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Percentile Classes
Probability
Probability Theory:

Mutually Exclusive Events: Let S be the sample space associated with a random experiment and let E1 and 𝐸2 be
the two events. Then 𝐸1 and 𝐸2 are mutually exclusive events if 𝐸1 ∩ 𝐸2 ≠ ∅,

Mutually Exclusive and Exhaustive System of Events: Let S be the sample space associated with a random
experiment, Let 𝐸1 , 𝐸2 , …. 𝐸𝑛 be the subsets of S such that
(i) 𝐸1 ∩ 𝐸𝑗 = ϕ for i ≠ j and
(ii) 𝐸1 ∪ 𝐸2 ∪ 𝐸3 ∪ …. ∪ 𝐸𝑛 = S
When the set of events 𝐸1 , 𝐸2 , 𝐸3 …..𝐸𝑛 is said to form a mutually exclusive and exhaustive system of events.

Definition of Probability: In a random experiment, let S be the sample space and let E ⊆ S.

Where E is a an event.
The probability of occurrence of the event E is defined as

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

P(E) = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝐸 𝑛(𝐸)

= 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑆
= 𝑛(𝑆)

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐸

=
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑆

From the above definitions it is clear that

(i) 0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1
(ii) P (∅) = 0
(iii) P(S) = 1

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐸̅

Also, P(𝐸̅ ) = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑆

𝑛(𝑆)−𝑛(𝐸)
= 𝑛(𝑆)
𝑛 (𝐸)
= 1- 𝑛(𝑆)
= 1- P(E)

➔ P(𝐸̅ ) = 1- P (E)
∴ P(E) = + P (𝐸̅ ) = 1

Odd in favour of An event and odds against an event

In m be the number of ways in which an event occurs and n be the number of ways in which it does not occur,
then
𝑚
(i) odds in favour of the events = (or m:n)
𝑛
𝑛
(ii) odds against the event = 𝑚 (or n:m)
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Some important results:

(A) If, A, B and C are three events, then

(i) P [Exactly one of A, B, C occurs]
= P(A) + P(B) + P(C) – 2[A∩B] + (B∩C) + (A∩C)] +3P (A∩B∩C)

(ii) P (Atleast two of A, B, C occur)

= P (A∩B) + P(B∩C) + P(A∩C) – 2P (A∩B∩C)

(B) If A and B are two events, then P (exactly one of A, B occurs)

= P(A) + P(B) + 2P(A∪B)
= P(A∪B) – P (A∩B)

Conditional Probability: Let A and B be two events associated with a random experiment, then, the probability of
occurrence of A under the condition that B has already occurred and P(B)≠ 0 is called the conditional probability and
𝐴
it is denoted by P(𝐵)

𝐴
Thus, P(𝐵) = Probability of occurrence of A given that B has already occurred.

𝐵
Similarly, P ( ) = Probability of occurrence of B given that A has already occurred.
𝐴

𝐴
NOTE: (i) Sometimes P( ) is used to denote the probability of occurrence of A when B occurs.
𝐵
𝐵
(ii) Similarly P( ) is used to denoted the probability of occurrence of B when A occurs.
𝐴

The above two cases happens due to the simultaneous occurrence of two events since the two events are the
subsets of the same sample space.

Multiplication Theorem:

Let A and B be two events associated with the same random experiment then

𝐵
P(A∩B) = P(A)P(𝐴) if P(A) ≠ 0 …(i)

𝐴
Or P(A∩B) = P(B) P(𝐵), P(B) ≠ … (ii)

𝐵 𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵)
NOTE: P( ) = from (i)
𝐴 𝑃(𝐴)

𝐴 𝑃(𝐴∩𝐁)
And P(𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐵)
from (ii)

In general, if 𝐴1, 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 ….𝑎𝑛 are events associated with the same random experiment, then

P(𝐴1 ∩ 𝐴2 ∩ 𝐴3 ∩……∩𝐴𝑛 )

𝐴 𝐴3 𝐴𝑛
= P(𝐴1) P (𝐴3 ) P (𝐴 ) …P (𝐴 )
1 1 ∩𝐴2 1∩𝐴2 ∩…∩𝐴𝑛−1

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Independent Events: Events are said to be independent, if the occurrence of one does not depend upon the
occurrence of the other
Suppose an urn contains m red balls and n green balls. Two balls are drawn from the urn one after the other.
If the ball drawn in the first draw is not replaced back in the bag, then two events of drawing the ball are
dependent because first draw of the ball determine the probability of drawing the second ball.

If the ball drawn in the first draw is replaced back in the bag, then two events are independent because first
draw of a ball has no effect on the second draw.

Theorem I: Two events A and B associated with the same sample space of a random experiment are
independent if and only if
P (A∩B) = P (A) . P(B)

Theorem 2. If 𝐴1, 𝐴2, 𝐴3…. 𝐴𝑛 are independent events associated with a random experiment, then
P(𝐴1 ∩ 𝐴2 ∩ 𝐴3….∩𝐴𝑛 ) = P(𝐴1 ) P (𝐴2)…P(𝐴𝑛 )

Theorem 3. If 𝐴1, 𝐴2, ….𝐴𝑛 are n independent events associated with a random experiment, then
̅̅̅1 ) P (𝐴
P(𝐴1 ∪ 𝐴2 ∪…..∪ 𝐴𝑛 ) = 1-P(𝐴 ̅̅̅2) ….P(𝐴
̅̅̅̅
𝑛)

Important results:

If A and B are independent events then the following events are also independent.

(i) A ∩ 𝐵̅ (ii) 𝐴̅ ∩ B (iii) 𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵̅

Law of Total probability:

Let 𝐸1 , 𝐸2 , …𝐸𝑛 be n mutually exclusive and exhaustive events associated with a random experiment. If A is
an event which occurs with 𝐸1 or 𝐸2 or ….or 𝐸4 , then

𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
P(A) = P(𝐸1 ) P ( ) + P (𝐸2 )P ( ) + ….P(𝐸𝑛 )P( )
𝐸 1 𝐸 2 𝐸 𝑛

Bayes Rule: Let 𝐸1 , 𝐸2 , …𝐸𝑛 be n mutually exclusive and exhaustive events associated with a random experiment if
A is an event which occurs with 𝐸1 or 𝐸2 , or …𝐸𝑛 then,

𝐴
𝐸 𝑃(𝐸1 )𝑃( )
𝐸1
P( 𝐴1 ) = 𝑛 𝐴 i.1, 2…..n
∑𝑖=1 𝑃(𝐸1 )𝑃 ( )
𝐸1

Note: Although we have discussed above many ways to solve the Probability but the best way to solve Probability
by using Permutation and Combination. Probability is simply total number of condition events divide by total events
without condition.

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Exercise – 01
1. A three-digit number is to be formed by using the digits 1,2,3,..., 9. What is the probability that the number
formed is greater than 500, if repetition is not allowed?
(a) 280/504 (b) 54/280 (c) 58/204 (d) 24/504

2. A bag contains 4 red and 7 green balls. If three balls are drawn from the bag, replaced, and once again three
balls are drawn from the bag, then what is the probability of obtaining 3 red balls on the first drawing and 3
green balls on the second drawing?
(a) 14/5445 (b) 14/27225 (c) 28/5445 (d) None of these

3. One number is selected at random from the first 25 natural numbers. What is the probability that it is a multiple
of either 5 or 7?
(a) 2/12 (b) 8/25 (c) 4/25 (d) None of these

4. A bag contains 5 green apples and 7 red apples. If two apples are drawn from the bag, then what is the
probability that one is red and the other is green?
(a) 12/66 (b) 35/66 (c) 2; 12 (d) 2/35

5. Find the chance of drawing 2 blue balls in secession from a bag containing 5 red and 7 blue. Balls, if the balls
are not being replaced.
3 21 7 21
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 64 22 61

6. From a pack of 52 cards, two are drawn at random. Find the chance that one is a knave and the other a
queen.
8 1 1 1
(a) 663
(b) 6
(c) 9
(d) 12

7. Three coins tossed, the probability that there is at least one tail is:
2 7 3 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 8 8 2

8. 100 students appeared for two examinations 60 passed the first, 50 passed the second and 30 passed both.
Find the probability that a student selected at random has failed in both the examinations?
1 1 5 5
(a) 5
(b) 7
(c) 7
(d) 6

9. What is the probability of throwing a number greater than 2 with a fair dice?
2 2 3
(a) 3
(b) 5
(c) 1 (d) 5

Directions(Q10 to Q13): Two fair coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of

10. Getting only one head.

(a) ½ (b) 1/3 (c) 2/3 (d) ¾

11. Getting atleast one head.

(a) 1/4 (b) 3/4 (c) 2/3 (d) 1/3

12. Getting two heads

2 1 1 4
(a) 7
(b) 4
(c) 2
(d) 5
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13. Getting atleast two heads:

1 1
(a) ¾ (b) (c) (d) 1
2 4

Directions(Q14 to Q20): Three fair coins are tossed simultaneously. Fund the probability of

