Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

CM3110
Transport I
Part II: Heat Transfer

Complex Heat
Transfer –
Dimensional Analysis

Professor Faith Morrison

Department of Chemical Engineering
Michigan Technological University
1
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

(what have we been up to?)

Examples of (simple, 1D) Heat Conduction

2
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

1
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

Examples of (simple, 1D) Heat Conduction

But these are

highly simplified
geometries

3
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

How do we handle complex geometries,

complex flows, complex machinery?

T1 less hot

Ws ,on
Qin
T1 T2
cold less cold

T2
hot

Process
scale

4
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

2
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis

(Answer: Use the same techniques we Ws ,on

T1 less hot
Qin
have been using in fluid mechanics)
T1 T2
cold less cold

Engineering Modeling T2

hot
Process
scale
•Choose an idealized problem and solve it
•From insight obtained from ideal problem, identify
governing equations of real problem
•Nondimensionalize the governing equations; deduce
dimensionless scale factors (e.g. Re, Fr for fluids)
•Design experiments to test modeling thus far
•Revise modeling (structure of dimensional analysis,
identity of scale factors, e.g. add roughness lengthscale)
•Design additional experiments
•Iterate until useful correlations result
5
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis

Experience with Dimensional Analysis thus far:

•Flow in pipes at all flow rates (laminar and turbulent)

Solution: Navier-Stokes, Re, Fr, / ,
dimensionless wall force ; Re, /

•Rough pipes Solution: add additional length scale; then

nondimensionalize

•Non-circular conduits Solution: Use hydraulic diameter as the length

scale of the flow to nondimensionalize

•Flow around obstacles (spheres, other complex shapes

Solution: Navier-Stokes, Re,
dimensionless drag ;
Re

•Boundary layers Solution: Two components of velocity

need independent lengthscales
6
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

3
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

Turbulent flow (smooth pipe) Rough pipe

Noncircular cross section Around obstacles

Spheres,
disks,
cylinders

Re 7
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Turbulent flow (smooth pipe) Rough pipe

These have been

exhilarating victories
for dimensional
Noncircular cross section Around obstacles
Spheres,
disks,

f analysis cylinders

Re 8
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

4
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis

Now, move to heat transfer:

•Forced convection heat transfer from fluid to wall
Solution: ?

•Natural convection heat transfer from fluid to wall

Solution: ?

•Radiation heat transfer from solid to fluid

Solution: ?

bulk fluid solid wall

9
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis

Now, move to heat transfer:

•Forced convection heat transfer from fluid to wall
Solution: ?

•Natural convection heat transfer from fluid to wall

We have already started
Solution: ?

using
•Radiation heat transfer from solid the
to fluidresults/techniques
Solution: ? of dimensional analysis
bulk fluid
through
solid wall
defining the heat
transfer coefficient,

10
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

5
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis

Now, move to heat transfer:

•Forced convection heat transfer from fluid to wall
Solution: ?

•Natural convection heat transfer from fluid to wall

We have already started
Solution: ?

using
•Radiation heat transfer from solid the
to fluidresults/techniques
Solution: ? of dimensional analysis
bulk fluid
through
solid wall
defining the heat
transfer coefficient,

(recall that we did this in fluids too:

we used the Re correlation
(Moody chart) long before we knew
where that all came from) 11
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Handy tool:
bulk fluid solid wall
Heat Transfer Coefficient

T (x) Tbulk

Tbulk  Twall in
liquid
Twall
in solid

xwall x
The temperature variation near-wall region is caused by
complex phenomena that are lumped together into the heat
transfer coefficient, h
12
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

6
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis

The flux at the wall is given by the empirical expression known as

Newton’s Law of Cooling

This expression serves as the definition of

the heat transfer coefficient.

qx
 h Tbulk  Twall
A

depends on:
•geometry
•fluid velocity
•fluid properties
•temperature difference
13
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis

The flux at the wall is given by the empirical expression known as

Newton’s Law of Cooling

This expression serves as the definition of

the heat transfer coefficient.

qx
 h Tbulk  Twall
A

To get values of for various depends on:

•geometry
situations, we need to measure •fluid velocity
data and create data correlations •fluid properties
(dimensional analysis) •temperature difference
14
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

7
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis

Complex Heat transfer Problems to Solve:

•Forced convection heat transfer from fluid to wall
Solution: ?

•Natural convection heat transfer from fluid to wall

Solution: ?

•Radiation heat transfer from solid to fluid

Solution: ?

