University of Nottingham

SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES

MTHS2007 Advanced Mathematics and Statistics for Mechanical Engineers

Examination Formula Sheet

Fourier Series
The Fourier series for a periodic function f (t) with period 2` is
1 ⇣
1 X n⇡x n⇡x ⌘
f (x) = a0 + an cos + bn sin ,
2 n=1
` `

where Z Z
` `
1 n⇡x 1 n⇡x
an = f (x) cos dx, bn = f (x) sin dx.
` ` ` ` ` `
Properties of Trigonometric Functions
sin x cos x 1 1
tan x = , cot x = , sec x = , cosecx = ,
cos x sin x cos x sin x
sin (A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B, cos (A ± B) = cos A cos B ⌥ sin A sin B,
sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A, cos 2A = 2 cos2 A 1 = 1 2 sin2 A,
1 1 1 1
sin A + sin B = 2 sin (A + B) cos (A B), sin A sin B = 2 sin (A B) cos (A + B),
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
cos A + cos B = 2 cos (A + B) cos (A B), cos A cos B = 2 sin (A + B) sin (B A).
2 2 2 2
Statistics and Probability Sum rule: P (A [ B) = P (A) + P (B) P (A \ B).
Conditional Probability: P (A|B) = P (A \ B)/P (B).
✓ ◆
n k
X ⇠ Bin(n, p) means P (X = k) = p (1 p)n k (k = 0, . . . , n),
k
E(X) = np, V (X) = np(1 p).
k
e
X ⇠ Poi( ) means P (X = k) = (k = 0, 1, . . . ), E(X) = , V (X) = .
Zk! x
1 1 t µ 2
X ⇠ N(µ, 2 ) means P (X  x) = p e 2 ( ) dt (x 2 R), E(X) = µ, V (X) = 2 .
1 2⇡
2 X µ
If X ⇠ N(µ, ) then Z = ⇠ N(0, 1).
E(X ± Y ) = E(X) ± E(Y ) for any random variables X and Y .
V (X ± Y ) = V (X) + V (Y ) for independent random variables X and Y .
P P P
Sample mean x̄ = n1 i xi , sample variance s2 = n 1 1 i (xi x̄)2 = n 1 1 ( i x2i nx̄2 ).
If observations are normally distributed
p or sample size is large then the endpoints of a 100(1 ↵)%
CI for the mean are x̄ ± z↵/2 / n, where P (Z > z↵/2 ) = ↵/2. Valid to replace with s so long
as sample size is large.
X̄ µ0
A test of the null hypothesis µ = µ0 uses the test statistic Z = p ⇠ N(0, 1). The same
/ n
conditions apply and the same extensions are valid as for the CI calculation above.
 Table of Laplace Transforms

f (t) f¯(s)

1
1 1 , s>0
s
1
2 t , s>0
s2
n!
3 tn n = 0, 1, 2, . . . ,s > 0
sn+1
1
4 eat , s>a
s a
a
5 sin at , s>0
s2 + a2
s
6 cos at , s>0
s2 + a2
a
7 sinh at , s > |a|
s2 a2
s
8 cosh at , s > |a|
s2 a2
2ks
9 t sin kt
(s2 + k 2 )2

s2 k 2
10 t cos kt
(s2 + k 2 )2
as
H(t a) e
11
unit step function s
(Heaviside step function)

(t a) as
12 e
unit impulse function
(Dirac delta function)

13 eat f (t) f¯(s a) First shifting theorem

14 f (t a)H(t a) e as
f¯(s) Second shifting theorem
Rt
15 0
f (u)g(t u)du f¯(s)ḡ(s) Convolution theorem
16 f 0 (t) sf¯(s) f (0)
17 f 00 (t) s2 f¯(s) sf (0) f 0 (0)
 University of Nottingham
SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES
MTHS2007 Advanced Mathematics and Statistics for Mechanical Engineers

