Polar Non Polar

Educational
Technology
Unit
ETUlay Online Tutorial
Physical Science
Q3 Week 3 : Polarity of
Molecules
Quarter 3 – Module 3
At the end of the session you will be able to;
• differentiate polar and nonpolar bonds;

• determine the polarity of chemical bonds between
atoms using the concept of electronegativity;
• familiarize with the different molecular shape;
• Explain how polarity of bonds and molecular
geometry affects the polarity of molecules.
What’s In
When a metal and
nonmetal atoms bond,
the metal ion loses a
valence electron and
the nonmetal ion
accepts the lost
electron (IONIC BOND)
What’s In
Nonmetals ions
share valence
electron when
these combine
(COVALENT BOND)
What is It
Polarity of molecules
depends on:
• Electronegativity difference
of atoms involved
• Geometrical shape of the
molecules predicted via
VSEPR
What is It
Electronegativity (EN)
measures the relative
tendency of an atom
to attract electrons to
itself when chemically
combined with other
atoms
What is It
Electronegativity increases within period (from

left to right)
•Electronegativity
What is It
decreases within
a group (from
top to bottom)
• the higher the
value of EN, the
more it tends to
attract electrons
towards itself
Key Points
Classification of bonds
• Type of Bond • Electronegativity difference
• Nonpolar covalent • 0 – 0.4
• Polar Covalent • 0.5 – 1.8
• Ionic • 1.9 – 4.0
Predict what type of bond is present between the
following pair of atoms by determining their
electronegativity difference.
1. Ca and Cl
2. Cl and Cl
3. H and Cl
4. S and O
5. C and N
Solution:
1. Ca and Cl
ENCa = 1.0
EnCl = 3.0
(DEN) = 1.0 – 3.0 = |-2.0| = 2.0

(IONIC BOND)
Solution:
2. Cl and Cl
EnCl = 3.0
(DEN) = 3.0 – 3.0 = 0
(NONPOLAR COVALENT BOND)

Solution:
3. H and Cl
ENH = 2.1
EnCl = 3.0
(DEN) = 2.1 – 3.0 = |-0.9| = 0.9

(POLAR COVALENT BOND)
Solution:
4. S and O
ENS = 2.5
EnO = 3.5
(DEN) = 2.5 – 3.5 = |-1.0| = 1.0

Solution:
5. C and N
ENC = 2.5
EnN = 3.0
(DEN) = 2.5 – 3.0 = |-0.5| = 0.5

Polar Covalent Bond
Is formed when electrons
are shared unequally by
two atoms in a
compound, forming an
electric dipole
http://surfguppy.com/wp-
content/uploads/non-polar-1.jpg
Polar Covalent Bond
Atom with higher EN value
becomes the partially
negative pole (d-)
Atom with lower EN value

becomes the partially
positive pole (d+)
http://surfguppy.com/wp-
Polar Covalent Bond
The direction of the arrow is always pointing from a more

electropositive pole to the more electronegative pole.
Nonpolar Covalent Bond
A nonpolar
covalent bond is
formed if both
atoms equally
share a pair of
electrons between
them. http://surfguppy.com/wp-
Nonpolar Covalent Bond
Bonding atoms have
approximately
equal EN value or
equal ability to
attract electrons to
each side.
Polar Molecules
• Molecules with a positive and a negative end
• Requires two things to be true
 The molecule must contain polar bonds
This can be determined from differences in
electronegativity.
Asymmetric molecule.
Symmetrical Molecules
• Because of symmetry, molecules that have polar bonds
are overall a nonpolar molecules (+ and – charges cancel
out or balance out)
• Examples:
• CO2 BF3
• CCl4
Asymmetrical Molecules
• If a molecule has polar bonds (and there is no symmetry
to cancel out + and – charges), the molecule is polar.
• Examples:
• H2O HCl
• NH3
Symmetrical or Asymmetrical?
• Draw the Lewis structure of the following and identify whether they
are symmetrical or asymmetrical
•PCl5
•NH3
•SF6
•NO2
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR)
Theory
- is a model used in chemistry to