• The functional form of will be

different for these three situations
(different physics)
• Investigate simple problems in each
category, model them, take data,
correlate
15
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis

Chosen problem: Forced Convection Heat Transfer

Solution: Dimensional Analysis

Following procedure familiar from pipe flow,

• What are governing equations?
• Scale factors (dimensionless numbers)?
• Quantity of interest?
Heat flux at the wall

16
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

8
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis

General Energy Transport Equation

(microscopic energy balance)

As for the derivation of the microscopic momentum balance,

the microscopic energy balance is derived on an arbitrary
volume, V, enclosed by a surface, S.

dS
S n̂

Gibbs notation: V
 T 
Cˆ p  v  T   k2T  S
 t 
see handout for
component notation
17
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis

General Energy Transport Equation

(microscopic energy balance)

convection
source

 T
(energy

Cˆ p   v  T   k 2T  S generated

 t
per unit
 volume per
time)
rate of change conduction
(all directions)

velocity must satisfy

equation of motion,
equation of continuity see handout for
component notation
18
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

9
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

Equation of energy for Newtonian fluids of constant density, , and

thermal conductivity, k, with source term (source could be viscous dissipation, electrical
energy, chemical energy, etc., with units of energy/(volume time)).

CM310 Fall 1999 Faith Morrison

Source: R. B. Bird, W. E. Stewart, and E. N. Lightfoot, Transport Processes, Wiley, NY,

1960, page 319.
Note:  this handout is on the web:  
Gibbs notation (vector notation) www.chem.mtu.edu/~fmorriso/cm310/energy2013.pdf

 T  k S
  v  T   2T 
 t  Cˆ p Cˆ p

Cartesian (xyz) coordinates:

T T T T k   2T 2T 2T  S
 vx  vy  vz   
t x y z Cˆ p  x2  y 2  z 2   Cˆ
  p

Cylindrical (rz) coordinates:

T T v T T k  1   T  1  2T  2T  S
 vr   vz  r   
t r r  z Cˆ p  r r  r  r 2  2 z 2  Cˆ p

Spherical (r) coordinates:

T T v T v T k  1   2 T  1   T  1
 vr     r  sin  
t r r  r sin   Cˆ p  r 2 r  r  r 2 sin      r 2 sin2
19
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

** REVIEW ** REVIEW **

Example: Heat flux in a cylindrical shell

What is the steady state

Assumptions: temperature profile in a cylindrical
•long pipe shell (pipe) if the fluid on the
•steady state
inside is at Tb1 and the fluid on
•k = thermal conductivity of wall
•h1, h2 = heat transfer coefficients
the outside is at Tb2? (Tb1>Tb2)
Forced-convection heat transfer

Cooler fluid
at Tb2

R1
r

R2

Hot fluid at Tb1

20
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

10
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

Now: How do develop correlations for h?

Consider: Heat-transfer to from flowing fluid inside of a

tube – forced-convection heat transfer

T1= core bulk temperature

To= wall temperature
T(r,,z) = temp distribution
in the fluid

In principle, with the right math/computer

tools, we could calculate the complete
temperature and velocity profiles in the
moving fluid.
21
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis

What are governing equations?

Microscopic energy balance plus Navier-Stokes,
continuity

Scale factors?
Re, Fr, L/D plus whatever comes from the rest of the
analysis

Quantity of interest (like wall force, drag)?

Heat transfer coefficient

The quantity of interest in

forced-convection heat How is the heat transfer
transfer is h coefficient related to the full
solution for T(r,,z) in the fluid?
22
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

11
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis

R
T0
fluid

r
T (r , , z )

pipe wall
T1
is an
Unknown function:
unknown function
Assume:
• symmetry
• Long tube
23
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis

At the boundary, (Newton’s Law of Cooling is the boundary condition)

Total heat
flow through
the wall in 2
terms of h

We can calculate the total heat transferred from in the fluid:

Total heat
conducted to the ⋅
wall from the We need
fluid in the fluid

24
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

12
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis

Equate these two: Total heat flow through the wall

2 ̂ ⋅

Total heat flow through

the wall in terms of h

Total heat conducted to the

wall from the fluid
25
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis

Equate these two: Total heat flow through the wall

2 ̂ ⋅

Now, non-dimensionalize
this expression
26
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

