RADIOGRAPHY SAFETY

Prepared by Reviewed by Approved by

Name Divya Singh Nathawat Abhishek Srivastava Surendra Jagtap

Designation Asst. Manager Manager Group HSE Head

Date 23.12.2019 23.12.2019 23.12.2019

Signature
Amendment Sheet

Revision
Date Description of Changes
No

23.12.2019 Document No. & Format No. Updated

01
Procedure reviewed to check the adequacy

00 20.08.2016 Issued for Implementation

 1.0 Contents
1.0 Purpose...................................................................................................................................... 1
2.0 Scope......................................................................................................................................... 1
3.0 Abbreviations & Definitions..................................................................................................... 1
3.1 Abbreviations.................................................................................................................... 1
3.2 Definitions......................................................................................................................... 2
4.0 Conversion Unit........................................................................................................................ 4
5.0 Roles and Responsibilities......................................................................................................... 4
5.1 Project Manager................................................................................................................ 4
5.2 HSE Manager..................................................................................................................... 4
5.3 QA/QC Manager/Engineer................................................................................................. 4
5.3 Radiography Protection Supervisor (RPS).......................................................................... 5
5.4 Radiography Technician (RT)............................................................................................. 6
6.0 Procedure.................................................................................................................................. 6
6.1 Radiation........................................................................................................................... 7
6.2 Handling and Use............................................................................................................... 7
6.3 Personnel Protective Equipment....................................................................................... 7
6.4 Safety Equipment.............................................................................................................. 8
6.4 Safety limits....................................................................................................................... 8
6.5 Common methods for reducing exposure to harmful radiation........................................ 9
7.0 Comprehensive Program for the Project.................................................................................... 9
7.1 Warning Signs.................................................................................................................... 9
7.2 Permit to Work (PTW).....................................................................................................10
7.3 Lighting/Electrical Equipment..........................................................................................10
7.4 Electric Tools...................................................................................................................10
7.5 Suspension of Work.........................................................................................................10
7.6 Tool Box Talk...................................................................................................................10
8.0 Training................................................................................................................................... 10
9.0 Storage.................................................................................................................................... 10
9.1 General Precautions........................................................................................................10
9.2 Gamma-Ray Equipment...................................................................................................11

9.3 X-Ray Equipment............................................................................................................11

9.4 Source Removal / Replacement.....................................................................................12
10.0 Radiation Surveys.................................................................................................................... 12
11.0 Personnel Monitoring.............................................................................................................. 12
12.0 Emergency Response............................................................................................................... 13
12.1 Emergency Response Team.............................................................................................13
12.2 Emergency Actions...........................................................................................................13
12.3 Unauthorized person discovered in a controlled area during exposure.........................13
12.4 X-Ray Emergencies...........................................................................................................14
12.5 Incident or Accident Involving Radioactive Substance in Intense Fire............................14
12.6 Records.............................................................................................................................14
1.0 Purpose
The purpose of this procedure is to provide instruction for controlling Radiography Testing on site
detailing the requirement for the safe handling and monitoring of all radioactive sources used at site
and for protecting personnel from potential radiation hazards.
This procedure applies to storage, movement, installation and application of radioactive sources used
in weld radiography. The control and management of radioactive source shall follow the regulation in
force as per the local law.

2.0 Scope
This document addresses all radiography activities that will be carried out by Larsen & Toubro
Hydrocarbon Engineering Ltd at projects. All such work is to be carried out under the Permit to Work
System.

3.0 Abbreviations & Definitions

3.1 Abbreviations
Bq - Bequerel
Ci - Curie
GBq - Gigabequerel
Gy - Gray
HSE - HSE
J/Kg - Joule per Kilogram
JSA - Job Safety Analysis
LTHE - Larsen and Toubro Hydrocarbon Engineering Limited
mRem - millirem
mSv - millisievert
PTW - Permit to Work
QA - Quality Assurance
QC - Quality Control
R - Roentgen
Rem - Roentgen equivalent in man
RPS - Radiography Protection Supervisor
RT - Radiography Technician
SI - International System of Units
Sv - Sievert
TBT - Tool Box Talk
TLV - Threshold Limit Value
TLD - Thermo Luminescent Dosimeters
µSv - Micro Sievert

3.2 Definitions

Ancillary equipments
Ancillary equipments are used with exposure device includes the control housings, guide tubes and
collimators.