14. Getting one head:

3
(a) 0 (b) 3/4 (c) 5/8 (d) 8

15. Getting one tail.

1 5 3
(a) 1 (b) 4
(c) 8
(d) 8

16. Getting atleast one head.

7 1 3 1
(a) 8
(b) 8
(c) 4
(d) 4

17. Getting two heads.

3 3 5 2
(a) 5
(b) 8
(c) 8
(d) 5

18. Getting atleast two heads.

3 7 1 1
(a) 8
(b) 8
(c) 2
(d) 4

19. Getting atleast one head and one tail.

2 1 3 3
(a) 8
(b) 2
(c) 10
(d) 4

20. Getting more heads than the number of tails.

7 5 1
(a) 2 (b) 8
(c) 8
(d) 2

Directions (Q21 to Q29): Two dice are rolled simultaneously. Find the probability of

21. Getting a total of 9.

1 1 8 9
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 9 9 10

22. Getting a sum greater than 9.

10 5 1 8
(a) 11
(b) 6
(c) 6
(d) 9

23. Getting a total of 9 or 11.

2 20 1 1
(a) 99
(b) 99
(c) 6
(d) 10

24. Getting a doublet.

(a) 1/12 (b) 0 (c) 5/8 (d) 1/6

25. Getting a doublet of even numbers.

(a) 5/8 (b) 1/12 (c) 3/4 (d) ¼

26. Getting a multiple of 2 on one die and a multiple of 3 one the other.
15 25 11 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
36 36 36 6
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27. Getting the sum of numbers on the two faces divisible by 3 or 4

1 5 7
(a) 4/9 (b) (c) (d)
7 9 12

28. Getting the sum as a prime number.

3 5 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 12 2 4

29. Getting atleast one “5”.

3 1 5 11
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 5 36 36

Directions (Q30 to Q38): One card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. Each of the 52 cards being equally likely to
be drawn. Find the probability that

30. The card drawn is black.

1 1 8
(a) 2
(b) 4
(c) 13
(d) can’t be determine

31. The card drawn is a queen.

1 1 1 3
(a) 12
(b) 13
(c) 4
(d) 4

32. The card drawn is black and a queen.

1 1 1 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 52 26 6

33. The card drawn is either black or a queen.

15 13 7 15
(a) 26
(b) 17
(c) 13
(d) 26

34. The card drawn is either king or a queen.

5 1 2 12
(a) 26
(b) 13
(c) 13
(d) 13

35. The card drawn is either a heart, a queen or a king.

17 21 19 9
(a) 52
(b) 52
(c) 52
(d) 26

36. The card drawn is neither a spade nor a king.

9 1 4
(a) 0 (b) 13
(c) 2
(d) 13

37. The card drawn is neither an ace nor a king

11 1 2 11
(a) 13
(b) 2
(c) 13
(d) 26

38. The odds in favour of an event are 2:7. Find the probability of occurrence of this event.
2 5 7 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9 12 12 5

39. The odds against of an event are 5:7. Find the probability of occurrence of this event.
3 7 2 5
(a) 8
(b) 12
(c) 7
(d) 12

40. From a group of 3 men and 2 women, two persons are selected at random. Find the probability that atleast
one woman is selected.

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1 7 2 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 10 5 6

41. The probability of occurrence of two events A and B are ¼ and ½ respectively. The probability of their
7
simultaneous occurrence is 50. Find the probability that either A or B must occur.
61 29 39 56
(a) 100
(b) 100
(c) 100
(d) 99

𝐵
42. If A and B are two events such that P(A) = 0.4, P(B) = 0.8 and P ( ) = 0.6, find P (A∪B)
𝐴
(a) 0.24 (b) 0.96 (c) 0.04 (d) none of these

43. Three fair coins are tossed. Find the probability that they are all tails, if one of the coins shows a tail.
2 5 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
7 14 7

44. A die is thrown twice and the sum of the numbers appearing is observed to be 9. What is the conditional
probability that the number 4 has appeared atleast once?
1 2 3
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) none of these

45. A die is rolled. If the outcome is an odd number, what is the probability that it is a number greater than 1?
2 1 3 5
(a) 3
(b) 3
(c) 8
(d) 6

46. In a class 45% students read English, 30% read French and 20% read both English and French. One student
is selected at random, Find the probability that he reads English, if it is known that he reads French.
1 2 5
(a) 3
(b) 3
(c) 6
(d) none of these

47. Two balls are drawn from a bag containing 2 white, 3 red and 4 black balls one by one without replacement.
What is the probability that atleast one ball is red?
7 5 3
(a) 12
(b) 12
(c) 10
(d) none of these

EXERCISE – 01 (Solutions)
1. Ans. (a) Solution: Total multiples of 5 = 5, 10, 15, 20, 25
Solution: Total number of three digit numbers = 5 numbers
that can be formed without repetition = 9x9x8 Total multiples of 7 = 7,14,21=3 numbers
Total number of three digit numbers greater Hence, total required number = 8 numbers
than 500 that can be formed without repetition = 8
The required probability = 25
5x9x8
5𝑥9𝑥8
4. Ans. (b)
Therefore, the required probability = 9𝑥9𝑥8 5𝐶1 ×7𝐶1
Solution: The required probability = 12𝐶2
hence, option (a) is the answer. 35
2. Ans. (c) = 66
Solution: 5. Ans. (c)
4𝐶3 ×7𝐶3 Solution: Event definitions: First is blue and
The required probability = 11𝐶
3 ×11𝐶3
140
second is blue
=165×165 =7/12 x 6/11
3. Ans. (b) = 7/22
6. Ans. (a)

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Solution: Knave and queen or Queen and n(s) = 8

Knave 14. Ans. (d)
4/52 x 4/51 + 4/52 x 4/51 Solution: E = [HT T, THT, T TH]
= 8/663 n(E) = 3
7. Ans. (b) 3
P(E) = 8
Solution: At least one tail is the non – event for
15. Ans. (d)
all heads.
Solution: E = [HHT, HTH, THH]
Thus, P (at least 1 tail) = 1 – P(all heads)
n(E) = 3
= 1-1/8 3
P(E) = 8
= 7/8
8. Ans. (a) 16. Ans. (a)
Solution: Solution: E = [HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH,
it is evident that 80 student passed at least 1 exam. THT, TTH,]
Thus 20 failed both and the required probability is n(E) = 7
7
20/100 = 1/5. P(E) = 8
9. Ans. (a) 17. Ans. (b)
Solution: 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 = 4/6 Solution: E = [HHT, HTH, THH]
= 2/3 n(E) = 3
10. Ans. (a) 3
P(E) = 8
Solution:
S = [HH, HT, TH, TT] 18. Ans. (c)
n(s) = 4 Solution: E = [HHH, HHT, HTH, THH]
n(E) = 4
4
E = [HT, TH] P(E) = 8
n(E) = 2 1
=
𝑛(𝐸) 2 1 2
P(E) = = = 19. Ans. (d)
𝑛(𝑆) 4 2
11. Ans. (b) Solution: E = [HHT, THT, HTT, THT, TTH]
Solution: n(E) = 6
6
S = [HH, HT, TH, TT] P(E) = 8
n(s) = 4 3
=
E = [HH, HT, TH] 4

n(E) = 3 20. Ans. (d)