13
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis

Non-dimensionalize

non-dimensional variables:

position: temperature:
r T  To
r 
*
T* 
D
z T1  To
z* 
D

27
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis

h DLT1  To 

2 L D
T * T1  To D2 *
  k *
r r* 1 2 D 2
dz d
0 0

2 L D
 hD  L  T *
2 
 k
  
 D 
  *
r
dz *d
0 0 r * 1 2

 L
Nusselt number, Nu
(dimensionless heat-
transfer coefficient) Nu  NuT *, 
 D
one additional
dimensionless group
28
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

14
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis

h DLT1  To 

2 L D
T * T1  To D2 *
  k *
r r* 1 2 D 2
dz d
0 0
This is a function of Re
2 L D through
 hD  L  T *
2    
 k  D 
  *
r
dz *d
0 0 r * 1 2

 L
Nusselt number, Nu
(dimensionless heat-
transfer coefficient) Nu  NuT *, 
 D
one additional
dimensionless group
29
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis

Non-dimensional Energy Equation

∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
∗ ∗
1 1 1 ∗
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ Pe ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗

Cˆ p  VD
Non-dimensional Navier-Stokes Equation Pe  Pr Re 
k 
Dv*z
Dt
P* 1 2 * 1 *
 * 
z Re
 vz 
Fr
g   Pr 
Cˆ p 
k

Non-dimensional Continuity Equation Quantity of interest

2 L D
T *
v*x v y v*z
* 1
  0
Nu 
2L / D  
r *
dz *d
x* y* z*
0 0 r * 1 2

30
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

15
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis

According to our dimensional analysis calculations, the

dimensionless heat transfer coefficient should be found to
be a function of four dimensionless groups:

no free surfaces

Peclet number  L
Nu  Nu  Re, Pr, Fr, 
Pe ≡
 D
Prandtl number
Pr ≡ Now, do the experiments.

31
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis

Now, do the experiments.

Forced Convection Heat Transfer

• Build apparatus (several actually, with different D, L)

• Run fluid through the inside (at different V; for different fluids , , , )
• Measure on inside; on inside
• Measure rate of heat transfer,
• Calculate :
• Report values in terms of dimensionless correlation:

Nu Re, Pr,
It should only be a function of
these dimensionless numbers
(if our Dimensional Analysis is
correct…..)
32
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

16
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis
Correlations for Forced Convection Heat Transfer Coefficients
10000
0.14
1
 
Nu  0.027 Re 0.8 Pr 3  b 
 w 
1000
Nu

1
100  D 3   
0.14

Nu  1.86 Re Pr   b 
 L   w 

10

Pr = 8.07 (water, 60oF)

viscosity ratio = 1.00
L/D = 65
1
4 5 6
10 100 1000 10000
10 100000
10 1000000
10
Geankoplis, 4th ed. eqn Re 33
4.5-4, page 260
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis
Correlations for Forced Convection Heat Transfer Coefficients
If dimensional
10000 analysis is
right, we should get a
single curve, not multiple 1
 
0.14

different curves Nu  0.027 Re 0.8 Pr 3  b 

 w 
1000 on: , , ,
depending .
Nu

1
100  D 3   
0.14

Nu  1.86 Re Pr   b 
 L   w 

10

Pr = 8.07 (water, 60oF)

viscosity ratio = 1.00
L/D = 65
1
4 5 6
10 100 1000 10000
10 100000
10 1000000
10
Geankoplis, 4th ed. eqn Re 34
4.5-4, page 260
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

17
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis
Correlations for Forced Convection Heat Transfer Coefficients
If dimensional
10000 analysis is
right, we should get a
single curve, not multiple 1
 
0.14

different curves Nu  0.027 Re 0.8 Pr 3  b 

 w 
1000 on: , , ,
depending .
Nu

1
100  D 3   
0.14

Nu  1.86 Re Pr   b 
 L   w 

10
Dimensional
Pr = 8.07 (water, 60oF)
viscosity ratio = 1.00

1
Analysis
L/D = 65

10 100 1000 WINS

4
10000
10 10AGAIN!
100000 1000000
10
5 6

Geankoplis, 4th ed. eqn Re 35

4.5-4, page 260
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis

Heat Transfer in Laminar flow in pipes:

data correlation for forced convection heat transfer coefficients

1
0.14
hD  D  3  
Nua  a  1.86 Re Pr   b 
k  L   w 
the subscript “a” refers to
q  ha ATa
T  T   Tw  Tbo
the type of average
temperature used in Ta  w bi
calculating the heat flow, q 2

Geankoplis, 4th ed. eqn 4.5-4, page 260

2100, 100, horizontal pipes; all physical properties
evaluated at the mean temperature of the bulk fluid except which is
evaluated at the (constant) wall temperature.

