Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 36 views

    Tutorial 3: Chapter 3: Special Functions

    Uploaded by

    Afiq Adnan
    This document contains questions related to special functions including: 1) Solving differential equations using Gaussian hypergeometric functions. 2) Verifying formulas for hypergeometric functions by expanding in power series. 3) Obtaining linearly independent solutions to hypergeometric equations. 4) Showing properties of Bessel functions and using them to solve differential equations. 5) Deriving formulas for Legendre polynomials and showing their properties including orthogonality.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Tutorial 3: Chapter 3: Special Functions

    Uploaded by

    Afiq Adnan
    36 views3 pages
    This document contains questions related to special functions including: 1) Solving differential equations using Gaussian hypergeometric functions. 2) Verifying formulas for hypergeometric functions by expanding in power series. 3) Obtaining linearly independent solutions to hypergeometric equations. 4) Showing properties of Bessel functions and using them to solve differential equations. 5) Deriving formulas for Legendre polynomials and showing their properties including orthogonality.

    Original Title

    Untitled

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document contains questions related to special functions including: 1) Solving differential equations using Gaussian hypergeometric functions. 2) Verifying formulas for hypergeometric functions by expanding in power series. 3) Obtaining linearly independent solutions to hypergeometric equations. 4) Showing properties of Bessel functions and using them to solve differential equations. 5) Deriving formulas for Legendre polynomials and showing their properties including orthogonality.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    36 views3 pages

    Tutorial 3: Chapter 3: Special Functions

    Uploaded by

    Afiq Adnan
    This document contains questions related to special functions including: 1) Solving differential equations using Gaussian hypergeometric functions. 2) Verifying formulas for hypergeometric functions by expanding in power series. 3) Obtaining linearly independent solutions to hypergeometric equations. 4) Showing properties of Bessel functions and using them to solve differential equations. 5) Deriving formulas for Legendre polynomials and showing their properties including orthogonality.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    Tutorial 3

    Chapter 3: Special Functions


    The questions are essentially taken from the book of Nagle et al.

    Question 3.1. Express a general solution to the given equation using Gaussian hypergeo-
    metric functions.
    Ç å
    1
    00 (c) 2x(1 − x)y 00 + (1 − 6x)y 0 − 2y = 0
    (a) x(1 − x)y + − 4x y 0 − 2y = 0
    2
    (b) 2x(1 − x)y 00 + 3(1 − 10x)y 0 − 6y = 0 (d) 3x(1 − x)y 00 + (1 − 27x)y 0 − 45y = 0

    Question 3.2. Verify the following formulas by expanding each function in a power series
    about x = 0.

    (a) F (1, 1; 2; x) = −x−1 ln(1 − x) (c) F (α, β; β; x) = (1 − x)−α


    Ç å Ç å Ç å
    1 3 1 1+x 1 3
    (b) F , 1; ; x2 = x−1 ln (d) F , 1; ; −x2 = x−1 arctan x
    2 2 2 1−x 2 2

    Question 3.3. Obtain two linearly independent solutions to the given hypergeometric equa-
    tion.

    (a) x(1 − x)y 00 + (1 − 3x)y 0 − y = 0 1


    (b) x(1 − x)y 00 + (2 − 2x)y 0 − y = 0
    4

    Question 3.4. Show that the confluent hypergeometric equation

    xy 00 + (γ − x)y 0 − αy = 0

    1
    Tutorial 3.

    where α and γ are fixed parameters and γ is not an integer, has two linearly independent
    solutions
    ∞
    X (α)n n
    y1 (x) =1 F1 (α; γ; x) := 1 + x
    n=1 n!(γ)n
    and
    y2 (x) = x1−γ
    1 F1 (α + 1 − γ); 2 − γ; x).

    Question 3.5. Express the general solution to the given equation using Bessel’s functions
    of either the first or the second kind.

    (a) 4x2 y 00 + 4xy 0 + (4x2 − 1)y = 0 (d) x2 y 00 + xy 0 + x2 y = 0

    (b) 9x2 y 00 + 9xy 0 + (9x2 − 16)y = 0 (e) 9t2 x00 + 9tx0 + (9t2 − 4)x = 0

    (c) x2 y 00 + xy 0 + (x2 − 1)y = 0 (f) x2 z 00 + xz 0 + (x2 − 16)z = 0

    Question 3.6. For the appropriate choice of ν, the Bessel function Jν (x) is one solution.
    Obtain a second linearly independent solution.

    (a) x2 y 00 + xy 0 + (x2 − 1)y = 0 (b) x2 y 00 + xy 0 + (x2 − 4)y = 0

    Question 3.7. Show that xν Jν (x) satisfies the equation

    xy 00 + (1 − 2ν)y 0 + xy = 0, x>0

    and use the result to find a solution for the equations

    xy 00 − 2y 0 + xy = 0, x > 0.

    Question 3.8. Derive the following formulas (see Section 8.8 of the reference book):
    d î −ν
    x Jν (x) = −x−ν Jν+1 (x),
    ó
    dx
    2ν
    Jν+1 (x) = Jν (x) − Jν−1 (x),
    x
    Jν+1 (x) = Jν−1 (x) − 2Jν0 (x).

    Question 3.9. Show that


    Ç å1/2
    2
    J 1 (x) = sin x,
    2 πx

    2
    Ç å1/2
    2
    J− 21 (x) = cos x.
    πx
    Question 3.10. Use the formula given below to determine the first five Legendre polynomi-
    als:
    (n/2)
    −n (−1)m (2n − 2m)!
    xn−2m ,
    X
    Pn (x) = 2
    m=0 (n − m)! m! (n − 2m)!
    where (n/2) is the greatest integer less than or equal to n/2.

    Question 3.11. Show that the Legendre polynomials of even degree are even functions of x
    while those of odd degree are odd functions.

    Question 3.12.

    (a) Show that the orthogonality condition


    ˆ 1
    Pm (x) Pn (x) dx = 0, for n 6= m
    −1

    for the Legendre polynomials implies that


    ˆ 1
    Pn (x) q(x) dx = 0
    −1

    for any polynomial q(x) of degree at most n − 1.


    Hint: The polynomials P0 , P1 , . . . , Pn−1 are linearly independent and hence span the space
    of all polynomials of degree at most n − 1. Thus q(x) = a0 P0 (x) + · · · an−1 Pn−1 (x) for a
    suitable constant ak .

    (b) Prove that if Qn (x) is a polynomial of degree n such that


    ˆ 1
    Qn (x) Pk (x) dx = 0
    −1

    for k = 0, 1, . . . , n − 1, then
    Qn (x) = cPn (x)

    for some constant c.


    Hint: Select c so that the coefficient of xn for Qn (x) − cPn (x) is zero. Since P0 , P1 , . . . , Pn−1
    is a basis, then
    Qn (x) − cPn (x) = a0 P0 (x) + · · · an−1 Pn−1 (x).

    Multiply the above equation by Pk (x) for k ∈ [0, n − 1] and integrate from x = −1 to x = 1
    to show that each ak is zero.

    You might also like