Competent Person
LTHE or Contractor personnel that have been approved to carry out a HSE critical task.

Classified worker
Individual who is involved in the use of radioactive sources and or the operation of radioactive source
equipment; who has received the appropriate radiation Safety training; who wears dosimeter; and is
under a medical surveillance program?

Emergency
Any occurrence including any failure of hazard control or monitoring equipment, or event internal or
external to the permit space that could endanger entrants.

Dose
Quantity of ionizing radiation absorbed, per unit of mass, by the body or by any portion of the body.

Dose Rate
Absorbed dose measured per unit of time.

Dosimeter
A device used to measure an accumulated dose of or exposure to radiation; in common usage it is a
pencil size pocket chamber, film badge, or a solid-state type of detector.

Ionizing Radiation
Includes alpha, beta, gamma, and X-rays, but does not include sound or radio waves, visible light, or
infrared or ultraviolet light.

Maximum Allowable dose rate

The maximum allowable dose rate for classified workers

• The cumulative effective dose over a block of five years shall not exceed 100 mSv.
• The effective dose in any calendar year during the five-year block shall not exceed 30 mSv.

Isolation
The process by which a permit space is removed from service and completely protected against the
release of energy and material into the space by such means as: blanking or blinding; misaligning or
removing sections of lines, pipes, or ducts; lock out of all sources of energy; or blocking or
disconnecting all mechanical linkages.
BEQUEREL
The System International (SI) unit for measurement of radioactivity

(One Bq = 1 Nuclear disintegration/sec).

CURIE
The traditional unit for measurement of radioactivity (1Ci=37 GBq).]

GRAY
The SI unit for absorbed dose or organ dose (1 Gy = 1 J/Kg).

Permit to Work (PTW) System

The company written procedure for preparing and issuing permits for entry and for returning the
permit space to serve following termination of entry.

PTW Requestor
Radiography contractor that has been designated a competent person authorized to request
radiography PTW.

PTW Issuing Authority

LTHE personnel who has been designated a competent person authorized to issue a radiography PTW.

PTW Holder (Work Supervisor)

The person, such as the employer, supervisor, or crew chief responsible for determining if acceptable
work conditions are present at a permit space where radiography is planned.

WIPE TEST
A periodic leakage test carried out on every source at intervals of 6 months.

Source
Radioactive element encased in a lead line steel enclosure.

Shield
A movable lead shield which is an integral part of the source used to isolate the radioactive element.

SIEVERT (Sv)
The SI unit for Equivalent Dose which is based on Radiation Weighting Factor (varies for different types
of radiation) and Effective Dose based on Tissue Weighting Factor.

Rad
Traditional Unit of absorbed dose (1 Rad = 0.01 Gy).

Controlled Area
An area where immediate dose rates can exceed effective dose of 20 mSv per year / 7.5 µSv/hour.

Radioactive Material
Material which emits by spontaneous nuclear disintegration, corpuscular or electromagnetic
emanations.

3
Radiography Contractor
Any contractor in charge of using or handling radioactive materials.

Rescue Service
The personnel designated to rescue employees from permit spaces.

Open Site
A radiography site at which, due to operational requirements, the shielding afforded by a fully
enclosed site cannot be provided for which a clearly marked boundary is set up and strict control of
access and occupancy is observed

4.0 Conversion Unit

R (Roentgen) 2.58 X 10-4 C/kg
Gy (Gray) 100 ad
Sv (Sievert) 100 Rem

Ci (Curie) 3.7 x 1010 Bq

mSv 100 mRem

5.0 Roles and Responsibilities

5.1 Project Manager
The Project manager has the following responsibilities:

• Ensure that all personnel are fully informed of the hazards and procedures for safe using of all
hazardous materials which they may encounter in their work;
• Ensure that adequate arrangements exist on site for the receipt and storage of radioactive
sources;

5.2 HSE Manager

The HSE Manager has the following responsibilities and shall ensure it through his subordinates.