36
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

18
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis

Forced convection Physical Properties

Heat Transfer in Laminar flow in pipes evaluated at:
.
, ,
N 1.86 RePr
2

May have to be
Forced convection
estimated
Heat Transfer in Turbulent flow in pipes
.
. , ,
N 0.027Re Pr
2
bulk mean
temperature
•all physical properties (except )
evaluated at the bulk mean temperature
•Laminar or turbulent flow
37
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis

? In our dimensional analysis, we assumed constant , k, ,

etc. Therefore we did not predict a viscosity-temperature
dependence. If viscosity is not assumed constant, the
dimensionless group shown below is predicted to appear
in correlations.

1
0.14
hD    D  3
Nua  a  1.86 Re Pr   b 
k  L   w 

(reminiscent of pipe wall roughness; needed to modify

dimensional analysis to correlate on roughness)

38
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

19
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis

Viscous fluids with large Δ

lower viscosity fluid layer
heating speeds flow near the
wall ==> higher h

b  w
empirical result:
0.14
 b 
 
 
cooling
higher viscosity fluid  w
layer retards flow near
the wall ==> lower h

b  w

ref: McCabe, Smith, Harriott, 5th ed, p339 39

© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis

Why does appear in laminar flow correlations and

LAMINAR
not in the turbulent flow correlations?

h(z)

hL

10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Less lateral mixing in laminar flow

means more variation in .
40
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

20
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis

TURBULENT

h(z) h L
1  
0.7

hL D

hL

10 20 30 40 50 60 70

In turbulent flow, good lateral mixing reduces the

variation in along the pipe length.

41
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Example of partial solution to Homework

Re<2100, (RePrD/L)>100,
1 0.14 horizontal pipes, eqn 4.5-4,
laminar flow ha D  D    3 page 238; all properties
Nua   1.86 Re Pr   b  (
in pipes k  L   w  evaluated at the temperature of mean)
the bulk fluid except w which
is evaluated at the wall
temperature.
Re>6000, 0.7 <Pr <16,000,
L/D>60 , eqn 4.5-8, page 239;
turbulent flow hlm D
1
 
0.14 all properties evaluated at the
in smooth Nulm   0.027 Re 0.8 Pr 3  b  mean temperature of the bulk
k  w  fluid except w which is
tubes evaluated at the wall
temperature. The mean is the
average of the inlet and outlet
bulk temperatures; not valid
for liquid metals.
3.52V ( m / s ) 0.8 equation 4.5-9, page 239
air at 1atm in hlm 
turbulent flow D( m ) 0.2
in pipes 0.5V ( ft / s ) 0.8
hlm 
D ( ft ) 0.2
V m / s  4 < T(oC)<105, equation 4.5-
hlm  14291  0.0146T o C 
0.8
water in 10, page 239
turbulent flow D ( m) 0.2
V  ft / s 
hlm  1501  0.011T o F 
0.8
in pipes
D ( ft ) 0.2
42
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

21
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

Complex Heat transfer Problems to Solve:

•Forced convection heat transfer from fluid to wall
Solution: ?

•Natural convection heat transfer from fluid to wall

Solution: ?

•Radiation heat transfer from solid to fluid

Solution: ?

We started with a forced-convection pipe

problem, did dimensional analysis, and found
the dimensionless numbers.

To do a situation with different physics, we

must start with a different starting problem.

43
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis—Free Convection

Free Convection i.e. hot air rises

•heat moves from hot surface to cold air (fluid) by radiation and conduction
•increase in fluid temperature decreases fluid density
•recirculation flow begins
•recirculation adds to the heat-transfer from conduction and radiation

 coupled heat and momentum transport

44
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

22
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis—Free Convection

Free Convection i.e. hot air rises

How can we solve real problems

involving free (natural) convection?

We’ll try this: Let’s review how we

approached solving real problems in
earlier cases, i.e. in fluid mechanics,
forced convection.