Table of Normal Distribution

Z is the standardised normal variate N(0,1)

is the probability density function

is the cumulative distribution function

F(z)
f(z) z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0.399 0.0 0.5000 0.5040 0.5080 0.5120 0.5160 0.5199 0.5239 0.5279 0.5319 0.5359
0.397 0.1 0.5398 0.5438 0.5478 0.5517 0.5557 0.5596 0.5636 0.5675 0.5714 0.5753
0.391 0.2 0.5793 0.5832 0.5871 0.5910 0.5948 0.5987 0.6026 0.6064 0.6103 0.6141
0.381 0.3 0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.6368 0.6406 0.6443 0.6480 0.6517
0.368 0.4 0.6554 0.6591 0.6628 0.6664 0.6700 0.6736 0.6772 0.6808 0.6844 0.6879

0.352 0.5 0.6915 0.6950 0.6985 0.7019 0.7054 0.7088 0.7123 0.7157 0.7190 0.7224
0.333 0.6 0.7257 0.7291 0.7324 0.7357 0.7389 0.7422 0.7454 0.7486 0.7517 0.7549
0.312 0.7 0.7580 0.7611 0.7642 0.7673 0.7704 0.7734 0.7764 0.7794 0.7823 0.7852
0.290 0.8 0.7881 0.7910 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133
0.266 0.9 0.8159 0.8168 0.8212 0.8238 0.8264 0.8289 0.8315 0.8340 0.8365 0.8389

0.242 1.0 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621
0.218 1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.8770 0.8790 0.8810 0.8830
0.194 1.2 0.8849 0.8869 0.8888 0.8907 0.8925 0.8944 0.8962 0.8980 0.8997 0.9015
0.171 1.3 0.9032 0.9049 0.9066 0.9082 0.9099 0.9115 0.9131 0.9147 0.9162 0.9177
0.150 1.4 0.9192 0.9207 0.9222 0.9236 0.9251 0.9265 0.9279 0.9292 0.9306 0.9319

0.130 1.5 0.9332 0.9345 0.9357 0.9370 0.9382 0.9394 0.9406 0.9418 0.9429 0.9441
0.111 1.6 0.9452 0.9463 0.9474 0.9484 0.9495 0.9505 0.9515 0.9525 0.9535 0.9545
0.094 1.7 0.9554 0.9564 0.9573 0.9582 0.9591 0.9599 0.9608 0.9616 0.9625 0.9633
0.079 1.8 0.9641 0.9649 0.9656 0.9664 0.9671 0.9678 0.9686 0.9693 0.9699 0.9706
0.066 1.9 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.9750 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767

0.054 2.0 0.9772 0.9778 0.9783 0.9788 0.9793 0.9798 0.9803 0.9808 0.9812 0.9817
0.044 2.1 0.9821 0.9826 0.9830 0.9834 0.9838 0.9842 0.9846 0.9850 0.9854 0.9857
0.035 2.2 0.9861 0.9864 0.9868 0.9871 0.9875 0.9878 0.9881 0.9884 0.9887 0.9890
0.028 2.3 0.9893 0.9896 0.9898 0.9901 0.9904 0.9906 0.9909 0.9911 0.9913 0.9916
0.022 2.4 0.9918 0.9920 0.9922 0.9925 0.9927 0.9929 0.9931 0.9932 0.9934 0.9936

0.018 2.5 0.9938 0.9940 0.9941 0.9943 0.9945 0.9946 0.9948 0.9949 0.9951 0.9952
0.014 2.6 0.9953 0.9955 0.9956 0.9957 0.9959 0.9960 0.9961 0.9962 0.9963 0.9964
0.010 2.7 0.9965 0.9966 0.9967 0.9968 0.9969 0.9970 0.9971 0.9972 0.9973 0.9974
0.008 2.8 0.9974 0.9975 0.9976 0.9977 0.9977 0.9978 0.9979 0.9979 0.9980 0.9981
0.006 2.9 0.9981 0.9982 0.9982 0.9983 0.9984 0.9984 0.9985 0.9985 0.9986 0.9986

z 0.675 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 3.090

F(z) 0.750 0.900 0.950 0.975 0.990 0.995 0.999