12. Ans. (b) Solution: E = [HHH, HHT, HTH, THH]
Solution: n(E) = 4
4
S = [HH, HT, TH, TT] P(E) = 8
n(s) = 4 =
1
2
E = [H,H]
Hint (Q21 to Q29):
n(E) = 1
1 S=
P(E) = 4 [(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(1,5),(1,6),(2,1),(2,2),……
13. Ans. (c) …(6,5), (6,6)]
Solution: n(S) = 6x6=36
S = [HH, HT, TH, TT] 21. Ans. (b)
n(s) = 4 Solution: E = {(6,3),(5,4),(4,5),(3,6)}
E = [H,H] n(E) = 4
n(E) = 1 4
P(E) = 36
1
P(E) = 4 1
=9
Hint (Q14 to Q20):
22. Ans. (c)
S = [HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH,
Solution: E = {(6,4),(5,5),(4,6),(6,5),(5,6),(6,6)}
TTT]
n(E) = 6
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6 Hint(Q30 to Q37)
P(E) =
36
1 S =(52 cards)
=6
23. Ans. (c)
Solution: E = {(6,3),(5,4),(4,5),(3,6)(6,5),(5,6)}
n(E) = 6
6
P(E) = 36
1
=
6
24. Ans. (d)
Solution: E = {(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(4,4), (5,5),(6,6)}
n(E) = 6 In each of the four there is one ace, one king,
6
P(E) = 36 one queen and one jack (or knave) and rest 9
1 cards are numbered.
=9
30. Ans. (a)
25. Ans. (b) Solution:
Solution: E = {(2,2),(4,4),(6,6)} N(S) = 52
n(E) = 3 n(E) = 26
3 26
P(E) = P(E) =
36 52
1 1
= =
12 2
26. Ans. (c) 31. Ans. (b)
Solution: E = Solution:
{(2,3),(2,6),(4,3),(4,6),(6,3),(6,6,),(3,2),(6,2),(3,4) N(S) = 52
,(6,4),(3,6),} n(E) = 4
n(E) = 11 4
11
P(E) = 52
P(E) = 1
36 = 13
11
= 36
32. Ans. (c)
27. Ans. (c) Solution:
Solution: E = N(S) = 52
{(1,2),(1,5),(2,1),(2,4),(3,3,),(3,6),(4,2),(4,5),(5,1) Since drawn card must be black so there are
,(5,4),(6,3),(6,6), only two queens.
(1,3),(2,2),(2,6),(3,1),(3,5),(4,4),(5,3),(6,2)} Hence
n(E) = 20 n(E) = 2
20 2
P(E) = 36 P(E) = 52
5 1
=9 = 26
28. Ans. (b) 33. Ans. (c)
Solution: E = Solution:
{(1,1),(1,2),(1,4),(1,6),(2,1),(2,3),(2,5),(3,2),(3,4), N(S) = 52
(4,1),(4,3),(5,2),(5,6),(6,1),(6,5)} There are 26 black cards (including two
n(E) = 15 queens).
15
P(E) = 36 Besides it there are two more queens (in red
5 colours)
= 12
Thus
29. Ans. (d) n(E) = 26+2=28
Solution: E = 28
P(E) =
{(1,5),(2,5),(3,5),(4,5),(5,5),(6,5),(5,1),(5,2),(5,3), 52
7
(5,4),(5,6) } = 13
n(E) = 11 34. Ans. (c)
11
P(E) = 36 Solution:
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N(S) = 52 P (A or B) = P(A∪B)
There are 4 kings and 4 queens = P (A)+P(B) - P (A∩B)
E = K∪Q 1 1 7 61
= + − =
4 2 50 100
n(E) =4+4=8
8 2
42. Ans. (b)
P(E) = 52 = 13 Solution: P(A∪B) =0.96
35. Ans. (c) 43. Ans. (c)
Solution: Solution: Here S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH,
N(S) = 52 HTT, THT, TTH, TTT}
There are 13 hears (including one queen and Let A be the event that one of the coins shows a
one king). Besides it there are 3 queens and 3 tail
kings in remaining 3 suits each. A = {HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTTT}
Thus 7
P(A) =
8
n(E) = 13+3+3=19
19
Now, let B be the event that they are all tails
P(E) = B = {TTT}
52
36. Ans. (b) 1
P(B) =
8
Solution:
(A ∩ B) = {TTT}
N(S) = 52 1
(A ∩ B) =
There are 13 spades (including one king). 8
Besides there are 3 more kings in remaining 3 𝐵 𝑃(A ∩ B) 1/8 1
𝑃( ) = = =
suits). 𝐴 𝑃(𝐴) 7/8 7
Thus 44. Ans. (a)
n(E) = 13+3=16 Solution: Let A be the event of getting the sum 9
P(𝐸̅ ) =52-16=36 and B be the event of getting atleast on 4.
36 11 Then A= {(3, 6), (4,5),(5,4), (6,3)}
P(𝐸̅ ) = =
52 13
B = {(1,4), (2,4), (3,4), (4,4),()5,4}, (6,4),
37. Ans. (a)
(4,1),(4,2), (4,3), (4,5),(4,6)}
Solution:
Then A∩B = {(4,5)(5,4)}
N(S) = 52 𝐴 𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵)
There are 4 aces and 4 kings Required probability = P ( ) =
𝐵 𝑝(𝐵)
n(E) =4+4=8 𝑛(𝐴∩𝐵) 2 1
= 𝑛(𝐴)
=4=2
P(𝐸̅ ) =52-8=44
44 11 45. Ans. (a)
P(𝐸̅ ) = =
52 13 Solution: Let A = event of getting an odd
38. Ans. (a) number and B = the event of getting a number
Solution: Total number of outcomes = 2+7=9 greater than 1.
Favourable number of cases = 2 A = {1,3,5}, B = {3,5}, A∩B = {3,5}
2 𝐴 𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵) 𝑛(𝐴∩𝐵)
P(E) = ∴ Required probability = P (𝐵) = =
9 𝑝(𝐵) 𝑛(𝐴)
39. Ans. (b) 2
=3
Solution: Total number of outcomes = 5+7 = 12
Number of cases against the occurrence of 46. Ans. (b)
event = 5 Solution: Let A be the event of reading English
Number of cases in favour of event = 12-5=7 and B be the event of reading French.
7 45 9 30 3
P(E) = 12 Then P(A) = 100 = 20, P(B) = 100 = 10
20 1
40. Ans. (b) And P (A∩B) = 100 = 5
Solution: n(S) = 5C2=10 𝐴 𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵)
1
2
5
n(E) = (2C1X3C1)+(2C2) = 7 Required probability = P (𝐵) = 𝑝(𝐵)
= 3 =3
10
7
P(E) = 10 47. Ans. (a)
41. Ans. (a) Solution: Let A be the event of not getting a red
1 1 7 ball in first draw and B be the event of getting a
Solution: P(A) = , P(B) = and P (A∩B) =
4 2 50

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 Page 11 of 28

red ball in second draw. Then required 2 5 7

= 1- (3 x 8) = 12
probability 6 2
= Probability that atleast on ball is red Here P(A) = =
9 3
𝐵 5
= 1-Probability that none is red And P ( ) = [There are 5 balls (excluding 3 red
𝐴 8
= 1-P(A and B) balls)after the selection of one non-red ball]
= 1-P(A∩B)
𝐵
= 1-P(A).P(𝐴)

Exercise – 02
1. It is known that at noon, the sun is hidden by clouds on an average of two days out of every three days. Find
the probability that at noon on at least four out of five days the sun will be shining.
(a) 9/11 (b) 11/243
(c)11/81 (d) None of these

2. Two fair dice are thrown. What is the probability that the number of dots on the first dice exceeds 3 and that on
the second exceeds 4?
(a) 26 (b) 3/6 (c) 1/6 (d) 5/6

3. What is the probability that there are 53 Sundays and 53 Tuesdays in a leap year?
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 0.5 (d) None of these

4. What is the probability that there are at least 52 Sundays in a leap year?
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 0.5 (d) None of these

5. What is the probability that there are 53 Sundays and 53 Saturdays in a leap year?
(a) 1/7 (b) 2/7 (c) 0 (d) None of these

6. What is the probability that there are 53 Sundays in a leap year?

(a) 2/7 (b) 1/7 (c) 0 (d) None of these

7. What is the chance of throwing a number greater than 4 with an ordinary dice whose faces are numbered from
1 to 6?

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 Page 12 of 28

1 1 1 1
(a) 3
(b) 6
(c) 9
(d) 8

8. Amit throws three dice in a special game of Ludo. If it is known that he needs 15 or higher in this throw to win
then find the chance of his winning the game.
5 17 13 15
(a) 54
(b) 216
(c) 216
(d) 216

9. In a horse race there were 18 horses numbered 1-18. The probability that horse I would win is 1/6, that 2
would win is 1/10 and that 3 would win is 1/8. Assuming that a tie is impossible, find the chance that one of the
three will win.
47 119 11 1
(a) 120
(b) 120
(c) 129
(d) 5

10. Two balls are to be drawn from a bag containing 8 grey and 3 blue balls. Find the chance that they will both be
blue.
1 3 11 14
(a) 5
(b) 55
(c) 15
(d) 45

11. In a certain lottery the prize is 1 crore and 5000 tickets have been sold. What is the expectation of a man who
holds 10 tickets?
(a) 20,000 (b) 25,000 (c) 30,000 (d) 15,000

12. If a number of two digits is formed with the digits 2,3,5,7,9 without repetition of digits, what is the probability
that the number formed is 35?
1 1 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
10 20 11 11

13. A bag contains 20 balls marked 1 to 20. One ball is drawn at random. Find the probability that it is marked with
a number multiple of 5 or 7.
3 7 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
10 10 11 3

14. A bag contains 3 red, 6 white and 7 black balls. Two balls are drawn at random. What is the probability that
both are black?
1 7 12 13
(a) 8
(b) 40
(c) 40
(d) 40

15. A box contains 5 defective and 15 non-defective bulbs. Two bulbs are chosen at random. Find the probability
that both the bulbs are non-defective.
5 3 21
(a) 19
(b) 20
(c) 38
(d) none of these

16. A die is thrown twice, what is the probability that atleast one of the two throws come up with the number 5?
11 5 15
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
36 6 36

17. A card is drawn at random from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of its being a heart or a
king.
4 9 8 11
(a) 13
(b) 13
(c) 13
(d) 26

18. A card is drawn from a deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting a red card or a heart or a king.
6 7 11 15
(a) 13
(b) 13
(c) 26
(d) 26

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 Page 13 of 28

19. Four cards are drawn at a time from a pack of 52 playing cards. Find the probability of getting all the four
cards of the same suit.
5 12 44 44
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 65 4165 169

20. A natural number is chosen at random from amongst the first 300. What is the probability that the number so
chosen is divisible by 3 or 5?
48 4 1
(a) 515
(b) 150
(c) 2
(d) none of these

