CHAPTER 1

1.0 Background of study

Power generation capacity is the most important factor in a country's progress, especially in
socioeconomic terms (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. & International
Energy Agency., 2012). Due to the rapid growth of technology, the demand for energy and the
depletion of fossil resources have occurred(Ahmadbeyki et al., 2023). Renewable energy
sources must be prioritised. This is important not just for urban areas, but also for rural areas,
where limited transmission through the power grid, topographical challenges, and low
population present serious problems for the distribution of power. Many renewable energy
sources, including sun, wind, and hydro, have been discovered, researched, and implemented
for electricity(Islam et al., 2009). Compared to burning fossil fuels such as coal and gas,
solar, wind and hydro energy are the most productive renewable energy sources. This is
because renewable energy is extremely clean, sustainable, and has significant environmental
benefits (i.e., environmental protection and better air quality), especially in tropical regions
where resources are available year-round(Pandey et al., 2022).

Micro hybrid power systems have become a common trend in the design of electrical power
production systems due to the accessibility of renewable resources(Kumar et al., 2018). The
hybrid system, which integrates many energy supplies, is an independent technology that
provides numerous advantages over the single system. According to research, integrating
solar and water energy has the potential to provide consistent power at low costs while
without upsetting the natural equilibrium(Linking Renewable Energy to Rural Development
Executive Summary Brief for Policy Makers, n.d.-a). The system incorporates a dual-energy
system that will supply steady power.Photovoltaic (PV) technology is a sort of solar energy
conversion system that use a solar module to create electricity from the sun's energy An
inverter is a component of a PV system.Hydroelectric systems can be used to convert the
potential energy in small streams and watercourses into kinetic energy using a mechanical
turbine, which is then converted into electricity via an electrical generator or used directly to
power portable emergency lights. Hydroelectric technology has been around for over a
century. It converts direct current generated by solar cells into alternating current (Linking
Renewable Energy to Rural Development Executive Summary Brief for Policy Makers, n.d.-b).

To overcome the problem of a shortage of energy, Malaysian villagers, particularly in rural

A sudden short circuit always occurs in any place no matter when. Moreover, when the
short circuit happens during nighttime. It will be a problem since it will limit eyesight to see
in the dark.

However, in certain places had already been equipped with emergency light or had torch
light prepared at a place that easy to grab. Despite that, the emergency light initial investment
costs a lot of money. The cost of installation is also expensive because an extensive cabling
system is required. Torchlight also sometime will not work due to insufficient amount of
battery.

Therefore, the use of Portable Hydro Solar Emergency Light can settle this problem, This
product can be charge by using the power of hydroelectric energy and solar power. The
battery also can be used to charge essential thing like phone or anything else.

3.0 Objectives

-to determine the optimum flow rate for the maximum charging time
-to determine the optimum flow rate vs charging time for the maximum usage of emergency
portable hydro solar turbine
-to determine the optimum flow rate vs voltage

4.0 Scope and Study

This is a case study in an apartment at a student residence in Pagoh, Johor. This study is
carried out using portable solar hydro emergency lights. This study will be held for about 2
weeks. This device is placed in a place that has a water source and a source of sunlight such
as in a student residence. This product can be charge by using the power of hydroelectric
energy and solar power. In order to ensure that this project runs smoothly, there are several
things identified as the scope of the project. The scope of this project is based on the
development of this system, which is " Portable Solar Hydro Emergency Lights".

i. The turbine used is an impulse turbine because the assembly of this turbine is
very easy to compare to the reaction turbine and it requires less maintenance. Here
the total amount of hydraulic energy is transferred into kinetic energy when
working which is very good for any turbine. The pressure on both sides of the
moving blades of an impulse turbine is the same. A reaction turbine's moving
blades experience different pressures on opposite sides. For the same power, the
number of stages necessary for pressure drop is modest. The number of stages
necessary will be reduced.
ii. The solar panel used is a polycrystalline solar panel with a size of 15 x 15 cm.
One of the benefits of this solar is that the cost of polycrystalline solar panels is
lower and the production process is simpler. Polycrystalline solar panels have a
lower temperature tolerance. There is less silicon waste in the production of these
panels.
iii. A solar charge controller prevents overcharging of the battery by limiting the
voltage and current flowing from the solar panel to the battery. It is set to a
15-A/200-W unit and employs MPPT (maximum power point tracking) to speed
up solar charging of the battery by up to 30% per day.
iv. The type of emergency light used is light emitting diode (LED). In various
aspects, LED lighting differs from incandescent and fluorescent lighting. LED
lighting is more energy efficient, adaptable, and long-lasting.
v. The SPST type switch is the most basic type of ON/OFF switch where it
works by breaking the connection between two terminals. An SPST switch has
one input and one output, hence it is called one pole and one direction.

5.0 Significance of Study

This study has it own significance to achieve the desires objectives which are to determine
the optimum flow rate for the maximum charging time, to determine the optimum flow rate
vs charging time for the maximum usage of emergency portable hydro solar turbine and to
determine the optimum flow rate vs voltage. This study is also to ensure the supply of energy
and emergency light by using the power of solar and hydro turbine when facing a short circuit
situation or electricity shortages.
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