DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS I (MATH 251)

F.A Wireko, PhD

Department Of Mathematics

Kwame Nkrumah University Of Science and Technology

February 21, 2023

F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics

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 LECTURE TWELVE

F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics

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 FALLING BODIES

Let us consider a vertical falling body of mass m that is being influenced by

only gravity g and air resistance that is proportional to the velocity of the
body. Let us assume that both gravity and mass remain constant. Also,
for convenience choose the downward direction as the positive direction.

Newtons Second law of motion

The net force acting on a body is equal to the time rate of change of the
momentum of the body, or for constant mass;

F = ma (1)
where a is acceleration
dv
F =m (2)
dt
where F is the net force of the body and v is the velocity of the body both
at time t.

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 Cont...

Note that the net force, F is given as the sum of

(1) the force due to gravity given by the weight of the body mg and
(2) the force due to air resistance given by -kv, where k ≥ 0 is the
constant of proportionality.
Thus;

F = mg − kv (3)
which when substituted into eqn (2) yields

dv
mg − kv = m (4)
dt
or
dv k
+ v =g (5)
dt m
which is a first order linear differential equation.

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 Assuming air resistance is negligible or non-existent, eqn(5) becomes

dv
=g (6)
dt

Figure: An image of a falling body

F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics
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 Example
A body of mass 5 slugs is dropped from a height of 100 ft with zero
velocity. Assuming no air resistance find;
(a) an expression for velocity of the body at any time t
(b) an expression for the body at time at any time t
(c) the time required to reach the ground. Take g=32 ft/sec2 .

Solution

(a) From equation (6)

dv
=g
dt
dv = gdt
v = gt + c

F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics

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 with initial conditions v=0, t=0

0 = 32(0) + c
c=0

Therefore, v=gt, where g = 32ft/sec 2 . The expression then becomes

v = 32t

dx
(b) Since velocity is the time rate of change of displacement, v = .
dt
The equation then is linear and separable.

v = gt + c, when t = 0, v = 0
0 = 32(0) + c

dx
= 32t
dt

F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics

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 Z Z
dx = 32tdt

x = 16t 2 + c but c = 0
x = 16t 2

(c)height(x) =100

r
x
t=
16
r
100
t=
16
t = 2.5sec

F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics

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 2. A steel ball weighing 2 Ib is dropped from a height of 3000 ft with no
velocity. As it falls, the ball encounters air resistance numerically equal to
1/8v (in pounds) where v denotes the velocity of the ball (in feet per
seconds). Find
(a) The limiting velocity for the ball
(b) The time required for the ball to hit the ground. Take g=32 ft/sec2

Solution
From the above x = 3000. Here w = 2Ib and k = 1/8.
Also gravity g is 32ft/sec 2 , we have the formula w = mg becoming
2 = m(32)
This then yields m = 1/16 slug.
From eqn (5), this becomes

dv 1/8
+ v = 32
dt 1/16
dv
+ 2v = 32
dt
F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics
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 which has a solution
v (t) = ce −2t + 16 (7)
At t = 0, we are given v = 0

0 = ce −2(0) + 16
c = −16

from which we conclude c = −16 and substitute into (7)

v (t) = −16e −2t + 16 (8)

(a)
lim v (t) = −16e −2t + 16
t→∞

from (8) we see that as;

t → ∞, v → 6 so the limiting velocity is 16 ft/sec2

F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics
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 (b) Since

dx
v=
dt
dx
= − 16e −2t + 16
dt
Integrating both sides of this equation directly with respect to t, we have

x(t) = 8e −2t + 16t + c1

At t = 0 and x = 0

x(0) = 8e −2(0) + 16(0)

c1 = −8
x(t) = 8e −2t + 16t − 8

The ball hits the ground when x(t) = 3000

F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics

DIFFERENTIAL
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 3000 = 8e −2t + 16t − 8
376 = e −2t + 2t
t = 188 sec

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 MIXTURE PROBLEM
Consider a tank which initially holds Vo gal of brine that contains a Ib of
salt. Another brine solution containg b Ib of salt per gallon, is poured into
the tank at the rate of e gal/min while, simultaneously, the well-stirred
solution leaves the tank at the rate of f gal/min. The problem is to find
the amount of salt in the tank at any time t.
Let Q denote the amount (in pounds) of salt in the tank at any time t.
The time rate of change of Q, dQ/dt, equals the rate at which salt enters
the tank minus the rate at which salts leaves the tank. Salt enters the
tank at the rate of be Ib/min. To determine the rate at which salt leaves
the tank, we first calculate the volume of brine in the tank at any time t,
which is the initial volume Vo plus the volume of brine added et minus the
volume of brine removed ft. Thus, the volume of brine at any time is
dQ
= rate in − rate out (9)
dt
dQ
rate in = + rate out
dt
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 Cont...