45
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis—Free Convection
Ws ,on
T1 less hot
Qin

T1 T2
cold less cold

Engineering Modeling T2

hot
Process
scale
•Choose an idealized problem and solve it
•From insight obtained from ideal problem, identify
governing equations of real problem
•Nondimensionalize the governing equations; deduce
dimensionless scale factors (e.g. Re, Fr for fluids)
•Design experiments to test modeling thus far
•Revise modeling (structure of dimensional analysis,
identity of scale factors, e.g. add roughness lengthscale)
•Design additional experiments
•Iterate until useful correlations result

46
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

23
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis—Free Convection

Example: Free convection between long parallel plates or

heat transfer through double-pane glass windows

T2 T1
T2  T1
(warm) b (cool)
assumptions:
•long, wide slit
•steady state
•no source terms
•viscosity constant
•density varies with

z Calculate: , profiles
y
47
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis—Free Convection

Example :  Natural convection between vertical plates
Mass balance:
T2
T1
T2  T1
(warm) b (cool)
⋅ ⋅ 0

Momentum balance:

z
⋅
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

48

24
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis—Free Convection

Example :  Natural convection between vertical plates
T2 T1
T2  T1
(warm) b (cool)

You try.
z
y

49
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis—Free Convection
T2 T1
T2  T1
(warm) b (cool)

Mass balance:
z
⋅ ⋅ 0 y

50
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

25
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis—Free Convection
T2 T1
T2  T1
(warm) b (cool)

Mass balance:
z
⋅ ⋅ 0 y

steady tall, wide

51
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis—Free Convection
T2 T1
T2  T1
(warm) b (cool)

Mass balance:
z
⋅ ⋅ 0 y

Conclusion: density
steady tall, wide
must not vary with .

52
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

26
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis—Free Convection

Momentum balance:

53
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis—Free Convection

Is Pressure a function of z?
YES, there should be hydrostatic pressure (due to weight of fluid)
“Pressure at the bottom of
a column of fluid =
pressure at top .”

average
density
at , ̅
̅

⇒ ̅
z
y
Let
at 0 54
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

27
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis—Free Convection

(look up the physics in the literature)

To account for the temperature variation of :

 mean density

  volumetric coefficient of expansion at

T1  T2
T 
2
55
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis—Free Convection
T2 T1
T2  T1
(warm) b (cool)

Energy balance:
z
⋅ y

56
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

28
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis—Free Convection
T2 T1
T2  T1
(warm) b (cool)

Energy balance:
z
⋅ y

(solve) 2 2
…
2
57
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis—Free Convection
T2 T1
T2  T1
(warm) b (cool)

Energy balance:
z
⋅ y

̅ ̅ ̅
(solve) 2 2
…
̅ ̅ ̅
2
2
58
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

29
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis—Free Convection
T2 T1
T2  T1

Solve (warm) b (cool)

Energy balance:
z
⋅ y

̅ ̅ ̅
2 2
…
̅ ̅ ̅
2
2
59
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis—Free Convection

Final Result: (free convection between two slabs)

  g T2  T1 b 2  y 3  y 
vz ( y)      
12   b   b 

(see next slide for plot)

60
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

30
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

Complex Heat Transfer – Dimensional Analysis—Free Convection

Velocity profile for free convection between two wide,

tall, parallel plates
1.5
vz
vz ,max 1

0.5

y
0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 b
-0.5

-1

-1.5

(Note that the temperature

61
maxima are not centered)
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Free Convection i.e. hot air rises

Engineering Modeling
•Choose an idealized problem and solve it
•From insight obtained from ideal problem, identify
governing equations of real problem
•Nondimensionalize the governing equations; deduce
dimensionless scale factors (e.g. Re, Fr for fluids)
•Design experiments to test modeling thus far
•Revise modeling (structure of dimensional analysis,
identity of scale factors, e.g. add roughness lengthscale)
•Design additional experiments
•Iterate until useful correlations result

62
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

31
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

T2
T1
T2  T1
b
Free Convection i.e. hot air rises (warm) (cool)

z
Mass balance: y

Momentum balance:

Energy balance:

63
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Free Convection i.e. hot air rises

Engineering Modeling
•Choose an idealized problem and solve it
•From insight obtained from ideal problem, identify
governing equations of real problem
•Nondimensionalize the governing equations; deduce
dimensionless scale factors (e.g. Re, Fr for fluids)
•Design experiments to test modeling thus far
•Revise modeling (structure of dimensional analysis,
identity of scale factors, e.g. add roughness lengthscale)
•Design additional experiments
•Iterate until useful correlations result

64
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

32
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

Return to Dimensional Analysis…

Nondimensionalize the
governing equations;
To nondimensionalized the Navier-
deduce dimensionless
Stokes for free convection problems,
scale factors we follow the simple problem we just
completed: , 0.

density not driving the

constant flow
 v 
  v  v   P   2 v   g
 t 

there was
a trick for
this

65
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

How did we nondimensionalized the Navier-Stokes before?