21. In a class 40% of the students offered Physics 20% offered Chemistry and 5% offered both. If a student is
selected at random, find the probability that he has offered Physics or Chemistry only.
(a) 45% (b) 55% (c) 36% (d) none of these

22. An urn contains 4 white 6 black and 8 red balls. If 3 balls are drawn one by one without replacement, find the
probability of getting all white balls.
5 1
(a) 204
(b) 204
(c) 13/204 (d) none of these

23. A box contains 25 tickets, numbered 1, 2, 3,…25. A ticket is drawn and them another ticket is drawn without
replacement. Find the probability that both tickets will show odd numbers.
37 13 13
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
50 50 25

24. Two persons A and B throw a die alternatively till one them gets a three and wins the game, Fine the
respective probabilities of winning.
6 5 5 8 3 7 8 3
(a) . (b) . (c) . (d) .
11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11

25. Two persons A and B throw a coin alternatively till one of them gets head and wins the game, Find their
respective probabilities of winning.
1 5 3 4 2 1 1 5
(a) , (b) , (c) , (d) ,
3 6 5 5 3 3 6 6

26. From a pack of 52 cards, two are drawn one by without replacement. Find the probabilities that both them are
kings.
11 13 1 1
(a) 21
(b) 121
(c) 221
(d) 121

1 2
27. The probability that A hits a target is 3 and the probability that B hits it, is 5,What is the probability that the
target will be hit, it each one of A and B shoots the target?
5 3 11 1
(a) 6
(b) 5
(c) 15
(d) 6

1 1 1
28. A problem is given to three students whose chances of solving it are 2 , 3 and 4 respectively. What is the
probability that the problem will be solved?
1 1 3 7
(a) 4
(b) 2
(c) 4
(d) 12

29. An air gun can take a maximum of 4 shots at a balloon at some distance, The probabilities of hitting the
balloon at the first, second, third and fourth shot are 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 respectively. What is the probability
that the balloon is hit?
(a) 0.6976 (b) 0.6576 (c) 0.786 (d) none of these

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 Page 14 of 28

30. A speaks truth in 60% and B is 80% of the cases. In what percentage of cases are they likely to contradict
each other narrating the same incident?
(a) 44% (b) 36% (c) 64% (d) 48%

31. A bag contains 4 red and 3 black balls. A second bag contains 2 red and 4 black balls. One bag is selected at
random. From the selected bag, one ball is drawn. Find the probability that the ball drawn is red.
23 19 7 16
(a) 42
(b) 42
(c) 32
(d) 39

32. A box contains 20 bulbs. The probability that the box contains exactly 2 defective bulbs is0.4 and the
probability that the box contains exactly 3 defective bulbs is 0.6. Bulbs are drawn at random one by one
without replacement and tested till the defective bulbs are found, What is the probability that the testing
procedure ends at the twelfth testing?
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) can’t be determined (d) none of these

33. There are 3 boxes each containing 3 red and 5 green balls, Also there are 2 boxes, each containing 4 red and
2 green balls, A green ball is selected at random. Find the probability that this green ball is from a box of the
first group.
54 45 8
(a) 61
(b) 61
(c) 31
(d) none of these

34. A man speaks truth 3 out of 4 times. He throws a die and reports that it is a six. Find the probability that is
actually a six.
3 5 7 1
(a) 8
(b) 8
(c) 8
(d) 12

35. The digits 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, are written in random order to form a nine digit number. Find the probability that
this number is divisible by 4:
4 2 17
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
9 9 81

36. If from each of the three boxes containing 3 white and 1 black 2 white and 2 black, 1 white and 3 black balls,
one ball is drawn at random, then the probability that 2 white and 1 black ball will be drawn is:
13 27 19
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
32 32 32

37. There are four calculators and it is known that exactly two of them are defective. They are tested one by one
in a random order till both the defective calculators are identified. Then the probability that only two tests are
required is
5 1 1 1
(a) 6
(b) 2
(c) 6
(d) 3

38. 20 girls, among whom are A and B sit down at a round table. The probability that there are 4 girls between A
and B is:
17 2 13 6
(a) 19
(b) 19
(c) 19
(d) 19

EXERCISE – 02 (Solutions)
1. Ans. (b) At least four out of five days, sun will be shining
Solution: Probability that the sun is hidden = = Probability of exactly four days = probability of
2/3; so, the probability that the sun is not hidden exactly five days
by clouds = Sun will be shining = 1/3

No Substitute to Hardwork
 Page 15 of 28

= 5C4× (1/3)4× (2/3)1 +5C5× (1/3)5 × (2/3)6 = Solution: 1/6 + 1/10 + 1/8 = 47/120
2 1 11 10. Ans. (b)
5× +1× =
243 243 243
Solution: The event definition would be given
2. Ans. (c)
by:
Solution: Ways in which number of dots on the
First is blue and second is blue is blue = 3/11 x
first dice exceed 3 = 4,5,6=3 ways
2/10
Ways in which number of dots on the second
= 3/55
dice exceed 4=5, 6=2 ways
3×2 11. Ans. (a)
Hence, the required probability = 6×6 Solution: Expectation = Probability of winning x
= 1/6 Reward of winning = (10/5000) x 1 crore = (1
3. Ans. (a) crore/500)
Solution: In a leap year, there are 366 days = 52 = 20000.
weeks + 2 days extra 12. Ans. (b)
If there are 53 Sundays, then the other extra Solution: 1/5P2 = 1/20.
day will be either a Saturday or Monday. Hence, 13. Ans. (a)
the required probability = 0. Solution: Positive Outcomes are: 5,7,10,14,15
4. Ans. (b) or 20
Solution: All the days will occur atleast 52 times. Thus, 6/20 = 3/10
Hence, the required probability = 1. 14. Ans. (b)
5. Ans. (a) Solution: Black and black = (7/16) x 6/15
Solution: There are 7 different possibilities. = 7/40
Hence, the required probability = 1/7. 15. Ans. (c)
6. Ans. (a) Solution: n(S) = 20C2=190
Solution: There are two extra days and seven n(E) = 15C2 = 105
different possibilities viz. (Sunday, Monday), 105
P(E) = 190 = 38
21

(Monday, Tuesday), (Tuesday, Wednesday),

16. Ans. (a)
(Wednesday, Thursday), (Thursday, Friday),
Solution: A = {(5,),(5,2),(5,3),(5,4),(5,5),(5,6),}
(Friday, Saturday), and (Saturday, Sunday).
B = {(1,5),(2,5),(3,5),(4,5),(5,5),(6,5)}
Hence, the required probability = 2/7.
A∩B = {(5,5)}
7. Ans. (a)
Also
Solution: 5 or 6 out of a sample space of
n(S) = 36
1,2,3,4,5 or 6 = 2/6 = 1/3 6 1
8. Ans. (a) P(A) = =
36 6
Solution: Event definition is: 15 or 16 or 17 or 6 1
P(B) = 36 = 6
18.
And
15 can be got as: 5 and 5 and 5 (one way) 1
A∩B =36
Or
6 and 5 and 4 (Six ways) Required probability = P(A)+P(B)-P(A∩B)
Or 1 1 1 11
= + − =
6 and 6 and 3 (3 ways) 6 6 36 36
Total 10 ways. 17. Ans. (a)
16 can be got as. 6 and 6 and 4 (3 ways) Solution: n(S) = 52
Or A → The event of getting a heart
6 and 5 and 5 (3 ways) B → The event of getting a king
Total 6 ways. Then A∩B → The event of getting a king of
17 has 3 ways and 18 has 1 way of appearing. heart.
13 1 4 1
Thus, the required probability is: P(A) = 52 = 4, P(B) = 52 = 13
(10+6+3+1)/216 and
= 20/216 (A∩B) = 52
1

= 5/54.
P (a heart or a king) = P (A or B) = P(A∩B)
9. Ans. (a)
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 Page 16 of 28

= P(A) + P(B) - P(A∩B)