Vo + et − ft

The concentration of salt in the tank at any time is Q/(Vo + et − ft),

from which it follows that salt leaves the tank at the rate of
 
Q
rate out = f Ib/min (10)
Vo + et − ft

Thus  
dQ Q
= be − f (11)
dt Vo + et − ft
or
dQ f
+ Q = be (12)
dt Vo + (e − f )t

F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics

DIFFERENTIAL
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 1. A tank initially holds 100 gal of a brine solution containing 20 Ib of salt.
At t=0, fresh water is poured into the tank at the rate of 5 gal/min, while
the well-stirred mixture leaves the tank at the same rate. Find the amount
of salt in the tank at any time t.

Solution
Here Vo =100, a = 20, b = 0, e = f =5

dQ
= rate in − rate out
dt  
dQ Q
= be − f
dt Vo + et − ft
 
dQ Q
= 0(5) − 5
dt 100 + (5t − 5t)
dQ 1
+ Q=0
dt 20

F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics

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 The solution which is a first order linear differential equation.
−t
Q = ce 20

given that Q = a = 20, then we solve for the constant c

−∞
at lim 20 = ce 20
x→∞
c=20
The particular solution can be written as
−t
20e 20 (13)

F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics

DIFFERENTIAL
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 2. A tank initially holds 100 gal of a brine solution containing 1 Ib of salt.
At t=0 another brine solution containing 1 Ib of salt er gallon is poured
into the tank at the of 3 gal/min, while the well-stirred mixture leaves the
tank at the same rate. Find
a.The amount of salt in the tank at any time t.
b.The time at which the mixture in the tank contains 2 Ib of salt.

Solution
(a) Here Vo =100, a = 1, b = 1, e = f =3

dQ
= rate in − rate out
dt  
dQ Q
= be − f
dt Vo + et − ft
 
dQ Q
= 1(3) − 3
dt 100 + (3t − 3t)

F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics

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 dQ
+ 0.03Q = 3
dt
The solution of the linear differential equation is

Q = ce −0.03t + 100 (14)

At t=0, Q = a=1. Substituting these values into (14) we get

1 = ce −0.03(0) + 100
c = −99

Then it can be rewritten as

Q = −99e −0.03t + 100 (15)

F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics

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 b. We require t when Q=2. Substituting Q = 2 into (13), we obtain

2 = −99e −0.03t + 100

from which

−1 98
t= ln = 0.338 min
0.03 99

F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics

DIFFERENTIAL
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 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
The basic equation governing the amount of current I (in ampere) in a
simple RL circuit consisting of a resistance R (in ohms), an inductor L (in
henries), and an electromotive force (abbreviated emf in volts) is

di
+ Ri = E (t).
L (16)
dt
where L and R are known as the inductance and resistance, respectively.
1
Ri + q = E (t). (17)
C
dq
Current i and charge q are related by i = , making (14) a differential
dt
equation.
dq 1
R + q = E (t). (18)
dt C
relationship between q and I is
dq
I =
dt
F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics
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 Cont...

F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics

DIFFERENTIAL
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EQUATIONS
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February 21, 2023 21 / 26
 1. An RL circuit has an emf of 5 volts, a resistance of 50 ohms, an
inductance of 1 henry, and no initial current. Find the current in the
circuit at any time t

Solution
Here E = 5 ,R = 50, and L = 1.
dI
+ 50I = 5
dt
the equation is linear and has the solution
1
I = ce −50t +
10

At t=0, I =0 thus, 0 = ce −50(0) + 1

10
the current at any time t is then
1 −50t 1
I = e + (19)
10 10
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 −1 −50t
The quantity e in (19) is called the transient current. As t −→ ∞,
10
the quantity 1/10 in (19) is called the steady-state current.

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 2. An RC circuit has an emf given (in volts) by 400 cost2t, a resistance of
100 ohms, and a capacitance of 10−2 farad. Initially there is there is no
charge on the capacitor.Find the current in the circuit at any time t.
We first find the change q and then use to obtain the current.

Solution
Here E = 400cos2t ,R = 100, and C = 10−2 .

dq
+ q = 4cos2t (20)
dt
This equation is linear and the solution is (two integration by parts are
required)

8 4
q = ce −t + sin2t + cos2t
5 5
At t=0, q=0; hence

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 8 4
0 = ce −(10) + sin2(0) + cos2(0)
5 5
4
c =−
5
Thus
4 8 4
q = − e −t + sin2t + cos2t
5 5 5
we differentiate to obtain
dq 4 16 8
I = = e −t + cos2t + sin2t
dt 5 5 5

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 THANK YOU

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