• To check all barriers, lights and signs prior to winding out of the source;
• To ensure the work permit is available at the place of work
• To ensure that the amount of radiation at the barriers is checked and that the measured level
is within the limit;
• Ensure radioactive source monitoring devices (film badges, thermo luminescent dosimeters)
are calibrated;
• Ensure that employees who have work activities involving radioactive sources receive a
baseline medical exam prior to work, and anytime they are potentially overexposed to
radioactive sources.
5.3 QA/QC Manager/Engineer
The QA/QC Manager/Engineer have the following responsibilities:

• Overall responsibility for the supervision of the subcontractor in charge of using the
radioactive materials with particular regard to the allocation of work;
• Shall ensure that all personnel performing the work and handling the radioactive materials
are trained in these procedures.
• To ensure the joints are offered for radiography is in the proper manner to shoot the
radiography such as scaffolding arrangements, adequate lighting and accessibility
• Ensure that each contractor who utilises radioactive materials shall keep the relevant Material
Safety Data Sheets and shall make them available.
• Data sheets shall contain, as a minimum, the following information:
o Generic or Trade name and supplier; Chemical name; Appearance and physical
properties;
o Usage; Important characteristic (incompatibilities);Threshold limit value (TLV);
o Safety hazards and precautions; Fire extinguishing agents and fire-fighting
precautions;
o Health hazards, personal protection and First Aid precautions; Environmental hazards,
precautions, spillage mitigation; Disposal options; Storage, packaging and labelling.
o Ensure that all parties are informed in advance of activities involving radioactive
sources; to issue the Permit to Work required for radiography.

5.3 Radiography Protection Supervisor (RPS)/Radiation Safety Officer (RSO)

The RPS/RSO will be appointed by the contractor in charge of using or handling the radioactive
materials. The duties of an RPS/RSO shall include, but not be limited to:
• Monitoring of all worksites where ionising radiations are utilised, to ensure the work is carried
out in accordance with these regulations;
• Randomly monitor on-site radiation work to ensure conformance to policies and regulations;
• Formulation of procedures to be submitted to the HSE Manager and preparation of
contingency plans to ensure safe working practices and adequate emergency response;
• Training and monitoring of all workers exposed to ionising radiation, to ensure they perform
their assigned work without endangering themselves, other workers and the environment.
• Implementation of adequate dosimetry control (film badges, thermo luminescent dosimeters,
finger rings or wrist badges), for the work being performed and maintenance of the relevant
records;
• Provide technical assistance to all employees on radiation safety issues; Organisation of
comprehensive medical screening, of all workers exposed to ionising radiation and
maintenance of the relevant medical records;
• Implementation of a comprehensive system of movement control of all sources of ionising
radiation imported into the country, such that their location is known at all times;
• Ensuring that all sources of ionising radiation are stored and transported in accordance with
these regulations, such that they do not present a danger to the population, animal life or the
environment
• Monthly inspect installed radioactive sources in fixed process applications, and create a
documented inspection file;
 • Stop any type of work which he deems is being performed unsafely; Determine the area to be
barricaded off during work operations involving radioactive sources;
• Survey the area where work involving radioactive sources is taking place to ensure that an
allowable level of radiation is not exceeded;
• Provide technical assistance to concerned supervisors and emergency responders on radiation
issues;
• Maintain a record of isotopes, containers, monitors, etc.;
• Maintain a register of company classified persons and keep a record of their dose;
• Investigation and reporting to the HSE manager of all incidents involving over-exposure to
ionising radiation; Investigation and reporting to the HSE manager of all incidents involving
the loss (even temporary) of a source of ionising radiation.