1 1 1 4 N(A) = 100, n(B) = 60, n(A ∩ B)=20
= + − =
4 13 52 13 100 1 60 1 20
18. Ans. (b) P(A) = = , 𝑃(𝐵) = = , 𝑃(A ∩ B) = =
300 3 300 5 600
Solution: n(S) = 52 1
30
Let A, B, C be the events of getting a red card, a
P(A∪B) = P(A)+P(B)-P(A ∩ B)
heart and a king respectively. 1 1 1 1
Then =3 + 5 − 30 = 2
n(A) = 26, n(B) = 13, n(c) = 4 21. Ans. (b)
Clearly n (A∩B) = 13, n(B∩C) = 1 Solution: n(S) = 100
N (A∩C) = 2, n(A∩B∩ 𝐶) = 1 n(A) = 40, n(B) = 20, n(A ∩ B) = 5
26 1 13 1
P(A) = 52 = 2 , 𝑃(𝐵) = 52 = 4 , 𝑃(𝐶) = 52 = 13
4 1 P(A∪B) = P(A)+P(B)-P(A ∩ B)
40 20 5
13 1 1 = + −
P(A∩B) = = , 𝑃(B ∩ C) = 100 100 100
52 4 52
55
2 1 P(A∪B) = = 55%
𝑃(A ∩ C) = = 100
52 26 22. Ans. (b)
1
𝑃(A ∩ B ∩ C) = Solution: Let A, B, C be the events of getting a
52
white ball in first, second and third fraw
P (a red card, or a heart or a king) = P(A∪B∪C)
respectively, then
= P(A)+P(B)+P(C)- 𝑃(A ∩ B) + 𝑃(B ∩ C) +
Required probability = P(A∩B∩C)
𝑃(A ∩ C) + 𝑃(A ∩ B ∩ C) 𝐵 𝐶
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 = P(A)P( )P ( )
𝐴 𝐴∩𝐵
= + + −( + + )+ =
2 4 13 4 52 26 52 13 Now P(A) = probability of drawing a white ball in
19. Ans. (c) 4 2
first draw = 18
=9
Solution: n(S) = 52C4
Let E1, E2, E3, E4, be the event of getting all When a white ball is drawn in the first draw
there are 17 balls left in the urn, out of which 3
spades, all clubs, all hearts and all diamonds
are white
respectively.
𝐵 3
Then P( ) =
𝐴 17
n(E1) = 13C4 Since the ball drawn is not replaced, therefore
n(E2) = 13C4 after drawing a white ball in the second draw
n(E3) = 13C4 there are 16 balls left in the run, out of which
n(E4) = 13C4 are white.
𝐶 2 1
P(𝐴∩𝐵) = 16 = 8
13𝐶4 13𝐶4
n(E1) = 52𝐶 , P(E2) = 52𝐶 2 3 1 1
4 4 Hence the required probability = x × =
13𝐶4 13𝐶4 9 17 8 204
n(E3) = 52𝐶 , P(E4) = 52𝐶 23. Ans. (b)
4 4
Solution: Let A be the event of drawing an odd
Since E1, E2 E3, and E4 are mutually exclusive numbered ticket in the first draw and B be the
events. event of drawing an odd numbered ticket in the
P(getting all the 4 cards of the same suit) second draw. Then
𝐵
P(E1 or E2 or E3 or E4) = P(𝐸1 )+ P(𝐸2 )+ P(𝐸3 )+ Required probability = P(A∩B) = P(A)P( )
𝐴
P(𝐸4 ) 13
13𝐶 44 P(A) = 25, since there 13 odd number 1, 3, 5,
= 4 × (52𝐶4 ) = 4165
4
…25.
20. Ans. (c)
Solution: n(S) = 300 Since the ticket drawn in the first draw is not
Let A be the event of getting a number divisible replaced, therefore second ticket drawn is from
by 3 and B be the event of getting a number the remaining 24 tickets, out of which 12 are
divisible by 5 and (A ∩ B) be the event of getting odd numbered.
a number divisible by both 3 and 5 both

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 Page 17 of 28

𝐵 12 1 1 1 1 4 2
P(𝐴) = 24 = 2 =2 1 2
= (2 × 3) = 3
[1−( ) ]
2
13 1 13
Hence, required probability = x =
25 2 50 2 2 1
Thus P (A wins) = 3 and P(B wins) = (1 − 3) = 3
24. Ans. (a)
26. Ans. (c)
Solution: Let E = the event that A gets a three 4 3 1
and F = the event that B gets a three Solution: Required probability = 52 x 51 x 221
1 1 27. Ans. (b)
Then, P(E) = 6, P(F) = 6
5 5 Solution: Let A = the event that A hits the target.
P(𝐸̅ ) = 6, P(𝐹̅ ) = 6 And B = the event that B hits the target
Suppose A wins then, he gets a three in 1st or 1 2
As given we have P(A) = 3 and P(B) = 5
3rd of 5th throw etc.
Clearly A and B are independent events
∴ P(A wins) = P[E or (𝐸̅ 𝐹̅ 𝐸) or (𝐸̅ 𝐹̅ 𝐸̅ 𝐹̅ 𝐸) or 1 2 2
….∞] P (A∩B) = P(A). P(B) = 3 x 5 = 15
= P [E or (𝐸̅ 𝐴𝑁𝐷 𝐹̅ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸) + P(𝐸̅ and 𝐹̅ and P (target is hit) = P (A hits or B hits)
𝐸̅ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹̅ and E) + …∞] = P(A∪B) = P (A) + P(B) – P(A∩B)
1 2 2 3
P [E or = + - x
3 5 15 5
(𝐸 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸)𝑜𝑟 (𝐸 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸)𝑜𝑟 … … .. 28. Ans. (c)
] Solution: Let A, B, C be the respective events of
= P(E) + P(E and F and E) + P(E and F and E solving the problem and 𝐴̅, 𝐵̅, 𝐶̅ be the
and F and E)+….∞ respective events of not solving the problem.
=P(E) + P(E) P(F) P(E) + P(E) P(F) P(E) Then A, B, C are independent events
P(F).P(E)+…..∞ ∴ 𝐴̅, 𝐵̅, 𝐶̅ are independent events
1 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 1
= 6 + 6 × 6 × 6 + 6 × 6 × 6 × 6 × 6 + ⋯..∞
1 1 1
1 1 5 2 1 5 4 Now, P(A) = P(B) = and P(C) =
= 6 + 6 (6) + 6 (6) + ⋯ . ∞ 2 3 4
1 2 3
1 5 2 5 4 P(𝐴̅) = 2 P(𝐵̅) = 3 and P(𝐶̅ ) = 4
= 6 [1 + (6) + (6) + ⋯ . ∞]
1 1 1 36 6
= =( . )= ∴ P (None solves the problem)
6 [1−(5)2 ] 6 11 11
6 = P(not A) and (not B) and (not C)
6 5
Thus, P (A wins) = 11 and P(B wins) = 11 = P(𝐴̅) ∩ 𝐵̅ ∩ 𝐶̅ )
25. Ans. (c) = P(𝐴̅)P(𝐵̅)P(𝐶̅ ) (∴𝐴̅, 𝐵̅ AND 𝐶̅ are
Solution: We have, P(H) = 2 and P(T) = 2
1 1 independent)

Now, A wins if he throws a head in 1st, or 3rd or 1 2 3 1

=2x3x4=4
5th or. Draw
∴ P(A wins) = P[H or (T TH) or (T T T TH) or Hence, P (the problem will be solved)
(TTTTT TH) or…. = 1- P (None solves the problem)
1 3
= P(H)+ P(T TH)+ P(TTT TH)+…. = 1- =
4 4
= P(H)+ P(T)P(T)P(H)+ P(T) P(T) P(T) P(T) 29. Ans. (a)
P(H)+ Solution: Let 𝑃1 = 0.1, 𝑃2 = 0.2, 𝑃3 = 0.3, 𝑃4= 0.4
1 1 21 1 41 ∴ P (The balloon is hit) = P (the balloon is hit
= + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯..∞
2 2 2 2 2 atleast once)
= 1 – P(the balloon is hit in none of the shots)
1 1 3 1 5 = 1 – (1-𝑃1) (1-𝑃2) (1-𝑃3) (1-𝑃4)
= + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯..∞
2 2 2 = 1-(0.9)(0.8)(0.7)(0.6) = 0.6976
30. Ans. (a)
1 1 2 1 4 Solution: Let E = the event that A speaks the
= [1 + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯ . . ∞]
2 2 2 truth
And F = the event that B speaks the truth
Then 𝐸̅ = the event that A tells a lie.
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 Page 18 of 28

And 𝐹̅ = the event that B tells a lie. Consider the following events:
Clearly E and F are independent events, so E A = Testing procedure ends the twelfth testing
and 𝐹̅ and well as 𝐸̅ and F are independent. E1 = lot contains 2 defective bulbs
E2 = lot contains 3 defective bulbs
60 3 80 4 Required probability = P(A)
Now, P(E) = = , P(F) = =
100 5 100 5
= P(A∩E1) ∩P(A∩E2)
2 1 = P(A∩E1) + P (A∩E2)
P(𝐸̅ ) = , P(𝐹̅ ) = 𝐴 𝐴
5 5 = P(E1) P(𝐸 ) + P(A2)P(𝐸 )
∴ P(A and B contradict each other = P(A speaks 1 2

