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Lesson 1

Here are the answers: 1. Inductive 2. Inductive 3. Deductive 4. Deductive 5. Inductive

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507 views25 pages

Lesson 1

Here are the answers: 1. Inductive 2. Inductive 3. Deductive 4. Deductive 5. Inductive

Uploaded by

James Trigo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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OBJECTIVE:

At the end of the discussion, the learners are be able to:


1. identify the inductive and deductive reasoning,
2. differentiate the inductive and deductive reasoning,
3. apply the concept of inductive and deductive in real life
situation.
INDUCTIVE REASONING
✓It is drawing a general conclusion from repeated
observations or limited sets of observations of specific
examples.

✓The type of reasoning that forms a conclusion based on the


examination of specific examples is called inductive
reasoning. The conclusion formed by using inductive
reasoning is a conjecture, since it may or may not be correct.
Examples:
1. 1 is an odd number.
11 is an odd number.
21 is an odd number.
Therefore, all number ending with 1 are odd numbers.
Continuation…

2. Essay test is difficult.


Problem solving test is difficult.
Therefore, all tests are difficult.

3. Mark is a Science teacher.


Mark is bald.
Therefore, all Science teachers are bald.
Continuation

Use inductive reasoning to predict the next number in


each of the following lists.

4. 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, ____


5. 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, ____
6. 5, 10, 15,20, 25,___
7. 2, 5, 10, 17, 26,____
Note:
✓ Basically, there is a set of given data, and we draw
conclusions based on the frame of these data, or simply
from a specific case to a general case.

✓The conclusion drawn by using inductive reasoning is called


“conjecture”.
Continuation

✓Conjecture may be true or false depending on the


truthfulness of the argument.
✓A statement is a true statement provided that it is true in all
cases, and it only takes one example to prove the conjecture
is false; such an example is called a "counterexample".
COUNTEREXAMPLES
✓A statement is a true statement provided that it is true in all
cases. If you can find one case for which a statement is not
true, called a counterexample, then the statement is a false
statement.
✓A counter-example to an argument is a situation which
shows that the argument can have true premises and a false
conclusion.
Examples:
Find a Counterexample.
Verify that each of the following statements is a false statement by
finding a counterexample.
For all numbers x:
1. 𝒙 >𝟎

2. 𝒙𝟐 > 𝟐

3. 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
✓It is drawing a general to specific examples or simply from
general case to specific case.
✓Deductive starts with general statement or (hypothesis) and
examines to reach a specific conclusion.
✓Deductive reasoning is the process by which a person
makes conclusions based on previously known facts.
Continuation…

✓Deductive reasoning is a simple form of arriving at a


conclusion by joining two or more pieces of information.

✓It is a process of logical reasoning which processes two or


more premises to arrive at a logical conclusion
Continuation…

✓Deductive reasoning does not depend on approximation or


the concept of guessing.
✓Deductive reasoning takes in a lot of premises or
observations and confirms one premise with another premise
to arrive at a conclusion.

✓Deductive reasoning is the process by which a person makes


conclusions based on previously known facts
Examples:
1. All birds have feathers.
Ducks are birds.
Therefore, ducks have feathers.
2. Christopher is sick.
If Christopher is sick, he won’t be able to go to work.
Therefore, Christopher won’t able to go work.
Continuation…
Jenny is told to solve the equation 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒 = 𝟖.
She uses the following steps.
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒 = 𝟖
2𝑥 + 4 − 4 = 8 − 4
2𝑥 = 4
4
𝑥=
2
𝒙=𝟐
As Jenny has drawn a true conclusion,𝒙 = 𝟐, from the initial
premise, 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒 = 𝟖, this is an example of deductive reasoning.
Continuation…
Bobby is asked the question “𝒙 is an even number less than 10, not a
multiple of 4, and not a multiple of 3. What number is 𝒙?”
INDUCTIVE vs. DEDUCTIVE
KEY NOTES
INDUCTIVE vs. DEDUCTIVE

✓Inductive reasoning is primarily ✓Deductive reasoning uses true


concerned with making premises as well as true conclusions
generalizations that are broad and that are also valid as well. General
these are based on specific premises or principles are often
observations. Data is availed first used in deduction reasoning and
where observations are made and these lead to the creation of valid
these are used to draw conclusions and true conclusion.
from the data.
INDUCTIVE vs. DEDUCTIVE
✓“Bottom up reasoning.” ✓Top down reasoning
✓Specific to General ✓General to Specific
Seatwork:
Identify the reasoning process, inductive or deductive.

1. I got up at nine o’clock for the past week. I will get up at


nine o’clock tomorrow.

2. James Cameron’s last three movies were successful. His


next movie will be successful.
3. Jim has 20 pencils. He gives half of them to Dan. Jim has
10 pencils left.
4. Every even number is divisible by two. 1986 is an even
number. It is divisible by two.
5. In the sequence 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 16 the next most probable
number is 22.

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