5.4 Radiography Technician (RT)

Minimum Qualification

• Minimum Qualifications:
a) training in radiography testing and safety (RT level-I) or its equivalent recognised by
the competent authority; and
b) certificate from the competent authority to work as radiographer
Prior to entering site the RT will provide the following information:

• Certificate containing source details including decay table, serial number, type
• Transportation details with source container serial number and certificate;
• Wind out equipment certification;
• Calibrated, tested and certified monitoring equipment;
• Sufficient barriers, signs and warning lights;
• Emergency handling equipment and working rules;
• Nomination of competent supervisor;
• Medical and dosi-metric check register for all nominated personnel;
• Training records and certificates for all nominated personnel

6.0 Procedure
For operations involving radioactive sources the following applies:
Production/Execution engineer notifies QA/ QC Manger/Engineer and permits is issued by PTW Issuer
to contractor with concurrence from HSE Department.
Authorization will be contingent on the following:

• Exact Location;
• Start and finish time;
• Adjacent operations.

When authorization has been granted the Quality Manager/ engineer will notify all contractors giving
them at least 12 hours notification. The Radiography contractor in charge of handling or using
radioactive sources will sign the proforma confirming that he knows all precautions to be observed
prior to commencement of radiography. The RPS/RSO will barrier off the area and check to ensure
that all personnel have been vacated from inside the barriers. When all the above has been carried
out radiography may proceed.
On completion of the work the contractor will return the source to its storage area and remove all
barriers and equipment. The Radiography permit application will be returned to the
Production/Execution engineer who will submit the permit to HSE department.

6.1 Radiation
Radiation is categorized into two groups:

Non-ionising: This does not cause ionization as it passes through the body. Examples are visible,
infrared and ultraviolet light.
Ionising: This ionizes matter as it passes through and can therefore damage body tissue. Examples
are alpha, beta particles and electromagnetic radiation such as x-rays and gamma.
The following precautions must be observed:
Safe storage is provided for radioactive substances, locations should be well marked. Radiography
areas, or other areas where radioactive materials are in use, shall be effectively cordoned off to
prevent access to personnel. Radiation is three dimensional, therefore areas above and below must
also be included in controlled areas. These areas shall be prominently signed by the black trefoil
symbol on a yellow background. The barriers, where appropriate, shall be further identified by flashing
lights. Controlled areas will be where the dose rate exceeds 20 mSv per year. Regular monitoring and
leak testing shall be carried out on any sealed radioactive Source. Storage areas shall be properly
marked with warning signs.

6.2 Handling and Use

Repair or modifications to any radioactive source equipment shall only be performed by qualified
personnel and only after ensuring the equipment is entirely de-energized and locked / tagged out to
prevent accidental start-up. Radioactive source equipment shall be secured to prevent unauthorized
use when authorized operators are not in physical attendance. Radioactive source equipment shall
not be transferred to other organizations or individuals.

The Project Manager/unit head shall be immediately notified of any radioactive source equipment
reported missing. The position where the source is to be used shall be roped and marked with warning
signs at a distance calculated by the RPS/RSO for the source strength applied. Sources shall be
transported in properly shielded containers and carried in vehicles with the appropriate hazard
warning signs. Prior to the use of the source, Radiography Permit shall be obtained. The X-ray
equipment shall be kept at a secured location when not in use.

6.3 Personnel Protective Equipment

The following personnel protective equipment shall be used by personnel handling radioactive
sources:

Body - Aprons
Hands - Gloves
Face/Eyes - Goggles

RADIOGRAPHY SAFETY _REV 01 7

6.4 Safety Equipment

Personal dosimeters
Personal dosimeters such as Thermo Luminescent Dosimeters (TLD) and direct reading alarm
dosimeters are to be compulsorily worn when radiographers are working with ionizing radiation. A
personal dosimeter is worn only by the radiographer to whom it is issued, and it is securely stored in
a non-radiation environment when not being worn. TLD’s are to be assessed on monthly basis for the
radiation to which they have been exposed. Direct reading dosimeters with alarm have to be
periodically assessed by the radiographers to monitor doses received during radiography.