the truth and B tells a lie) 𝐴

Or (A tells a lie and B speaks the truth) Now P(𝐸 )= probability that first 11 draws
1
= P [E ∩ 𝐹̅ ] ∪ (𝐸̅ ∪ 𝐹)] contain 10 non defective and one defective and
= P (E ∩ 𝐹̅ ) + P(𝐸̅ ∩ 𝐹) 12th draw contains a defective article.
= P(E) P(𝐹̅ ) + P(𝐸̅ ) P(F) 18𝐶10 x 2𝐶
1 1
3 1 2 4
= 20𝐶11
x9
=5x5+5x5 𝐴
11 And P(𝐸 )= probability that first 11 draws contain
= 25 = 44% 2
9 non defective and 2 defective and 12th draw
So, A and B contradict each other in 44%
contains a defective article.
cases. 17𝐶9 x 3𝐶
2 1
31. Ans. (b) = 20𝐶11
x 9
Solution: A red ball can be drawn in to mutually
exclusive ways Hence, Required probability
(i) Selecting bag I and then drawing a red ball 18𝐶10 x 2𝐶 1 17𝐶9 x 3𝐶 1
1 2
from it. = 0.4 x x + 0.6 x x
20𝐶11 9 20𝐶11 9
(ii) Selecting bag II and then drawing a red ball 33. Ans. (b)
from it. Solution: Let E1, E2 and A be the events defined
Let E1 E2 and A denote the events defined as as follows:
follow. E1 = selecting a box from the first group
𝐸1 = Selecting bag I, E2 = selecting a box from the second group
𝐸2 = Selecting bag II and
A = drawing a red ball. A = ball drawn is green
Since one of the two bags is selected randomly, Since there are 5 boxes out of which 3 boxes
therefore belong the fire group and 2 boxes belong the
1 1
P(𝐸1 ) = 2 and P𝐸2 = 2 second group.
𝐴 Therefore
Now, P(𝐸 ) = Probability of drawing a red ball 3 2
1
4
P(E1) = 5, P(E2) = 5
when the first bag has been chosen = 7
If E1 has already occurred then a box from the
𝐴
P(𝐸 ) = Probability of drawing a red ball when first group x chosen. Then box chosen
2
2 contains 5 green balls and 3 red balls.
the second bag has been selected =
6
Therefore the probability of drawing a green
Using the law of total probability we have 5
𝐴 𝐴
ball from it is = 8
P (red ball) = P(A) = P(E1)P(𝐸 ) + P(E2)P(𝐸 ) 𝐴 5
1 4 1 2 19
1 2
So, P(𝐸 ) = 8
1
= x + x =
2 7 2 6 42
32. Ans. (d) 𝐴 2 1
Similarly P( ) = =
Solution: The testing procedure may terminate 𝐸2 6 3
at the twelfth testing in two mutually exclusive
𝐴
ways. Now, we have to find P(𝐸 )
1
(i) When lot contain 2 defective bulbs
By Bay’e rule, we have
(ii) When lot contains 3 defective bulbs.
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 Page 19 of 28

1B 2B 3B
𝐴
𝐸 P(𝐸1 )P( )
𝐸1
𝑃 ( 1) = 𝐴 𝐴 There can be three manually exclusive cases of
𝐴 P(𝐸1 )P(𝐸 )+ P(𝐸2 )P(𝐸 )
1 2
drawing 2 white balls and 1 black ball.
3 5
x
Box 1
5 8 45
=3 5 2 1 = 61
Box 2 Box 3
x + x
5 8 5 3
Case 1 1W
34. Ans. (a)
1W 1B
Solution: Let 𝐸1 E2 and A be the events defined
Case 2 1W
as follows:
1B 1W
𝐸1 = six occurs, E2 = six does not occur
Case 3 1B
And A = the man reports that it is a six.
1 5 1W 1W
We have, P(E1) = 6, P(E2) = 6
𝐴
Now P(𝐸 ) = probability that the man reports = P(𝑊1 ∩ 𝑊2 ∩ 𝐵3 )∪ (𝑊1 ∩ 𝐵2 ∩ 𝑊3)∪
1
(𝐵1 ∩ 𝑊2 ∩ 𝑊3 )
that there is a six on the die given that six has
= P(𝑊1) P(𝑊2) P(𝐵3)+ P(𝑊1) P(𝐵2) P(𝑊3)
occurred on the die. 3 2 3 3 2 1 1 2 1 26 13
3 = × × + × × + × × = =
= probability that the man speaks truth = 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 64 32
𝐴 37. Ans. (b)
And P( ) = probability that the man reports that Solution:
𝐸 2
there is six on the die given that six has not The total number of ways in which two
occurred on the die. calculators can be chosen out of four calculators
= Probability that the man does not speak truth is 4C2 = 6.
3 1 If only two tests are required to identify defective
=1-4=4
𝐸 calculators, then in first two tests defective
We have to find 𝑃 ( 𝐴1 ) calculators are identified. This can be done in
By Bayes rule, we have one way only.
1
Required probability =
𝐴 6
𝐸1 P(𝐸1 )P( )
𝑃( ) = 𝐴
𝐸1
𝐴
38. Ans. (a)
𝐴 P(𝐸1 )P(𝐸 )+ P(𝐸2 )P(𝐸 )
1 2 Solution:
20 girls can be seated around a round table in
1 3
× 3 19! ways.
6 4
=1 3 5 1 =
× + × 8 So, exhaustive number of cases = 19!
6 4 6 4
35. Ans. (b) Excluding A and B, out of remaining 18 girls, 4
Solution: girls can be selected 18C4 ways which can be
Total possible number of 4 digits = 4! = 24 arranged in 4! ways.
The number is divisible by 5 if unit digit itself is Remaining 20 - (4 - 2) = 14 girls can be
5. Therefore we fix 5 at unit place and then arranged in 14! ways.
remaining 3 places can be filed up in 3! Ways. Also A and B mutually can be arranged in 2!
3! 6 1 ways.
Hence, the required probability = 4! = 24 = 4
:. Required number of arrangements = I8C4 x 4!
36. Ans. (a)
x 2! x !4!
Solution:
=
Box 1 Box 2
18! x 2
Box 3 18!×2 2
3W 2W 1W Required probability = 19!
= 19

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Exercise – 03

1. In a convex hexagon, two diagonals are drawn at random. The probability that the diagonals intersect at an
interior point of the hexagon is:
1 1
(a) (b) (c) 3/28 (d) None of these
56 8

2. Seven white balls and 3 black balls are placed in a row at random. The probability that no two black balls are
adjacent is.
1 7 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 15 15 3

3. Three dice are thrown simultaneously. The probability of getting a sum of 15 is:
1 5 5
(a) 72 (b) 36
(c)72 (d) None of these

4. A box contains 6 red balls, 7 green balls, and 5 blue balls. Each ball is of a different size The probability that
the red ball being selected is:
1 1 1 2
(a) 18 (b) 3 (c)6 (d) 3

5. A dice is thrown 2n + 1 times, n𝜖N. The probability that the faces with even numbers show odd number of
times is:
2𝑛+1 1
(a) 4𝑛+1 (b) Lem than 2
1
(c) Greater than 2 (d) None of these

6. Let A = {2, 3, 4, .... 20, 21}. A number is chosen at random from the set A and it is found to be a prime
number. The probability that H is more than 10 is
9 1
(a) 10
(b) 10
1
(c) (d) None of these
5

7. Triangles are formed by joining vertices of an octagon Any one of those triangle is selected at random. What is
the probability that the selected triangle has no side common with the octage.
(a) 3/7 (b) 2/7 (c) 5/7 (d) 1/7

8. A month is randomly selected from the months in a non-leap year and it is found that it has five Sundays.
What is the probability that it has five Mondays?
(a) 1/7 (b) 2/7 (c) 2/3 (d) 20/33

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9. Manoj throws a fair dice. He is promised an amount thrice the value of the number showing up if the number
thrice the value of the number showing up if the number showing up is odd and an amount twice the value of
the number showing up if it is even. What is the maximum amount Manoj is willing to pay each time to throw
the dice, if in the long run he wants to make an average profit of 5 per throw?
(a) 3.50 (b) 8.5 (c) 5 (d) None of these

10. There is a frame of a cuboid of length 6 units, breadth 5 units, and height 7 units. The cuboid is only
composed of skeleton of 210 cubes of side 1. An insect is on one corner of the cube and it wants to travel to
the opposite end of the longest diagonal. It can only travel along the sides of the small cube and it always
takes the shortest possible route. Find the probability that it passes through at least one of the corners.
1 7 5
(a) 6
(b) 12
(c) 18
(d) None of these

11. A natural number x is chosen at random from the first one hundred natural numbers. What is the probability
100
that x + 𝑥
> 50?
(a) 13/20 (b) 3/5 (c) 9/20 (d) 11/20

12. If 8 coins are tossed, what is the chance that one and only one will turn up Head?
1 3 3 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
16 35 32 32

13. A speaks the truth 3 out of 4 times, and B 5 out of 6 times. What is the probability that they will contradict each
other in starting the same fact?
2 1 5
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
3 3 6

14. A party of n persons sit at a round table. Find the odds against two specified persons sitting next to each
other.
𝑛+1 𝑛−3 𝑛+3
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
2 2 2

15. In four throws with a pair of dices what is the chance of throwing a double twice?
11 25 35 41
(a) (b) (c) (d)
216 216 126 216

16. A fair coin is tossed repeatedly. If Head appears on the first four tosses then the probability of appearance of
tail on the fifth toss is
1 1 3 2
(a) 7
(b) 2
(c) 7
(d) 3

17. A team of 4 is to be constituted out of 5 girls and 6 boys. Find the probability that the team may have 3 girls.
4 3 5 2
(a) 11
(b) 11
(c) 11
(d) 11

18. A bag contains 5 red, 4 green and 3 black balls. If three balls are drawn out of it at random, find the probability
of drawing exactly 2 red balls.
7 10 7 7
(a) 22
(b) 33
(c) 12
(d) 11

19. Sanjay writes a letter to his friends from IIT, Kanpur. It is known that one out of ‘n’ letters that are posted does
not reach its destination. If Sanjay does not receive the reply to his letter, then what is he probability that
Keasari did not receive Sanjay’s letter? It is certain that Kesari will definitely reply to Sanjay’s letter if he
receives it.

