is 240*2 = 339.4 V

The load impedance Z = 10 + j 31.4 = 32.9772.33

t
Vmax Vmax 
i (t )  sin( t   )  sin( ) e 
Z Z

Supply voltage, V
250

t 0
339.4 339.4 
i (t )  sin( t  1.262)  sin( 72.33) e  -250
32.97 32.97
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02

i(t )  10.29 sin( t 1.262)  9.81e 100t Time, s

Load voltage, V
250

The average load voltage is 0

-250
V
Vmean  max (1  cos  )  0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02

2 15
Time, s
Load current, A

240 2 10

(1  cos(265))  58.72 V 5

2 0

-5
The average load current is 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
Angle, degree
225 250 275 300 325 350360

Vmean 58.8
I mean    5.88 A
R 10

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 FOR THE HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER OF R-L LOAD, R =100 OHM, L =0.1 H, W= 377 RAD/S, AND VM =100 V.
DETERMINE (A) AN EXPRESSION FOR THE CURRENT IN THIS CIRCUIT, (B) THE AVERAGE CURRENT, (C) THE RMS CURRENT, (D) THE
POWER ABSORBED BY THE RL LOAD, AND (E) THE POWER FACTOR.

Use PSIM to Simulate

this Example

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 SINGLE-PHASE, HALF-WAVE CONTROLLED , AC-TO-DC
CONVERSION FOR RESISTIVE LOADS

+
vt i
i R vt
vs
-

 
vs  Vmax sin(  t ) Firing Extinction t
angle angle vs
Vt = Vo

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 2 
1 1
Vave 
2 0 vs (u  u ) d t  2  vs d t

1
vt i Vave  
2 
Vmax sin ( t ) dt

Vmax
Vave  ( 1  cos )
2

 
 t
Vave
I ave  vs
R
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2/9/2023 ECCE4467-MCTE4210: Power Electronics and 24
 SINGLE-PHASE, HALF-WAVE REC.

Vin
400
200
0
-200
-400

Gating
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

Vout
400
300
200
100
0
-100
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
Time (s)

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 SINGLE-PHASE, HALF-WAVE REC.

Vin
400
200
0
-200
-400

Gating

0.8
0.4
0

Vout
400
200
0

IL
3
2
1
0

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04

Time (s)

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 Example 1:
A single-phase, half wave SCR circuit is used to reduce
the average voltage across a nonlinear resistance. The
elements of the resistance change the resistive value
according to the following equation:
2
R  0.2 Vave 5 

The voltage of the AC side is 110 V(rms).

Calculate the average current of the resistance

when the triggering angle is adjusted to 90o.

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 Solution:

Vmax 2 110
Vave  ( 1  cos )  [ 1  cos( 90 )]  24.75 V
2 2

2
R  0.2 Vave  5  0.2 ( 24.75 )2  5  127.6 

Vave 24.75
I ave    0.2 A
R 127.6

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 ROOT-MEAN-SQUARES (RMS)
OF A SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE
2
1
Vmean  Vave 
2 
0
v(t ) dt  0

2

 v(t )
1
Vrms  dt
2

2 0

2

 V sin(t ) dt
1

2

2
max
0

Vmax

2
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 i
RMS OF LOAD vt

VOLTAGE

t
vs
2  2 
V V
Vt ( rms ) 
max
 sin t  dt 
 max
 [1 cos(2 t ] dt
  4

Vmax α sin  2α 
Vt ( rms)  1 
2 π 2π
Vmax  2 Vs(rms) RMS of Supply
Voltage

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 Example.2:
An AC source of 110V (rms) is connected to a resistive
element of R=2  through a single SCR.