Survey Meter
These are the most important item of safety equipment. For site radiography operations, portable
survey meters with valid calibration test certificates has to be available. Before beginning the
radiography, the survey meters is to be tested against a check source or by placing the meter’s
detector close to the exposure container to obtain a reference reading which can be referred to during
radiography operations

Warning Signs
Warning sign will be posted where a potential radiation hazard exists. This will be at all times including
the workstation where radiography is being performed. Warning signs will be sufficiently large to be
clearly visible.
The areas must be demarcated with flags, signage, warning lights at night. The Radiographer may carry
a whistle or a horn to alert the people working around when the radiography exposure is put on to go
away to safer zones. Prior to each exposure, audible and visible warning shall be given.

6.4 Safety limits

Dose Limit for Worker

The occupational exposures of any worker shall be so controlled that the following limits are not
exceeded:
• an effective dose of 20 mSv/yr averaged over five consecutive years (calculated on a sliding
scale of five years);
• an effective dose of 30 mSv in any year;
• an equivalent dose to the lens of the eye of 150 mSv in a year;
• an equivalent dose to the extremities (hands and feet) of 500 mSv in a year and
• an equivalent dose to the skin of 500 mSv in a year;
• limits given above apply to female workers also. However, once pregnancy is declared the
equivalent dose limit to embryo/foetus shall be 1 mSv for the remainder of the pregnancy.

Does Limit for Public

The estimated average doses to the relevant members of the public shall not exceed the following
limits:

• an effective dose of 1 mSv in a year;

• an equivalent dose to the lens of the eye of 15 mSv in a year; and
• an equivalent dose to the skin of 50 mSv in a year
Employees exposed to a dosage of more than the above shall be referred to hospital for a medical
check-up, and advised to stay away from radiation

6.5 Common methods for reducing exposure to harmful radiation

The three common methods for reducing exposure to harmful radiation are

1) Time: Limiting the time spent near a source of radiation

2) Distance: Increasing the distance away from the source,
3) Shielding: using shielding to stop or reduce the level of radiation
Time:
The radiation dose is directly proportional to the time spent in the radiation.
The following equation can be used to make a simple calculation to determine the dose that will be
or has been received in a radiation area.

Dose = Dose Rate x Time

Distance:

Increasing distance from the source of radiation will reduce the amount of radiation received. As
radiation travels from the source, it spreads out becoming less intense.
This phenomenon can be expressed by an equation known as the inverse square law, which states
that as the radiation travels out from the source, the dosage decreases inversely with the square of
the distance

I1/ I2 = D22/ D12

Where,

I1 = Intensity 1 at D1
I2 = Intensity 2 at D2

D1 = Distance 1 from source

D2 = Distance 2 from source

Shielding:
In general, the more dense the material the more shielding it will provide. The most effective shielding
is provided by depleted uranium metal.

7.0 Comprehensive Program for the Project

All personnel at the work site shall be made aware that radiography is allowed only through
compliance with this written procedure;

7.1 Warning Signs

The team shall ensure that an appropriate warning sign has been located near all areas prior to starting
work. The warning signs shall in place until the work activities are completed.
7.2 Permit to Work (PTW)
Applications for radiography permits will be submitted to PTW issuer signed by Authorized PTW
Requestor at least 24 hours prior to the proposed commencement of the works and concurrence with
HSE Manger. Once the PTW Issuing Authority is satisfied and all permit requirements have been met,
the PTW will be issued to the concerned or radiography contractor.

7.3 Lighting/Electrical Equipment

• Lighting levels shall comply with client requirement/local law.
• Handheld torches (flashlight)
• Low voltage (meaning less than 50 volts)
• Double wound full isolation step down transformer
• Battery system (properly isolated and permitted)

7.4 Electric Tools

All electric handheld tools and equipment shall be supplied as;
• Double wound full isolation step down transformer to reduce outlet voltage below 50 volts
• Battery Operated.

