Material-Ch21 Compress

COMPOSITE BEAMS-I
©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures – 1

IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG
CONTENTS
• INTODUCTION
• ELASTIC BEHAVIOUR OF COMPOSITE BEAMS
• SHEAR CONNECTORS
• ULTIMATE LOAD BEHAVIOUR OF COMPOSITE
BEAM
• SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES
• CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION
 ADVANTAGES
 effective utilisation of steel and concrete.

 more economical steel section (in terms of depth and weight) is
adequate in composite construction when compared with
conventional non-composite construction.
 enhanced headroom due to reduction in construction depth
 less deflection than steel beams.
 efficient arrangement to cover large column free space.
 amenable to “fast-track” construction.
 encased steel beam sections have improved fire resistance and
corrosion.

ELASTIC BEHAVIOUR OF COMPOSITE BEAMS
• No interaction case
 
Effect of shear connection on

bending and shear stresses

ELASTIC BEHAVIOUR OF COMPOSITE BEAMS -1
• Maximum bending stress

Mymax 3w 2
f 
I 8bh 2
• Maximum shear stress
3 w 1 3w
qmax  
2 4 bh 8bh
• maximum deflection
5 ( w / 2) 4 5w 4
 
384 EI 64 Ebh3

• Tensile strain at the bottom fibre of the upper beam and the
compression stress at the top fibre of the lower beam is
Mymax 3w ( 2  4 x 2 )
x  
EI 8Ebh2
 

-/2 /2
Typical Deflections, slip strain and slip.

• 100% interaction case
• Maximum bending stress

Mymax 3w 2
f 
I 16bh 2
• Maximum shear stress
3 w 1 3w
qmax  
2 2 b(2h) 8bh
• maximum deflection
5w 4

256 Ebh3


Shear stress variation over
span length

Uplift Forces
  

SHEAR CONNECTORS
• Types of shear connectors
• Rigid type
• Flexible type
• Bond or anchorage type

SHEAR CONNECTORS -1
rigid connectors

SHEAR CONNECTORS -2
Flexible connectors
SHEAR CONNECTORS - 4
(ii). Helical connector
Typical bond or anchorage

connectors

Characteristics of shear connectors
Typical load-slip curve for 19mm stud

connectors
Load/Slip characteristics

k=
Idealised load-slip characteristics

Standard push test

[Eurocode – 4]
“push- out” tests for

determining load-slip curve

SHEAR CONNECTORS -8
Standard test for shear

connectors
(As per IS: 11384-1985)

• Load bearing mechanism of shear connectors
Transfer of force at a shear

connector
dowel
Dowel mechanism of shear studs
Bearing stress on the shank of a stud connector

• Strength of connectors
• dowel strength (D) is a function of the following
parameters: -
D = f [Ad, fu,( fck)cy, Ec/Es]
• design resistance of shear studs with h/d  4.

0.8 f u ( d 2 / 4 )
PRd 
v
0.29 d 2 (( f ck )cy Ecm )1 / 2
PRd 
v
ULTIMATE LOAD BEHAVIOUR OF COMPOSITE BEAM
 The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.

 Plane sections of both structural steel and reinforced
concrete remain plane after bending.
 The effective area of concrete resists a constant stress of
0.85 (fck)cy /c (where (fck)cy )=cylinder strength of concrete;
and c =partial safety factor for concrete) over the depth
between plastic neutral axis and the most compressed
fibre of concrete.
 The effective area of steel member is stressed to its design
yield strength fy/a where fy is the yield strength of steel
and a is the material safety factor for steel.

• Reinforced concrete slabs, with profiled sheeting
supported on steel beams
• IS: 11384 – 1985, gives no reference to profiled deck slab
and partial shear connection
0.85(fck)cy / c 0.85(fck)cy / c 0.85(fck)cy / c
D
t
T
B
Resistance to sagging bending moment in plastic or compact

sections for full interaction.
• Full shear connection
• Neutral axis within the concrete slab

Aa f y
Mp  (hg  ht  x / 2)
a
• Neutral axis within the steel top flange
M p  N a. pl (hg  ht  hc / 2)  N ac ( x  hc  ht ) / 2
• The neutral axis lies within web

M p  N a. pl (hg  ht  hc / 2 )  N acf (ht  t f / 2  hc / 2)
 N a.w ( x  ht  t f  hc ) / 2

• Partial shear connection
• partial shear connections are provided
– to achieve economy.
– when there is problem of accommodating shear
connectors uniformly.
• the force resisted by the connectors are

taken as their total capacity (Fc < Fcf)
between points of zero and maximum
moment.

