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Shell Structures

Shell structures have several advantages including being very light, reducing dead load, and taking advantage of arch shapes to span longer distances aesthetically. They can be constructed out of reinforced concrete, glass, aluminum, steel, or plastic. Examples of well-known shell structures include the Oceanarium in Valencia, Spain and the Palacio de Congresos de Valencia in Spain. The Oceanarium uses a hyperbolic paraboloid shell shape spanning 40 meters thick that distributes loads compressively. The Palacio de Congresos used precast concrete sail-shaped shells as roofs, taking 14 years to complete.

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52 views57 pages

Shell Structures

Shell structures have several advantages including being very light, reducing dead load, and taking advantage of arch shapes to span longer distances aesthetically. They can be constructed out of reinforced concrete, glass, aluminum, steel, or plastic. Examples of well-known shell structures include the Oceanarium in Valencia, Spain and the Palacio de Congresos de Valencia in Spain. The Oceanarium uses a hyperbolic paraboloid shell shape spanning 40 meters thick that distributes loads compressively. The Palacio de Congresos used precast concrete sail-shaped shells as roofs, taking 14 years to complete.

Uploaded by

Gemechu
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 4

Shell structures
4.7 Advantages of Shell Structures
4.8 Shell System Materials
4.9 Case Studies
• The development of masonry domes and vaults in the
Middle ages made possible the construction of more
spacious buildings.
• In more recent times the availability of reinforced concrete
has stimulated interest in the use of shells for roofing
purposes
continuity and curvature
SHELLS

SINGLY CURVED DOUBLY CURVED


(DEVELOPABLE SHELLS) (NON DEVELOPABLE SHELLS)

SURFACES OF SURFACES OF SYNCLASTIC ANTYNCLASTIC


REVOLUTION TRANSLATION/
RULED SURFACE
CIRCULAR CYLINDER
SURFACES OF SURFACES OF
(BARREL) CIRCULAR OR
REVOLUTION TRANSLATION/
NON CIRCULAR CYLINDER
RULED SURFACE
CONES
CONES HYPERBOLOIDS OF
REVOLUTION OF
SURFACES OF SURFACES OF ONE SHEET
REVOLUTION TRANSLATION/
RULED SURFACE
HYPERBOLIC
CIRCULAR DOMES ELLIPTIC PARABOLOIDS
PARABOLOIDS
ELLIPSOID OF
REVOLUTION CONOIDS
PARABOLOIDS OF
PARABOLOIDS OF
REVOLUTION HYPERBOLOIDS OF
REVOLUTION REVOLUTION OF
ONE SHEET
Developable and nondevelopable surfaces :
Surfaces with double curvature cannot be developed, while those with
single curvature can be developed. Developed Non Developed

In other words, surfaces with positive and negative gaussian curvature (i.E. Synclastic and
anticlastic surfaces) cannot be developed, while those with zero gaussian curvature can be
developed. TYPES OF GAUSSIAN
CURVATURE.
(A) positive gaussian
(B) zero gaussian
(c) negative gaussian
Single curvature shell

Double curvature shell


• The principle components in a folded plate structure are
• 1) the inclined plates, 2) edge plates which must be used to stiffen the wide
plates, 3) stiffeners to carry the loads to the supports and to hold the plates in
line, and 4) columns to support the structure in the air.
• A strip across a folded plate is called a slab element because the plate is
designed as a slab in that direction.
• The span of the structure is the greater distance between columns and the bay
width is the distance between similar structural units. The structure above is a
two segment folded plate.
• If several units were placed side by side, the edge plates should be omitted
except for the first and last plate.
• If the edge plate is not omitted on inside edges, the form should be called a
two segment folded plate with a common edge plate.
Two segment folded plate Three segment folded plate
•

• Z Shell Canopies
2.Barrel Vaults
• Barrel vaults perhaps the most useful of the shell structures because they
can span up to 150 feet with a minimum of material.
• They are very efficient structures because they use the arch form to
reduce stresses and thicknesses in the transverse direction.
• Barrel vaults are essentially deep concrete beams with very thin web
members and may be designed as such by the ordinary methods of
reinforced concrete.
• The curve of the cross section of the barrel is usually a circle. However,
any other form maybe used, such as the ellipse, a parabola, or a funicular
curve which fits the thrust line of the applied load.
• Each curve has its particular structural and aesthetic qualities.
3. Domes
• A dome is a space structure covering a more or less square or circular area.
• Excellent examples are still in existence that were built in Roman times.
• They are formed by a surface generated by a curve of any form revolving
about a vertical line.
• This surface has double curvature and the resulting structure is much stiffer
and stronger than a single curved surface, such as a cylindrical shell.
Sphere Segment - Column Supports Half Sphere - Vertical Walls

Domes - Square in Plan Multiple Domes


4.7 Advantages of Shell Structures
1. Very light form of construction. To span 30.0 m shell thickness required is
60mm
2. Dead load can be reduced economizing foundation and supporting system
3. They further take advantage of the fact that arch shapes can span longer
4. Aeshetically it looks good over other forms of construction
Disadvantages
1.Shuttering problem
2.Greater accuracy in formwork is required
3.Good labour and supervision necessary
4. Rise of roof may be a disadvantage
4.8 Shell System Materials
• Shell structures can be made of the following materials
1.Reinforced cement concrete
2.Glass
3.Aluminium
4.Steel
5.Plastic
Felix Candela Pier Luigi
Nervi
Case studies
oceanarium Valencia, Spain

hyperbolic
parabola
• Marine park
• Largest in Europe
• Over 1,000,000 sq ft surface
• Over 11,000,000 gal capacity
• Valencia,Spain
• The structural strength is derived from the
hyperbolic shape which evenlydistributes and
directs loads downwardall in a compressive
manner.
• 6 cm thick concrete shell
• 40 meter span
• Steel fiber reinforced
• white sail-shaped shells as its roof
structure
• with a series of large precast
concrete "shells", each composed of
sections of a sphere, forming the
roofs of the structure,
• It took 14 years. Work commenced
in 1959 and involved 10,000
construction workers.
• Each hall was topped with a row of
sail-shaped interlocking panels that
would serve as both roof and wall,
to be made of precast concrete.

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