Basic concept.

What is Internet?
The Internet is essentially a global network of computing resources. You can think of
the Internet as a physical collection of routers and circuits as a set of shared
resources.
Some common definitions given in the past include −

 A network of networks based on the TCP/IP communications protocol.

 A community of people who use and develop those networks.

Internet-Based Services
Some of the basic services available to Internet users are −
 Email − A fast, easy, and inexpensive way to communicate with other Internet
users around the world.
 Telnet − Allows a user to log into a remote computer as though it were a local
system.
 FTP − Allows a user to transfer virtually every kind of file that can be stored on
a computer from one Internet-connected computer to another.
 UseNet news − A distributed bulletin board that offers a combination news
and discussion service on thousands of topics.
 World Wide Web (WWW) − A hypertext interface to Internet information
resources.

What is WWW?
WWW stands for World Wide Web. A technical definition of the World Wide Web is −
All the resources and users on the Internet that are using the Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP).
A broader definition comes from the organization that Web inventor Tim Berners-Lee
helped found, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C): The World Wide Web is the
universe of network-accessible information, an embodiment of human knowledge.
In simple terms, The World Wide Web is a way of exchanging information between
computers on the Internet, tying them together into a vast collection of interactive
multimedia resources.

What is HTTP?
HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. This is the protocol being used to
transfer hypertext documents that makes the World Wide Web possible.
A standard web address such as Yahoo.com is called a URL and here the
prefix http indicates its protocol
What is URL?
URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator, and is used to specify addresses on the
World Wide Web. A URL is the fundamental network identification for any resource
connected to the web (e.g., hypertext pages, images, and sound files).
A URL will have the following format −
protocol://hostname/other_information
The protocol specifies how information is transferred from a link. The protocol used
for web resources is HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Other protocols
compatible with most web browsers include FTP, telnet, newsgroups, and Gopher.
The protocol is followed by a colon, two slashes, and then the domain name. The
domain name is the computer on which the resource is located.
Links to particular files or subdirectories may be further specified after the domain
name. The directory names are separated by single forward slashes.

What is Website?
Currently you are on our website Tutorialspoint.com which is a collection of various
pages written in HTML markup language. This is a location on the web where people
can find tutorials on latest technologies. Similarly, there are millions of websites
available on the web.
Each page available on the website is called a web page and first page of any
website is called home page for that site.

What is Web Server?

Every Website sits on a computer known as a Web server. This server is always
connected to the internet. Every Web server that is connected to the Internet is given
a unique address made up of a series of four numbers between 0 and 256 separated
by periods. For example, 68.178.157.132 or 68.122.35.127.
When you register a Web address, also known as a domain name, such as
tutorialspoint.com you have to specify the IP address of the Web server that will host
the site.
We will see different type of Web servers in a separate chapter.

What is Web Browser?

Web Browsers are software installed on your PC. To access the Web you need a
web browsers, such as Netscape Navigator, Microsoft Internet Explorer or Mozilla
Firefox.
Currently you must be using any sort of Web browser while you are navigating
through my site tutorialspoint.com. On the Web, when you navigate through pages of
information this is commonly known as browsing or surfing.
We will see different type of Web browsers in a separate chapter.

What is SMTP Server?

SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Server. This server takes care of
delivering emails from one server to another server. When you send an email to an
email address, it is delivered to its recipient by a SMTP Server.

What is ISP?
ISP stands for Internet Service Provider. They are the companies who provide you
service in terms of internet connection to connect to the internet.
You will buy space on a Web Server from any Internet Service Provider. This space
will be used to host your Website.

What is HTML?
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. This is the language in which we
write web pages for any Website. Even the page you are reading right now is written
in HTML.
This is a subset of Standard Generalized Mark-Up Language (SGML) for electronic
publishing, the specific standard used for the World Wide Web.

What is Hyperlink?
A hyperlink or simply a link is a selectable element in an electronic document that
serves as an access point to other electronic resources. Typically, you click the
hyperlink to access the linked resource. Familiar hyperlinks include buttons, icons,
image maps, and clickable text links.

What is DNS?
DNS stands for Domain Name System. When someone types in your domain name,
www.example.com, your browser will ask the Domain Name System to find the IP
that hosts your site. When you register your domain name, your IP address should
be put in a DNS along with your domain name. Without doing it your domain name
will not be functioning properly.