7.5 Suspension of Work

HSE Manager shall retain the right to stop any radiography activity should all requirements with this
procedure not complied with.

The Work Supervisor (PTW Holder- LTHE or Sub contractor) directly in control of the work and exercise
the right to stop such activities should any adverse situation.

7.6 Toolbox Talk

Toolbox Talk (TBT) to be conducted with the group before starting the radiography activities.

8.0 Training
Employees shall not be permitted to operate radioactive source equipment without receiving training
developed and conducted covering the following:

Identification of radiation hazards associated with the equipment; significance of the various radiation
warning, safety devices, and interlocks incorporated into the equipment, or the reasons they have not
been installed on certain pieces of equipment and the extra precautions required in such cases;
hazards of overexposure ;how to control exposure (time, distance, shielding);proper operating
procedures for the equipment; recognition of symptoms of an acute localized exposure; proper
procedures for reporting an actual or suspected exposure.

9.0 Storage
9.1 General Precautions
Radioactive sources shall be stored according to the regulations in force of the country and the
following general precautions shall be taken.

• The source in a shield container shall be received under the supervision of the RPS/RSO by a
qualified and licensed vendor.
• The source shall be monitored before and after handling by the RPS/RSO using
radiation meters to ensure the isotope has been returned to the container.
 • Employees handling the source within the shield container shall wear personal protective
equipment.
• The source shall be stored in a location designated by the RPS/RSO.
• The source storage location shall have a fire resistant door secured with a lock, and the storage
location will be periodically inspected to insure safe protection of the source.
• The perimeter of safe distance from the source shall be barricaded, and radiation hazard signs
shall be posted on all sides by the RPS/RSO.
• The storage location shall be away from populated areas, including accommodation
camps.
• Clear signs indicating the presence of "Radioactive Materials" both in English and in local
languages on the worksite shall be installed in correspondence of
the storage location. The dose rate outside the storage facility shall not exceed the
international or equivalent national standard limits.
• The RPS will ensure the source is store in the designated safe storage area.

9.2 Gamma-Ray Equipment

• When not in use the radiation source must be blocked inside the equipment, which in turn
must be stored in a special place with locked entry.
• The design and operation of components such as a remote wind-out mechanism (crank) and
pig tail are interrelated. Safety should not be compromised by using components that do not
meet the original design specification.
• Use only sealed sources that meets international or equivalent national standards when
carrying out gamma radiography work.
• The leakage radiation outside the housing shall not exceed the limits given in the below table

Device Class On the external At 5 cm from At 100 cm from

surface of source external surface of external surface of
housing (mSv/h) source housing source housing
(mSv/h) (mSv/h)
Portable 2 0.5 0.02
Mobile 2 1.0 0.05
Fixed 2 1.0 0.10

• The minimum performance standard for the ancillary equipments shall meet the
requirements of ISO 3999 or an equivalent national standard.
• The device should not be operated with control cables and guide tubes that are longer than
the manufacturer recommendations.
o Typical length of
▪ Control cable: 7 to 15 m
▪ Guide tubes: 2 to 6.5 m
• The source assembly connection to the drive cable is verified to be secure using a wear gauge,
such as a go/no go gauge type check gauge.
• The storage premises must be provided with danger signs; that it is forbidden to linger in the
vicinity and the entry is forbidden; it must also clearly show that radioactive material is
present.

9.3 X-Ray Equipment

• This does not need special storage, but to prevent damage, theft, vandalism and unauthorized
use, it should be kept in locked premises when not in use.
 • The protective tube housing shall be so constructed that the stray radiation in any direction,
averaged over an area of not more than 100 cm2, shall not exceed 10 mGy per hour at a
distance of 1 m from the X-ray target when, with the beam portal shielded adequately, the
tube operates at its peak kilovoltage (kVp) and maximum rated current.
• The electrical cable shall be at least 7 m long for machines operating up to 100 kVp, 10 m long
for up to 200 kVp, 15 m long for 200 - 250 kVp and 20 m long for above 250 kVp.
• The control console shall have means to display the tube potential, tube current, duration of
exposure and X-ray beam status. Energising the X-ray equipment shall be key controlled to
prevent unauthorised use.
• There shall be separate provision to terminate radiation generation automatically after pre-
set time and manually at any time.