Fc np
– Degree of shear connection = 
n f Fcf
– the neutral axis is within top flange
xc xa  ht  xc
M Rd  N a.pl (hg  ht  )  Fc
2 2

0.85(fck)cy/c
Resistance to sagging bending of composite

section in class 1 or 2 for partial interaction
If the neutral axis lies in web

Fc xc tf xa  ht  t f
M Rd  N a. pl (hg  ht )   N cf (ht  )  N aw
2 2 2
MRd / Mp
Map / Mp
Fc / Fcf 0.7
Design methods of partial shear connection

– Moment of resistance reduces due to partial
shear connection.
– The curve ABC is not valid for very low value of
shear connection.
– At Fc/Fcf = 0.7, the required bending resistance
is slightly below Mp.
– saving in the cost of shear connectors can be
achieved without unduly sacrificing the
moment capacity.
– for design purpose the curve ABC is replaced
by a straight-line AC given by
M  M ap
Sc  Fcf
M p  M ap
SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES
– For simply supported composite beams the

most critical serviceability Limit State is
usually deflection.
– the effect of vibration, cracking of concrete,
etc. should also be checked under
serviceability criteria.
– in exposed condition, it is preferred to design
to obtain full slab in compression to avoid
cracking in the shear connector region.

• Stresses and deflection in service
– elastic analysis is employed to check the serviceability

performance of composite beam.
– concrete area is converted into equivalent steel area by
applying modular ratio m = (Es/Ec).
– analysis is done in terms of equivalent steel section.
– It is assumed that full interaction exists between steel beam
and concrete slab.
– effect of reinforcement in compression, the concrete in
tension and the concrete between rib of profiled sheeting are
ignored.

– For distributed load w over a simply supported
composite beam, the deflection at mid-span is
5wL4
c 
384 Ea I
– For partial shear connections the increase in
deflection occurs due to longitudinal slip. Total
deflection,
  N   a 
   c 1  k 1     1 
  
 N f  c 
 
– with k= 0.5 for propped construction
– and k = 0.3 for un-propped construction
– a = deflection of steel beam acting alone

– The increase in deflection can be disregarded
 either np /nf > 0.5 or when force on connector

does not exceed 0.7 PRK where PRK is the
characteristic resistance of the shear
connector; and
 when the transverse rib depth is less than 80

mm.

• Effects of shrinkage of concrete and of temperature
– In case of composite beam the slab is restrained from
shrinking by steel beam.
– shear connectors resist the force arising out of shrinkage,

by inducing a tensile force on concrete which reduces the
apparent shrinkage of composite beam than the free
shrinkage.
– no account of this force is taken in design as it acts in the

direction opposite to that caused by load.
– the increase in deflection due to shrinkage may be

significant.

– In an approximate approach the increase in deflection in
a simply supported beam is taken as the long-term
deflection due to weight of the concrete slab acting on
the composite member.
– Generally the span/depth ratios specified by codes take

care of the shrinkage deflection.
– check on shrinkage deflection should be done in case of

thick slabs resting on small steel beams, electrically
heated floors and concrete mixes with high “free
shrinkage”.

• Vibration
– To design a floor structure, only the source of

vibration near or on the floor need be
considered.
– Other sources such as machines, lift or cranes
should be isolated from the building.
– In most buildings following two cases are
considered-
• People walking across a floor with a pace
frequency between 1.4 Hz and 2.5 Hz.
• An impulse such as the effect of the fall of a
heavy object.

Curves of constant human response to
vibration, and Fourier component factor

– Natural frequency of beam and slab
Cross-section of vibrating floor structure

showing typical fundamental mode
– Response factor

CONCLUSION
– the theory of composite beam and the

underlying philosophy behind its evolution
were discussed.
– The design procedures of simply supported as

well as continuous beams have been
elaborately discussed.


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COMPOSITE BEAMS-I

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures – 1

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures – 2

 effective utilisation of steel and concrete.

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures – 3

Effect of shear connection on

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures – 4

• Maximum bending stress

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures – 5

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures – 6

Typical Deflections, slip strain and slip.

• 100% interaction case

• Maximum bending stress

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures – 9

• Types of shear connectors

• Bond or anchorage type

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures – 10

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures – 11

(ii). Helical connector

Typical bond or anchorage

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures – 13

Characteristics of shear connectors

Typical load-slip curve for 19mm stud

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures – 14

Idealised load-slip characteristics

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures – 15

Standard push test

“push- out” tests for

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures – 16

Standard test for shear

(As per IS: 11384-1985)

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures – 17

• Load bearing mechanism of shear connectors

Transfer of force at a shear

Dowel mechanism of shear studs

Bearing stress on the shank of a stud connector

D = f [Ad, fu,( fck)cy, Ec/Es]

• design resistance of shear studs with h/d  4.

 The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures – 21

0.85(fck)cy / c 0.85(fck)cy / c 0.85(fck)cy / c

Resistance to sagging bending moment in plastic or compact

• Neutral axis within the concrete slab

• The neutral axis lies within web

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures – 23

• partial shear connections are provided

• the force resisted by the connectors are

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures – 24

– the neutral axis is within top flange

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures – 25

Resistance to sagging bending of composite

If the neutral axis lies in web

Design methods of partial shear connection

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures – 27

– For simply supported composite beams the

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures – 29

– elastic analysis is employed to check the serviceability

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures – 30

– and k = 0.3 for un-propped construction