What is W3C?
W3C stands for World Wide Web Consortium which is an international consortium of
companies involved with the Internet and the Web.
The W3C was founded in 1994 by Tim Berners-Lee, the original architect of the
World Wide Web. The organization's purpose is to develop open standards so that
the Web evolves in a single direction rather than being splintered among competing
factions. The W3C is the chief standards body for HTTP and HTML
Email
Electronic mail or email is one of the key parts of e-revolution which is specially
designed for communication purpose. Once you have an email account, you can
start sending electronic messages to anyone if you have the recipient’s email
address. The format of an email address is "username, @ symbol, domain name
(yahoo.com, gmail.com, etc.)". For example: [email protected].

Internet Relay Chat (IRC)

IRC is a form of real-time internet chat or synchronous conferencing. It is mainly
used for group communication in discussion forums called channels, also allows
one-to-one communication via private message, and both chats and data transfers
via Direct Client-to-Client protocol.
IRC client software is available for every operating system.

A domain
name is the part of your Internet address that comes after "www". For example,
in Tutorialspoint.com the domain name is tutorialspoint.com.
A domain name becomes your Business Address so care should be taken to select a
domain name. Your domain name should be easy to remember and easy to type.

How to Get a Domain Name?

When you plan to put a site online, this is one of the important steps to buy a domain
name. This is always not necessary that whatever domain name you are looking that
is available so in that case you will have to opt for any other good domain name.
When you buy a domain name it is registered and when domain names are
registered they are added to a large domain name register, and information about
your site − including your Internet IP address is stored on a DNS server and your
contact information etc. is registered with your registrar.
You can buy domain name from any domain registrar like GoDaddy

Domain Extension Types

There are many types of domain extensions you can choose for your domain name.
This depends on your business nature.
For example, if you are going to register a domain name for education purpose then
you can choose .edu extension.
Below is a reference of the correct usage of certain extensions. But there is no hard
and fast rule to go for any extension. Most commonly used is .com
 .com − Stands for company/commercial, but it can be used for any website.
 .net − Stands for network and is usually used for a network of sites.
 .org − Stands for organization and is supposed to be for non-profit bodies.
 .us, .in − They are based on your country names so that you can go for
country specific domain extensions
 .biz − A newer extension on the Internet and can be used to indicate that this
site is purely related to business.
 .info − Stands for information. This domain name extension can be very
useful, and as a new comer it's doing well.
 .tv − Stands for Television and are more appropriate for TV channel sites.
Newer domain extensions such as .biz .info and .us etc. have more name choices
available as many of the popular domains have yet to be taken and most of the them
are available at very nominal prices.

Choosing a Domain Name

The domain name will be your business address. Hence, it is imperative that you
choose the domain name with utmost care.
Many people think it is important to have keywords in a domain. Keywords in the
domain name are usually important, but it usually can be done while keeping the
domain name short, memorable, and free of hyphens.
Using keywords in your domain name gives you a strong competitive advantage over
your competitors. Having your keywords in your domain name can increase click
through rates on search engine listings and paid ads as well as make it easier to
using your keywords in get keyword rich descriptive inbound links.
Avoid buying long and confusing domain names. May people separate the words in
their domain names using dashes or hyphen. In the past the domain name itself was
a significant ranking factor but now with advanced search engines, it is not a
significant factor anymore.
Keep two to three words in your domain name − it will be more memorable. Some of
the most memorable websites do a great job of branding by creating their own
words. Examples include eBay, Yahoo!, Expedia, Slashdot, Fark, Wikipedia,
Google...
You should be able to say it over the telephone once and the other person should
know how to spell it and they should know what you sell. If you can do that AND
work keywords in there, good for you. If you can't, skip the keywords.