9.4 Source Removal / Replacement

The RPS/RSO will place the source in the "store" position. He will lock it in this position with the
appropriate lock and tag with a "Danger Do Not Open" tag. The RPS will carry out a field radiation
survey to ensure it is safe to remove the source. The removal will be carried out monitoring the
personnel exposure by means of a dosimeter and any exposure will be recorded by the RPS. The source
removal operations will be carried out under the direction of the RPS/RSO. After the source is installed,
the RPS/RSO will remove its tag and lock and switch the source in the operating position. The RPS/RSO
will then carry out a field radiation survey to ensure that any stray radiation is at an acceptable level.

NOTE: The radioactive source locks will be individually marked for a particular source and will be
issued by the RPS/RSO. Multi locks adapters will not be used on radiation sources.

10.0 Radiation Surveys

The RPS/RSO shall perform radiation surveys on all radioactive source equipment using Radiation
Survey Meter as follows:
• Upon installation of the equipment, and at a frequency determined by the RPS/RSO but not
to exceed quarterly;
• Following any change in the initial arrangement, number or type of components in the system;
• Following any maintenance requiring the disassembly or removal of a component in the
system;
• During the performance of maintenance and alignment procedures;
• Any time a visual inspection of the components in the system reveals an abnormal condition;
• Whenever personnel monitoring devices show a significant increase over the previous
monitoring period or the readings are approaching the limits for a restricted area.
• Records of these evaluations shall be maintained for a period of at least 2 years after the
evaluations.
• Radiation survey instruments shall be calibrated in accordance with the following:
• At intervals not to exceed 2 years and after each instrument servicing or as recommended by
the manufacturer;
• At energies and radiation levels appropriate for use, so that accuracy is within plus or minus
10 percent of the true radiation level;
• By an agency with traceability to International Standards;
• Calibration records shall be maintained.

11.0 Personnel Monitoring

Employees who are exposed to radioactive hazards (i.e., classified personnel) shall be required by their
Supervisors to wear either a film badge or a thermo luminescent dosimeter for recording radiation
dose to the whole body and a ring or wrist badge for recording extremity dose. The RPS/RSO shall
control the issuance and reading of these devices. (Attached personnel daily Dose record)

12.0 Emergency Response

Radiography contractor shall prepare a Rescue Plan. The Rescue Plan should be in accordance with
the Emergency Response Procedures. The Rescue Plan shall incorporate non entry retrieval systems,
unless approved by otherwise by the PTW Issuing Authority. The Rescue Plan shall include details on
how to contact Emergency Team (LTHE, Contractor).

The Radiography contractor involved in the use of ionizing radiations shall prepare formal contingency
Plans to deal with any emergency which might arise from the storage, transportation or use of ionising
radiation. Such plans shall include but not be limited to dealing with the following emergencies:
• Accidental overexposure to ionising radiation;
• Loss or theft of a source of ionising radiation;
• Accidental separation of a chemical source from its shielding;
• Physical damage to a sealed source, causing possible leakage of radioactive material;
• Contamination of the environment with radioactive material.

12.1 Emergency Response Team

• The emergency response team will:
• Be aware of the location of all installed radioactive sources and of emergency action to be
taken in the event of accidental mechanical or fire damage to the source;
• Seek the technical assistance (i.e., monitoring) in the event of a fire or incident involving a
radioactive source from the RPS/RSO (or substitute) to safeguard personnel as necessary.