z
r FORCED CONVECTION
A cross-section A:
r
z
EXAMPLE I: Pressure-
driven flow of a
Newtonian fluid in a
tube:
•steady state
•well developed
L •long tube
vz

R g There was an average

fluid velocity used as the
characteristic velocity
66
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

33
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

FORCED CONVECTION FORCED CONVECTION FORCED CONVECTION

z-component of the Navier-Stokes Equation:

 v z v v v v 
  vr z   z  v z z 
 t r r  z 
P  1   v z  1  2 v z  2 v z 
    r  2  2   g z
z  r r  r  r  z 
2

Choose:
= characteristic length This velocity is an
= characteristic velocity imposed (forced)
average velocity
/ = characteristic time
= characteristic pressure
We do not have such
an imposed velocity in
natural convection
67
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

FORCED CONVECTION FORCED CONVECTION FORCED CONVECTION

non-dimensional variables:

driving
time: position: velocity: force:

tV r vz P
t*  r*  v*z  P* 
D D V V 2
z v g
z*  vr*  r g *z  z
D V g
v
v*  
V

68
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

34
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

FORCED CONVECTION FORCED CONVECTION FORCED CONVECTION

z-component of the
nondimensional Navier-Stokes 1 1
Equation:
Re Fr

P * 
Dv*z
Dt
 * 
z VD
* gD
 2vz  2 g *
V
 

1   * v *z  1  2 v *z  2 v *z
 v  2
z
*
 r  
r * r *  r *  r * 2  2 z * 2
Dv *z  v *z v* v* v * v * 
  *  vr* *z  * z  v z *z 
Dt  t r r  z 
69
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

We do not have such

FREE CONVECTION FREE CONVECTION FREE CONVECTION
an imposed velocity in
natural convection

For free convection, what is the average velocity?

∗
for forced convection we used: ≡〈 〉
yp
tall, parallel plates
1.5
vz
vz ,max 1

0.5

y
0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 b
-0.5

-1

-1.5

70
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

35
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

We do not have such

FREE CONVECTION FREE CONVECTION FREE CONVECTION
an imposed velocity in
natural convection

For free convection, what is the average velocity?

∗
for forced convection we used: ≡〈 〉
yp
tall, parallel plates
1.5
vz
vz ,max 1

0.5

y
0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 b

ZERO -0.5

-1

-1.5

71
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

We do not have such

FREE CONVECTION FREE CONVECTION FREE CONVECTION
an imposed velocity in
natural convection

For free convection, what is the average velocity?

Answer: zero!

∗
for forced convection we used: ≡〈 〉

For free convection 〈 〉 0; what V should we use for free convection?

Solution: use a Reynolds-number type expression so that no

characteristic velocity imposes itself (we’ll see now how that works):

̅
∗ ⇒ ≡
̅

72
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

36
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

FREE CONVECTION FREE CONVECTION FREE CONVECTION

When non-dimensionalizing the Navier-Stokes, what do I

use for ? (answer from idealized problem)

 v z v v v v 
  vr z   z  v z z 
 t r r  z 
P  1   v z  1  2 v z  2 v z 
    r  2  2   g z
z  r r  r  r  2
z 

here we use ̅ here we use

because the issue because the issue
is volumetric as before, for is driving the flow
flow rate pressure by density differences
gradient we affected by gravity
use ̅
73
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

FREE CONVECTION FREE CONVECTION FREE CONVECTION

non-dimensional variables:

driving
time: position: velocity: force:

t r v z D T T
t*  r*  v*z  T* 
D2  D  T2  T

z* 
z  vr D
vr* 
D 
v D
v*  


74
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

37
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

FREE CONVECTION FREE CONVECTION FREE CONVECTION

SOLUTION: z-component of the nondimensional

Navier-Stokes Equation (free convection):
Or any appropriate
characteristic Δ

 gD3 2 T2  T  *
Dv*z 2 *
 
  vz  
2
T
Dt  

≡Grashof number

1   * v*z  1  2 v*z  2 v*z

 v 
2
z
*
 r  
r * r *  r *  r * 2  2 z * 2
Dv *z  v *z v* v* v* v* 
  *  vr* *z  * z  v z *z 
Dt  t r r  z 
75
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

FREE CONVECTION FREE CONVECTION FREE ̅ ̅Δ

Gr ≡ CONVECTION

Dimensionless Equation of Motion (free convection)

Dv*z
Dt *
 *

  2 v z  GrT *

Dimensionless Energy Equation (free convection; Re = 1)