What are Sub-Domains

You can divide your domain into many sub domains based on your requirement. If
you are doing multiple business using the same domain, then it would be useful to
have sub-domains for every business. Following are examples of some sub-domains
−
You must have seen google.com as a main domain but google has created many
subdomains based on their business. Some of them are as follows −
 adwords.google.com − This sub domain is being used for Google Adwords.
 groups.google.com − This sub domain is being used for Google Groups.
 images.google.com − This sub domain is being used for Google Images

Web Servers

Web pages are a collection of data, including images, text files, hyperlinks, database
files etc., all located on some computer (also known as server space) on the Internet. A web
server is dedicated software that runs on the server-side. When any user requests their web
browser to run any web page, the webserver places all the data materials together into an
organized web page and forwards them back to the web browser with the help of the
Internet. Therefore, we can conclude that: -

A web server is a dedicated computer responsible for running websites sitting out on those
computers somewhere on the Internet. They are specialized programs that circulate web pages
as summoned by the user. The primary objective of any web server is to collect, process and
provide web pages to the users.
Internet Service Providers (ISP)
Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company offering access to internet. They offer
various services:
 Internet Access
 Domain name registration
 Dial-up access
 Leased line access
ISP Types
ISPs can broadly be classified into six categories as shown in the following diagram:

Access providers
They provide access to internet through telephone lines, cable wi-fi or fiber optics.
Mailbox Provider
Such providers offer mailbox hosting services.
Hosting ISPs
Hosting ISPs offers e-mail, and other web hosting services such as virtual machines,
clouds etc.
Virtual ISPs
Such ISPs offer internet access via other ISP services.
Free ISPs
Free ISPs do not charge for internet services.

Connection Types
There exist several ways to connect to the internet. Following are these connection
types available:
1. Dial-up Connection
2. ISDN
3. DSL
4. Cable TV Internet connections
5. Satellite Internet connections
6. Wireless Internet Connections
Dial-up Connection
Dial-up connection uses telephone line to connect PC to the internet. It requires a
modem to setup dial-up connection. This modem works as an interface between PC
and the telephone line.
There is also a communication program that instructs the modem to make a call to
specific number provided by an ISP.
Dial-up connection uses either of the following protocols:
1. Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)
2. Point to Point Protocol (PPP)
The following diagram shows the accessing internet using modem:

ISDN
ISDN is acronym of Integrated Services Digital Network. It establishes the
connection using the phone lines which carry digital signals instead of analog
signals.
There are two techniques to deliver ISDN services:
1. Basic Rate Interface (BRI)
2. Primary Rate Interface (PRI)
Key points:
 The BRI ISDN consists of three distinct channels on a single ISDN line: t1o
64kbps B (Bearer) channel and one 16kbps D (Delta or Data) channels.
  The PRI ISDN consists of 23 B channels and one D channels with both have
operating capacity of 64kbps individually making a total transmission rate of
1.54Mbps.
The following diagram shows accessing internet using ISDN connection:

DSL
DSL is acronym of Digital Subscriber Line. It is a form of broadband connection as
it provides connection over ordinary telephone lines.
Following are the several versions of DSL technique available today:
1. Asymmetric DSL (ADSL)
2. Symmetric DSL (SDSL)
3. High bit-rate DSL (HDSL)
4. Rate adaptive DSL (RDSL)
5. Very high bit-rate DSL (VDSL)
6. ISDN DSL (IDSL)
All of the above mentioned technologies differ in their upload and download speed,
bit transfer rate and level of service.
The following diagram shows that how we can connect to internet using DSL
technology:
Cable TV Internet Connection
Cable TV Internet connection is provided through Cable TV lines. It uses coaxial
cable which is capable of transferring data at much higher speed than common
telephone line.
Key Points:
 A cable modem is used to access this service, provided by the cable operator.
 The Cable modem comprises of two connections: one for internet service and
other for Cable TV signals.
 Since Cable TV internet connections share a set amount of bandwidth with a
group of customers, therefore, data transfer rate also depends on number of
customers using the internet at the same time.
The following diagram shows that how internet is accessed using Cable TV
connection:
Satellite Internet Connection
Satellite Internet connection offers high speed connection to the internet. There are
two types of satellite internet connection: one way connection or two way connection.
In one way connection, we can only download data but if we want to upload, we
need a dialup access through ISP over telephone line.
In two way connection, we can download and upload the data by the satellite. It does
not require any dialup connection.
The following diagram shows how internet is accessed using satellite internet
connection:
Wireless Internet Connection
Wireless Internet Connection makes use of radio frequency bands to connect to the
internet and offers a very high speed. The wireless internet connection can be
obtained by either WiFi or Bluetooth.
Key Points:
 Wi Fi wireless technology is based on IEEE 802.11 standards which allow the
electronic device to connect to the internet.
 Bluetooth wireless technology makes use of short-wavelength radio waves
and helps to create personal area network (PAN).

2nd topic
INTRODUCTION TO HTML