12.2 Emergency Actions

Any loss of, breakage of, or damage to any sealed source of radioactive material shall be treated as an
emergency. In this event:-
• All personnel to evacuate controlled area immediately.
• Check and maintain barriers, signs and lights.
• Inform Project Manager/Unit Head or HSE Manager of the situation advising of the need to
maintain strict
• Observance of the controlled area by all personnel until emergency is resolved. Because of
the danger of airborne contamination no attempt should be made to approach the source,
expert assistance is required and the immediate advice of the company RPS/RSO must be
sought,
• Do not eat, drink, or smoke. Wash the hands and avoid hand to mouth contact. Try to keep all
involved persons together in a limited area to avoid possible unnecessary spread of
contamination,
• Maintain barrier supervision until the emergency team arrives to deal with the situation, and
then act under instructions. When the emergency is resolved liaise with the company RPS/RSO
concerning urgent medical examination and dose assessment.
• In the event the accident involves trapped or injured persons the rescue of those persons
takes precedence over all other actions.

12.3 Unauthorized person discovered in a controlled area during exposure

• Terminate exposure immediately.
• Request the name, address and employer of the person suspected of being over exposed.
• Determine by interview, the length of time the person had been in his / her position inside
the controlled area.
• In consultation with company RPS/RSO, investigate and assess the extent of the exposure to
which the person may have been subjected.
• If exposure in excess of the relevant limit is suspected the persons employer must be informed
immediately.
12.4 X-Ray Emergencies
In case of problems with X ray equipment the first action should be to cut the power to the X-Ray set
which will immediately stop X-rays being generated.

12.5 Incident or Accident Involving Radioactive Substance in Intense Fire

• Exposure containers of the type normally used should be capable of withstanding intense fire
without damage. It must however be accepted that the possibility of damage does exist and
action must be taken accordingly. Rewind source, if possible remove container from vicinity
of fire. The Subcontractor will be responsible for the provision of facilities to deal with fire
incident.
• On the assumption that the container may be damaged, a controlled area must be set up and
barrier off with warning signs and lights. The barriers should, as a matter of urgency, be first
erected at an estimated safe distance this can then be adjusted to the properly calculated
distance at which the dose rate from the unshielded source would not exceed 20 mSv per
year. The controlled area must be evacuated and the barriers supervised at all times to
prevent unauthorized access.
• Maintain barrier supervision whilst the fire is extinguished or act as instructed by the police if
they are involved. When the fire is extinguished the container must be thoroughly inspected,
including careful monitoring for signs of leakage. There should no damage or leakage be
apparent, the container must be withdrawn from use for examination by the manufacturer.
• Should the container show signs of excessive dose rate it must be assumed possible leakage
of contents has taken place, retire to the barriers and seek urgent assistance from the
Company RPS/RSO do not drink, eat or smoke avoid hand to mouth contact and wash hands
as soon as possible.
• Try to keep all involved persons together in a limited area to avoid possible spread of
contaminating radioactive material.
• Maintain the barriers until the emergency team arrive and then act under their instructions.
• When the emergency is resolved liaise with the Company RPS/RSO concerning urgent medical
and dose assessment.

12.6 Records
Sl.No Description Format No Responsibility

1. Radiography Notification Form LTHE/HSE/PR05/F01 Production/Execution Engineer

2. Radiography Checklist LTHE/HSE/PR05/F02 LTHE HSE Engineer/Officer

Radiography contractor In-

3. Radiography Consignment Note LTHE/HSE/PR05/F03
Charge/Supervisor

Record Radiation Level at Radiography contractor In-

4. LTHE/HSE/PR05/F04
Storage Pit Charge/Supervisor
 Radiography contractor In-
5. Personnel Dose Record LTHE/HSE/PR05/F05
Charge/Supervisor
Radiography contractor In-
6. Radiography Camera Checklist LTHE/HSE/PR05/F06
Charge/Supervisor

Operational Safety of X-Ray unit Radiography contractor In-

7. LTHE/HSE/PR05/F07
Inclusive of Crawler Unit Charge/Supervisor

Radiography contractor In-

8. Medical Records
Charge/Supervisor

Radiography contractor In-

9. Survey meter calibration record
Charge/Supervisor