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 Page 22 of 28

𝑛 𝑛−1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
(2𝑛−1) 𝑛 𝑛

20. A number is chosen at random from the numbers 10 to 99. By seeing the number, a man will sing if the
product of the digits is 12.If he chooses three numbers with replacement, then the probability that he will sing
at least once is:
43 3 43 3 48×86
(a) 1-(45) (b) (45) (c) 1- 903
(d) None of these

21. If the integer’s m and n are chosen at random from 1 to 100, then the probability that a number of the form
7m+7n is divisible by 5 is
1 1 1 1
(a) 4
(b) 2
(c) 16
(d) 6

22. There are 5 envelopes corresponding to 5 letters. If the letters are placed in the envelopes at random, what is
the probability that all the letters are not placed in the right envelopes?
119 59 23 45
(a) (b) (c) (d)
120 60 24 55

23. Two persons A and B toss a coin alternately till one of them gets. Head and wins the game. Find B’s chance
of winning if A tosses the coin first.
1 2 1
(a) 3
(b) 3
(c) 2
(d) None of these

24. There are 10 pairs of socks in a cupboard from which 4 individual socks are picked at random. The probability
that there is at least one pair is.
195 99 198 185
(a) (b) (c) (d)
323 323 323 323

25. Two small squares on a chess board are chosen at random. Find the probability that they have a common
side.
1 1 2 3
(a) 12
(b) 18
(c) 15
(d) 14

26. Four numbers are multiplied together. Then the probability that the product will be divisible by 5 or 10 is:
169 369 169
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
625 625 1626

27. 8 couples (husband and wife) attend a dance show ‘Nach Baliye’ in a popular TV channel: A lucky in which 4
persons picked up for a prize is held, then the probability that there is atleast one couple will be selected is
8 15 12
(a) 39
(b) 39
(c) 13
(d) none of these

28. A committee of five persons is to be chosen from a group of 9 people. The probability that a certain married
couple will either serve together or not at all is:
(a) 4/9 (b) 5/9 (c) 13/18 (d) none of these

29. A speaks truth in 60% cases and B speaks truth in 80% cases. The probability that they will say the the same
thing while describing a single event is:
(a) 0.36 (b) 0.56 (c) 0.48 (d) 0.20

30. Nine squares are chosen at random on a chessboard. What is the probability that they form a square of size
3x3?
9 36 6
(a) 64𝐶9
(b) 64𝐶9
(c) 64𝐶9
(d) none of these

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 Page 23 of 28

31. Seven digits from the numbers 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9 are written in random order. The probability that this
seven digit number is divisible by 9 is:
7 1 2 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9 9 9! 9

32. What is the probability that four S’s come consecutively in the word MISSISSIPPI?
4 4 24
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
165 135 165

33. Each coefficient in the equation ax2+bx+c=0 is determined by throwing ordinary six faced die. Find the
probability that the equation will have real roots.
34 43 25
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
161 216 36

34. A consignment of 15 wristwatches contains 4 defectives. The wristwatches are selected at random, one by
one and examined. The ones examined are not put back. What is the probability that ninth one examined is
the last defective?
11 17 8 16
(a) (b) (c) (d)
195 195 195 195

3
35. Given that the sum of two non-negative quantities is 200, the probability that their product is not less than 4
times their greatest product value is:
99 101 87
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
200 200 100

36. Three numbers are to be selected at random without replacement from the set of numbers (1, 2, ….n). The
conditional probability that the third number lies between the first two, if the first number is known to be smaller
than the second is:
1 2 5 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 6 12

37. A letter is taken out at random from ‘ASSISTANT’ and another is taken out from ‘STATISTICS’ The probability
that they are the same letters is:
35 19 19
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
96 90 96

38. Two numbers a and b are chosen at random from the set of first 30 natural numbers. The probability that
a2+b2 is divisible by 3 is:
37 47 17
(a) 87
(b) 87
(c) 29
(d) none of these

39. The digits 1,2,3,…..,9 are written in random order of form a nine digit number. Find the probability that this
number is divisible by 11.
11 11 11
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
63 81 126

Exercise – 03 (Solutions)
1. Ans (a) 4. Ans (c)
2. Ans (b) 5. Ans. (d)
3. Ans (d)
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 Page 24 of 28

1 Solution: The given condition is satisfied for all

Solution: Required probability is simply .
2
numbers from 51 to 100. It is also satisfied for
Hence, the correct option is (d).
50, 49, 48, 1, and 2. So, there are total 55
6. Ans. (d)
numbers from first 100 natural numbers for
Solution: Total number of primes = 8 and
which the given condition is satisfied. Therefore,
number of numbers more than 10 = 11.
the required probability = 55/100 = 11/20
7. Ans. (b)
Hence, the correct option is (d).
Solution: TolaI number of triangles formed = 8C3
12. Ans. (d)
= 56
Solution: One head and seven tails would have
Triangles having three sides common = 8
eight positions where the head can come.
Triangles having no side common = 8C1×4C1 =
Thus, 8 x (1/2)8 = (1/32)
32
13. Ans. (b)
Triangles having three sides common = 0
Solution: They will contradict each other if: A is
Triangles having no side common = 56-40 = 16
true and B is false or A is false and B is true.
So, probability =16/56 = 2/7
(3/4)x(1/6)+(1/4)x(5/6) = 1/3
8. Ans. (d)
14. Ans. (b)
Solution: In a non-leap year, February has 28
Solution: For the counting of the number of
days, and so. it must have each day of week
events, think of it as a circular arrangement with
exactly 4 times. Now, we know 7 months have
n-1 people (by considering the two specified
31 days and 4 months have 30 days.
persons as one). This will give you n(E) = (n-2)!
If a month has 31 days and it has 5 Sundays,
x (2)!
then it is possible for 5 Fridays, Saturday, and
15. Ans. (b)
Sunday, or 5 Saturday, Sundays, and Monday,
Solution: 4C2 x (6/36)2 x (30/36)2
or 5 Sunday, Monday, and Tuesday. So, the
= 6 x (1/36) x (25/36)
probability of having 5 Tuesday if it has 5
= 25/216.
Sundays is 2/3.
16. Ans. (b)
If a month has 30 days and it has 5 Sundays,
Solution: The appearance of head or tail on a
then it is possible for 5 Saturdays and Sundays
toss is independent of previous occurrences.
or 5 Sundays and Mondays. So, the probability
Hence, ½.
of having 5 Tuesdays if it has 5 Sundays is 1/2.
17. Ans. (d)
So, if a month is selected randomly, then
Solution: There can be three girls and one boy.
probability of having 5 Mondays if it has 5
18. Ans. (a)
Sundays must be:
Solution: The event definition is Red AND Red
(7/11x2/3) + (4/1 x l/2) = 20/33
AND Not Red OR Red AND Not Red AND Red
Hence, the correct option is (d).
OR Not Red AND Red AND Red.
9. Ans. (a)
19. Ans. (a)
Solution: The average earning per throw for
Solution: The required answer will be given by.
Manoj can be calculated by summing the
multiplication of probability of showing up of
𝑃(𝐾𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑖 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒
each number and the earning it will result into.
𝑃 (𝐾𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑖 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟) + 𝑃(𝐾𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑖 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑
As, die is fair, the probability of showing of each
20. Ans. (a)
number is 1/6.
Solution: The number of events for the condition
that he will sing
Average earning per throw is (1/6 x 3) + ( 1/6 x
= 4, [34,43,26,62]
4) + (1/6 x 9) + (1/6 x 8) + (1/6 x 15) + (1/6 x 12)
The number of events in the sample = 90.
= 8.5
Probability that he will sing at least once
So, to earn average profit of 5 per throw, he
= 1 – Probability that he will not sing.
must be willing to pay 3.5 per throw.
21. Ans. (a)
Hence, the correct option is (a).
Solution: For divisibility by 5 we need the units
10. Ans. (d)
digit to be either 0 or 5.
11. Ans. (d)