For  = 45o and 90o, calculate the followings:

a) rms voltage across the load resistance

b) rms current of the resistance
c) average voltage drop across the SCR

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 Solution:
a) For =45o the rms voltage is:
Vs _ rms  α sin  2α  
Vrms  1 π  2π 
2


110  45 
1  180 
sin(90) 
  74.13 V
2   2 
 

b) The rms current is:

Vrms 74.13
I rms    37.07 A
R 2

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 c) The average SCR voltage is:

 2
1  
VSCR    vs dt   vs dt 
2  0  
Vmax
  (1  cos  )
2 This looks like
the negative
2 110 of the average
 [1  cos(45)]
2 voltage across

  42.27 V the load. Why?

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 SIMULATION FOR EXAMPLE 2

Vin Vout
200
100
0
-100
-200

VSCR

100
0
-100
-200

IL
80

40

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04

Time (s)

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 THE FREEWHEELING DIODE RECTIFIER

For a positive source

voltage, For a negative source
• D1 is on. voltage,
• D 2 is off. • D1 is off.
• The voltage across • D2 is on.
the RL load is the • The voltage across the
same as the source. RL load is zero.

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 CONTROLLED SINGLE-PHASE HALF-WAVE
RECTIFIER Vs
Vmax

With freewheeling Diode t

 

Vmax
VL

 t

IL


  t
Id


  t
IFW

   t

Without freewheeling Diode Vd

 
 t

-Vmax

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 SINGLE-PHASE HALF-WAVE
RL- LOAD WITH FREEWHEELING DIODE
The presence of the commutating diode prevent
the load voltage reversing beyond the diode volt-
drop value

a.k.a : commutating
diode

There are TWO roles for the commuting diode:

1. To prevent negative load voltage
2. To allow thyristor to regain its blocking (OFF) state at the voltage zero by
transferring ( or commuting) the load current away from the thyristor
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 Example:
A single-phase half wave controlled rectifier supplies al load consists of 10  and L = 50 mH from a 240 V, 50 Hz
supply: Case 1: for firing angles 0 and 90 calculate mean voltage and mean current with commutating diode. Case
2: for firing angles 0 and 90 calculate mean voltage and mean current without commutating diode. The extinction
angle for zero firing angle is 240 and for 90 is 230.

With Commutating Diode Without Commutating Diode

For  = 0 For  = 0

Vmax 240 2 Vmax 240 2

Vmean  (1  cos )  (1  1)  108 V Vmean  (cos  cos  )  (1  cos 240)  81V
2 2 2 2
Vmean 108
I mean    10.8 A Vmean 
Vmean 81
  8.1 A
R 10
R 10

For  = 90 For  = 90

Vmax 240 2 Vmax 240 2

Vmean  (1  cos )  (1  0)  54 V Vmean  (cos  cos  )  (0  cos 230)  34.72V
2 2 2 2

Vmean 54
I mean    5.4 A I mean 
Vmean 34.7
  3.47 A
R 10 R 10

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 With freewheeling Diode Using PSIM Without freewheeling Diode

For  = 0 For  = 0
Supply voltage, V

500 500

supply voltage, V
250
250
0
-250 0
-500
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 -250
Time, s
-500
500 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Load voltage

Theta in degree
250
500
0 Angle 240 degree

Load voltage, V
250
-250
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
0
Time, s
30 -250
Load current, A

20
-500
10 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
0 Theta in degree
-10 30
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Time, s

Load current, A
20
Supply current, A

30
10
20
10 0
0
-10
-10 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Theta in degree
Time, s

For  = 90 For  = 90

Supply voltage, V

500 400

Supply voltage, V
250
200
0
-250 0

-500 -200
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Time, s
-400
500 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Load voltage, V

Theta in degree
250
500
0 Angle 230 degree

Load voltage, V
250
-250
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
0
Time, s
20 -250
Load current, A

10 -500
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Theta in degree
0
20
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Load current, A

Time, s
10
Supply current, A

20

10 0

0
-10
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

2/9/2023 0 50 100 150

Time, s
200 250 300 350 Theta in degree
40
 SUMMERY
o ……………………………………………………………………….
o ……………………………………………………………………….
o ……………………………………………………………………….
o ……………………………………………………………………….
o ……………………………………………………………………….
o ……………………………………………………………………….
o ……………………………………………………………………….

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