predict the geometry of individual
molecules from the number of
electron pairs surrounding their
central atoms
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR)
Theory
Electron pair
orientation
https://bit.ly/3s9hP0w
How to Draw Lewis Structures
http://bit.ly/VS3PR
Different Molecular Geometries
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
(VSEPR) Theory
• Determine the central atom of a
molecule. The central atom is the
least electronegative element.
• Draw the appropriate Lewis dot
Structure for the molecule
(VSEPR) Theory
•Count the number of bonding

pairs of electrons and non-
bonding (lone pairs) around the
central atom
(VSEPR) Theory
• Determine the electron pair

orientation using the total number of
electron pair
• Name the shape of the molecule
based on the location of the atoms
1. Predict the molecular geometry of BCl3
• Determine the central atom of a molecule.

The central atom is the least electronegative
element
B and Cl
ENB = 2.0
Encl = 3.0
Draw the appropriate Lewis dot Structure for the molecule

Valence Electrons:
Boron = 3
Cl Chlorine 7(3)
Total = 24
Cl B Cl
Count the number of bonding pairs of electrons and

non-bonding (lone pairs) around the central atom
Bonding pair (Sigma Bonds) = 3
No. of Lone Pairs = 0

(Electron pair orientation)
linear
Trigonal
planar
tetrahedral
Trigonal
bipyramid
octahedral
• Determine the electron pair orientation using the

total number of electron pair
• Name the shape of the molecule based on the
location of the atoms
Electron Pair Orientation -
Trigonal Planar
Molecular Geometry –
Trigonal Planar
2. Predict the molecular geometry of CO2
C and O
ENC = 2.5
EnO = 3.5
2. Predict the molecular geometry of CO2
2. Predict the molecular geometry of
CO2

linear
Trigonal
planar
tetrahedral
Trigonal
bipyramid
octahedral
2. Predict the molecular geometry of
CO2
Electron Pair Orientation - Linear
Molecular Geometry – Linear

3. Predict the molecular geometry of CHCl3
C, H, and Cl
ENC = 2.5
ENH = 2.1
EnCl = 3.5
Valence Electrons:
Carbon = 4
Hydrogen = 1
Chlorine 7(3)
Total = 26

linear
Trigonal
planar
tetrahedral
Trigonal
bipyramid
octahedral
Electron Pair
Orientation -
Tetrahedral
Molecular Geometry
– Tetrahedral
How to determine the polarity of molecules
through its geometry?
POLAR NONPOLAR
POLAR NONPOLAR
POLAR NONPOLAR
POLAR
POLAR NONPOLAR
Which is/are polar and nonpolar
molecules?
Polar
Covalent
Nonpolar
Covalent
Summary
• In a polar bond, one atom is more electronegative than the
other.
• In a nonpolar bond, both atoms have similar
electronegativities.
• An asymmetric molecule with polar bonds is a polar molecule.
• An asymmetric molecule with nonpolar bonds is a nonpolar
molecule.
• A symmetric molecule, regardless of the polarity of the bonds,
is always a nonpolar molecule.

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Educational

ETUlay Online Tutorial

• differentiate polar and nonpolar bonds;

Electronegativity increases within period (from

(DEN) = 1.0 – 3.0 = |-2.0| = 2.0

(DEN) = 3.0 – 3.0 = 0

(NONPOLAR COVALENT BOND)

(DEN) = 2.1 – 3.0 = |-0.9| = 0.9

(DEN) = 2.5 – 3.5 = |-1.0| = 1.0

(DEN) = 2.5 – 3.0 = |-0.5| = 0.5

Atom with lower EN value

The direction of the arrow is always pointing from a more

- is a model used in chemistry to

•Count the number of bonding

• Determine the electron pair

• Determine the central atom of a molecule.

Draw the appropriate Lewis dot Structure for the molecule

Count the number of bonding pairs of electrons and

No. of Lone Pairs = 0

• Determine the electron pair orientation using the

No. of Lone Pairs = 0

Molecular Geometry – Linear

Bonding pair (Sigma Bonds) = 4

No. of Lone Pairs = 0

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