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 Page 25 of 28

The units digit in the powers of 7 follow the So, favourabe number of ways = 8x8x8x8 = 84
pattern The probability that the product is not divisible
7,9,3,1,7,9,3,1,7,9,…….. by 5 or 10
Hence, divide 1 to 100 into four groups of 25 84 8 4
=104 = (10)
element each as follows.
8 4 369
A = 1,5,9,……… → 25 elements Hence, Required probability = 1 - (10) = 625
B = 2,6,10,……… → 25 elements 27. Ans. (b)
C = 3,7,11,……… → 25 elements Solution:
D = 4,8,12,……… → 25 elements P(selecting atleast one couple) = 1 – P
Check the combination values of m and n to that (selecting none of the couples for the prize.)
7m + 7n is divisible by 5. 16𝐶1 ×14𝐶1 ×12𝐶1 ×10𝐶1 15
=1-(
16𝐶4
) = 36
22. Ans. (a)
Solution: All four are not in the correct 28. Ans. (a)
envelopes means that at least one of them is in Solution: Total number of ways in which S
a wrong envelope. A little consideration will people can be chosen out 9 people = 9C5 = 126
show that one letter being placed in a wrong Number of ways in which the couple serves the
envelope is not possible, since it will have to be committee
interchanged with some other letter. = 7C3x2C2 = 35
Number of ways in which the couple does not
Since, there is only one way to put all the letters serve committee = 7C5 = 21
in the correct is only one way to put all the Favourable number of cases = 35 + 21 = 56
56 4
letters in the correct envelopes, we can say that Hence, the required probability = 126
=9
the event of not all four letters going into the 29. Ans. (b)
correct envelopes will be given by Solution: E1 = The event in which A speaks truth
5! – 1 = 119 E2 = The event in which B speaks truth
23. Ans. (a) 60
Then P(𝐸1 ) = =3/5
Solution: Q.37 Are similar to Question No. 2 of 100
2 1
LOD III. and P(𝐸1 ) = 5, P(𝐸2 ) = 5
24. Ans. (b) Required probability = P [(E1∩E2) ∪ ((𝐸̅2 ∩ 𝐸̅1 )]
25. Ans. (b) = P [(E1∩E2) + P (𝐸̅2 ∩ 𝐸̅1 )
Solution: The common side could be horizontal = P (E1). P (E2)+ P (𝐸̅1 ). 𝑃(𝐸̅2)
or vertical. 3 4 2 1 14
(5 × 5)+(5 × 5) = 25 = 0.56
Accordingly, the number of ways the event can
occur is. 30. Ans. (b)
N(E) = 8 x 7 + 8 x 7 = 112 Solution: We can choose 9 squares out of 64
N(S) 64C2 squares in 64C9 ways.
2×8×7×2 1 Hence, exhaustive number of cases = 64C9
= = 18
64×63 From the figure it is clear that the given square
26. Ans. (b) ofsize3 x3
Solution:
The divisibility of the product of four numbers
depends upon the value of the last digit of each
number.
The last digit of a number can be any of the 10
digits 0,1,2….9.
So, the total number of ways of selecting last
digits of four numbers is 10x10x10x10x=104
If the product of the 4 numbers is not divisible
by 5 or 10.
Then the number of choices for the last digit of
each number is 8 (excluding 0 or 5).

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 Page 26 of 28

can be formed by using four consecutive

horizontal and 4 consecutive vertical lines, which can
be done in
6
C1 x 6C1=36ways
Basically you can make 6 squares of size 3 x 3
in vertical direction and 6 squares of the size 3 x
3 in horizontal direction. Hence total 6 x 6 = 36
squares can be chosen.
36
The required probability =
64𝐶9
31. Ans. (b)
Solution: Total 7 digit numbers can be formed
from the 9 digits = 9P7
There are four exclusive cases of selecting 7
digits out of 9 digits which can form 7 digit
numbers which are divisible by 9.
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 } 36removing 1 and 8
1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 } 36 removing 2 and 7
1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8,9} 36 removing 3 and 6
1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9 } 36 removing 4 and 5
All the 7 numbers of each of the 4 sets can be
arranged in 7! ways.
Hence the favourable number of numbers =
4x7!
4×7! 1
Required probability = =
9𝑃7 9
32. Ans. (a) Note → ac = 7 is not possible
Solution: Total number of words that can be Since 𝑏2 36 and 4ac ≤ 𝑏2 hence ac = 10,
formed from the letters of the word 11, 12....etc. is not possible.
11!
MISSISSIPPI is 4!4!2!
When all the S’s are together then the number Hence, Total number of favourable cases =
8! 43
of words can be formed =
4!2! 43
8! So, the required probability = 216
4!2! 4
Required probability = 11! = 165 34. Ans. (c)
4!4!2!
33. Ans. (b) Solution: Let A be the event of getting exactly 3
Solution: Since each of the coefficients a, b and defectives in the examination of 8 wristwatches.
c can take values from 1 to 6. Therefore the And B be the event of getting ninth wristwatch
total number of equations defective
= 6x6x6 = 216 Then
𝐵
Hence the exhaustive number of cases = 216 Requited probability = P(A∩B) = P(A)P(𝐴)
Now, the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 4𝐶3 ×115
Now. P(A) 15𝐶4
will be real if b2 - 4ac > 0 => b2 > 4ac
Following are the number of favourable cases
𝐵
And P |𝐴| Probability that the nineth examined
wrisrward is defective given that there were 3
1
defectives in the first prices examined 7

4𝐶3 ×11𝐶5
Hence, requited probability = 15𝐶4
1 8
= =
7 195
No Substitute to Hardwork
 Page 27 of 28

35. Ans. (b) 1 2𝐶1 1

Probability of choosing I = × =
9𝐶1 10𝐶1 45
Solution: Let x and y be the two non-negative 3𝐶1 3𝐶1 1
integers Probability of choosing S = × =
9𝐶1 10𝐶1 10
since x + y = 200 2𝐶1 3𝐶1 1
Probability of choosing T = 9𝐶 × 10𝐶 = 15
1 1
(𝑥𝑦)𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 100x100 = 10000 (𝑥𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 atx=y)
Now, xy ≤ 10000 1 1 1 1
3 Hence, required probability = 45 + 45 + 10 + 15 =
=> xy ≥ 4 ×10000
19
= xy ≥7500 => x (200-x) ≥ 7500 90
𝑥 2 − 200𝑥 + 7500 ≤ 0 38. Ans. (b)
50 ≤x ≤ 150 Solution: Out of 30 numbers 2 numbers can be
So favourable number of ways = 150 - 50 + 1 = chosen in 30C2 ways.
101 So, exhaustive number of cases = 30C2 = 435
Total number of ways = 200 Since a2 - b2 is divisible by 3 if either a and b are
101 divisible by 3 or none of a and b is divisible by 3.
Hence, required probability = 200
Thus, the favourable numbers, of cases = 10C2 +
36. Ans. (a) 20C = 235
2
Solution: Consider the following events
A = The first number is less than the second 235 47
number Hence, required probability = =
435 87
B = The third number lies between the first and 39. Ans. (c)
the second. Solution: A number is divisible by 11 only if the
Now, we have to find 𝑃 ( )
𝐵 difference of the sum of the digits at odd places
𝐴 and sum of the digits at even places is divisible
𝐵 𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵)
Also, we have 𝑃 ( ) = by 11 i.e, 0, 11, 22, 33....
𝐴 𝑃(𝐴)
Here the sum of all the 9 digits (1, 2, 3, ...9) is
Any 3 numbers can be chosen out of n numbers 45.
in nC3 ways. We cannot create the difference of zero
Let the selected numbers be x1, x2, x3. Then since x + y = 45, which is odd hence cannot be
they satisfy exactly one of the following broken into two equal parts in integers.
inequalities. Now, we will look for the possibilities of 11
which are as follows:
x1 < x2 < x3, x1 < x3 < x2, x2 < x1 < x3,
x2 < x3 < x1, x3 < x1 < x2, x3 < x2 < x1, {1,2, 6, 8}{1,2, 5, 9}{1, 3,6, 7}
{1, 3, 5, 8} {1,3, 4, 9}{1,4, 5, 7}
The total number of ways of selecting three {2, 3, 5, 7}{2,3, 4, 8}{2, 4, 5, 6}
numbers and then arranging them and {4, 7, 8, 9}{5, 6, 8, 9} '
= nC3 x 3! = nP3
𝑛𝐶 ×3
P(A) = 𝑛𝐶 3×3! The above set of values either gives the sum of
3 17 or 28. Since if the sum of 4 digits at even
and places be 17 or 28 then the sum of rest of the
𝑛𝐶3
P(A∩B) = digits (i.e., digits at odd places) be 28 or 17
𝑛𝐶3 ×3!
Hence respectively and thus we can get the difference
𝐵 P(A∩B) 1 of 11.
𝑃 (𝐴 ) = P(A) 3
37. Ans. (b) Further we cannot get the difference of 22 or
Solution: ASSISTANT → AA I N SSS TT 33...
STATISTICS → A II C SSS TTT So there is only possible difference that can be
Here N and C are not common and same letters created is 11
can be A, I, S, T. Therefore and there are only 11 set of values given above
2𝐶 1𝐶 1
Probability of choosing A = 9𝐶1 × 10𝐶1 = 45 containing 4
1 1

No Substitute to Hardwork
 Page 28 of 28

digits which can be arranged in 4! ways and the

remaining 5
digits can be arranged in 5! ways.
Thus the favourable number of numbers = 11 x
41 x 5!
But the total number of ways of arranging a nine
digit number is 9P9 =9!

Exclusive number of cases = 9!

11×4!×5! 11
Required probability = 9!
= 126.

No Substitute to Hardwork