 T *  1 2
 *  v*  *T *   * T *
 t  Pr No Pe
No Re
 L  L
Nu  Nu  T * ,   Nu  Nu  Pr, Gr, 
 D  D

76
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

38
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

Free Convection i.e. hot air rises

Engineering Modeling
•Choose an idealized problem and solve it
•From insight obtained from ideal problem, identify
governing equations of real problem
•Nondimensionalize the governing equations; deduce
dimensionless scale factors (e.g. Re, Fr for fluids)
•Design experiments to test modeling thus far
•Revise modeling (structure of dimensional analysis,
identity of scale factors, e.g. add roughness lengthscale)
•Design additional experiments
•Iterate until useful correlations result

77
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Free Convection i.e. hot air rises

Engineering Modeling
•Choose an idealized problem and solve it
•From insight obtained from ideal problem, identify
governing equations of real problem
•Nondimensionalize the governing equations; deduce
dimensionless scale factors (e.g. Re, Fr for fluids)
•Design experiments to test modeling thus far
•Revise modeling (structure of dimensional analysis,
Done (see
identity of scale factors, e.g. add roughness lengthscale)
•Design additional experiments
literature)
•Iterate until useful correlations result

78
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

39
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

FREE ̅ ̅Δ
Gr ≡ CONVECTION
Literature Results:
Example: Natural convection from vertical planes and
cylinders
hL
Nu   aGr m Pr m
k

•a,m are given in Table 4.7-1, page 255 Geankoplis for several
cases
•L is the height of the plate
•all physical properties evaluated at the film temperature, Tf

Free convection Tw  Tb Free convection

correlations use the Tf  correlations use the
film temperature 2 film temperature
for calculating the for calculating the
physical properties physical properties
79
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Complex Heat Transfer – Correlations for Nu
Physical Properties
evaluated at:
Natural convection
Vertical planes and Nu Gr Pr
cylinders 2
•all physical properties evaluated at
the film temperature, Tf

compare with:
Forced convection Physical Properties
Heat Transfer in Laminar flow in pipes evaluated at:

.
, ,
N 1.86 RePr
2

•all physical properties (except )

evaluated at the bulk mean temperature
•(true also for turbulent flow correlation)
80
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

40
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

Free Convection i.e. hot air rises

Engineering Modeling
•Choose an idealized problem and solve it
•From insight obtained from ideal problem, identify
governing equations of real problem
•Nondimensionalize the governing equations; deduce
dimensionless scale factors (e.g. Re, Fr for fluids)
•Design experiments to test modeling thus far
•Revise modeling (structure of dimensional analysis,
identity of scale factors, e.g. add roughness lengthscale)
•Design additional experiments
Success!
(Dimensional Analysis
•Iterate until Useful correlations result
wins again)
81
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Practice Heat-Transfer Problems:

Forced Convection
Free Convection

82
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

41
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

Practice 1: A wide, deep rectangular oven (1.0 tall) is used for

baking loaves of bread. During the baking process the temperature
of the air in the oven reaches a stable value of 100 . The oven
side-wall temperature is measured at this time to be a stable 450 .
Please estimate the heat flux from the wall per unit width.

Reference: Geankoplis Ex. 4.7-1 page 279 83

© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Practice 2: A hydrocarbon oil enters a pipe (0.0303 inner

diameter; 15.0 long) at a flow rate of 80 / . Steam condenses
on the outside of the pipe, keeping the inside pipe surface at a
constant 350 . If the temperature of the entering oil is 150 , what
is temperature of the oil at the outlet of the pipe?

Hydrocarbon oil properties:

Mean heat capacity 0.50
Thermal conductivity 0.083

Viscosity
6.50 , 150
5.05 200
3.80 250
2.82 300
1.95 350

Reference: Geankoplis Ex. 4.5-5 page 269 84

© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

42
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

Practice 3: Air flows through a tube 25.4 inside diameter, long

tube) at 7.62 / . Steam condenses on the outside of the tube
such that the inside surface temperature of the tube is 488.7 . If
the air pressure is 206.8 and the mean bulk temperature of the
air is T T /2 477.6 , what is the steady-state heat flux to
the air?

Reference: Geankoplis Ex. 4.5-1 page 262 85

© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Practice 4: Hard rubber tubing inside radius 5.0 ; outside

radius 20.0 is used as a cooling coil in a reaction bath. Cold
water is flowing rapidly inside the tubing; the inside wall
temperature is 274.9 and the outside wall temperature is 297.1 .
To keep the reaction in the bath under control, the required cooling
rate is 14.65 . What is the minimum length of tubing needed to
accomplish this cooling rate? What length would be needed if the
coil were copper?

Hard rubber properties:

Density 1198
Thermal conductivity 0 0.151

Reference: Geankoplis Ex. 4.2-1 page 243, but don’t do it his way—follow class methods. 86
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

43
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

Practice 5: A cold-storage room is constructed of an inner layer of

pine (thickness 12.7 ), a middle layer of cork board (thickness
101.6 ), and an outer layer of concrete (thickness
76.2 ). The inside wall surface temperature is 255.4 and the
outside wall surface temperature is 297.1 . What is the heat loss
per square meter through the walls and what is the temperature at
the interface between the wood and the cork board?

Material properties:

Thermal conductivity pine 0.151

Thermal conductivity cork board 0.0433

Thermal conductivity concrete 0.762

Reference: Geankoplis Ex. 4.3-1 page 245, but don’t do it his way—follow class methods. 87
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Practice 6: A thick-walled tube (stainless steel; 0.0254 inner

diameter; 0.0508 outer diameter; length 0.305 ) is covered with
a 0.0254 thickness of insulation. The inside-wall temperature of
the pipe is 811.0 and the outside surface temperature of the
insulation is 310.8 . What is the heat loss and the temperature at
the interace between the steel and the insulation?

Material properties of stainless steel:

Thermal conductivity 21.63
Density 7861
Heat Capacity 490

Material properties of insulation:

Thermal conductivity 0.2423

Reference: Geankoplis Ex. 4.3-2 page 247, but don’t do it his way—follow class methods. 88
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

44
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

Experience with Dimensional Analysis thus far:

•Flow in pipes at all flow rates (laminar and turbulent)
Solution: Navier-Stokes, Re, Fr, L/D,
dimensionless wall force = f; f=f(Re, L/D)

•Flow around obstacles (spheres, other complex shapes

Solution: Navier-Stokes, Re,
dimensionless drag= CD; CD = CD(Re)

•Forced convection heat transfer from fluid to wall

Solution: Microscopic energy, Navier-Stokes, Re, Pr, L/D,
heat transfer coefficient=h; h = h(Re,Pr,L/D)

•Natural convection heat transfer from fluid to wall

Solution: Microscopic energy, Navier-Stokes, Gr, Pr, L/D,
heat transfer coefficient=h; h = h(Gr,Pr,L/D)

89
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Experience with Dimensional Analysis thus far:

•Flow in pipes at all flow rates (laminar and turbulent)
Solution: Navier-Stokes, Re, Fr, L/D,
dimensionless wall force = f; f=f(Re, L/D)

•Flow around obstacles (spheres, other complex shapes

Solution: Navier-Stokes, Re,
dimensionless drag= CD; CD = CD(Re)

•Forced convection heat transfer from fluid to wall

Solution: Microscopic energy, Navier-Stokes, Re, Pr, L/D,
heat transfer coefficient=h; h = h(Re,Pr,L/D)

•Natural convection heat transfer from fluid to wall

Solution: Microscopic energy, Navier-Stokes, Gr, Pr, L/D,
heat transfer coefficient=h; h = h(Gr,Pr,L/D)

Now, move to last heat-transfer mechanism:

•Radiation heat transfer from solid to fluid?
Solution: ?
90
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

45
Lectures 4-5 CM3110 Heat Transfer 11/28/2016

Experience with Dimensional Analysis thus far:

•Flow in pipes at all flow rates (laminar and turbulent)
Solution: Navier-Stokes, Re, Fr, L/D,
dimensionless wall force = f; f=f(Re, L/D)

Actually, we’ll hold off on

•Flow around obstacles (spheres, other complex shapes
Solution: Navier-Stokes, Re,
radiation anddrag=spend
dimensionless C ; C = C (Re)
D D some
D

time
•Forced on Solution:
convection heat exchangers
heat transfer from fluid to wall and
Microscopic energy, Navier-Stokes, Re, Pr, L/D,

otherheatpractical concerns
transfer coefficient=h; h = h(Re,Pr,L/D)

•Natural convection heat transfer from fluid to wall

Solution: Microscopic energy, Navier-Stokes, Gr, Pr, L/D,
heat transfer coefficient=h; h = h(Gr,Pr,L/D)

Now, move to last heat-transfer mechanism:

•Radiation heat transfer from solid to fluid?
Solution: ?
91
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Next:

92
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

46