OTHER INSTRUMENTATION

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

(LLO)
 At the end of this lecture, student should be able to:

Understand analysis of water ( such as BOD, COD, TSS, TDS, etc )

 List analysis of water.
 Explain method analysis of water.

Know recent equipment, method and application

 Discuss application of the equipment and method.
 Explain fundamental principles of the equipments.
 PRE TEST ( true / false)
1. BOD is an amount of oxygen that dissolve in water
2. Taste /odour test is categorized as water analysis.
3. The S.I Unit for BOD is milligrams of oxygen consumed
per liter of sample (mg/L).
4. As water temperature increases, the concentration of
Dissolved oxygen will decreases
5. Winkler method is applicable to DO, BOD and COD
water analysis.
4.1 UNDERSTAND ANALYSIS OF WATER
Water Quality

 Water quality is the physical, chemical and

biological characteristics of water
 The vast majority of surface water on the planet
is neither potable (fit for drinking) nor toxic
 Approximately 25% of the world’s population
has no access to potable water
CONTINUE….

 No simple property can tell whether water is

polluted or not
 Industrial pollution is a major cause of water
pollution
 Alsorunoff from agricultural areas, urban storm
water runoff (excess) and discharge of untreated
sewage (especially in developing countries).
 SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION
 Contaminants that may be in untreated water include:
 microorganisms (viruses and bacteria)
 inorganic contaminants (salts and metals)
 pesticides and herbicides
 sediments
 organic chemical contaminants from industrial processes and
petroleum use
 radioactive contaminants

 Water quality depends on :

1. The local geology & ecosystemas
2. Human uses (sewage dispersion, industrial pollution)
4.1.1 LIST ANALYSIS OF WATER
Water Tests / Water Analysis
 Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
 Dissolved Oxygen(DO)
 Electrical Conductivity (also see salinity)
 Total suspended solids (TSS)
 pH
 Color of water
 Taste and odor
 Turbidity
 Dissolved metals and salts (sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, manganese,
magnesium)
 Microorganisms such as fecal coliform bacteria (Escherichia coli),
Cryptosporidium, and Giardia lamblia
 Nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus
 Dissolved metals and metalloids (lead, Mercury (element),arsenic, etc.)
 Dissolved organics: Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM), Dissolved
Organic Carbon (DOC)
 Pesticides
 Interaction of wastewater analytical
categories and laboratory tests

We will
focus only
on this
water
analysis
4.2 RECENT EQUIPMENT, METHOD &
APPLICATION

4.2.1 APPLICATION OF THE

EQUIPMENT & METHODS
WATER TEST 1: Dissolved Oxygen(DO)
 DO measure of the amount of oxygen dissolved in water
 Oxygen solubility in water = ranging from 6 to 14 mg/L
 Unit = milligrams of oxygen consumed per liter of sample
(mg/L)
 DO measurement most often takes place using an electronic
meter fitted with a specialized DO probe.
 The concentration of dissolved oxygen in ocean water is
typically between 7 and 8 milligrams per liter (mg/L).

 Below 4 mg/L, organisms will begin to react either avoiding

or migrating out of the area.

 Less than 0.2 mg/L - unable to support most forms of life.

CONTINUE…

 The concentration of DO in a water sample is

significantly influenced by:
 Temperature: As water temperature increases, DO
decreases (i.e., as water gets warmer, it holds less
oxygen)
 Salinity: As water salinity increases, DO decreases (i.e.,
as water gets saltier, it holds less oxygen).
 Atmospheric Pressure: As pressure increases, DO also
increases (i.e., water holds less oxygen as increase the
altitude).
 METHODS OF DO TEST
1. WINKLER (TITRATION) METHOD / DILUTION METHOD

2. MONOMETRIC METHOD (METER & PROBE)

 1. WINKLER METHOD

 The Winkler method involves filling a sample bottle

completely with water (no air is left to bias the test).
 The dissolved oxygen is then "fixed" using a series of
reagents that form an acid compound that is titrated.
 Titration involves the drop-by-drop addition of a
reagent that neutralizes the acid compound and causes
a change in the color of the solution.
 The point at which the color changes is the "endpoint"
and is equivalent to the amount of oxygen dissolved in
the sample.
2. METER AND PROBE METHOD
 A dissolved oxygen meter is an electronic device that converts
signals from a probe that is placed in the water into units of
DO in milligrams per liter.

 Most meters and probes also measure temperature.

 The probe is filled with a salt solution and has a selectively

permeable membrane that allows DO to pass from the stream
water into the salt solution.

 The DO that has diffuse (slowly) into the salt solution changes
the electric potential of the salt solution and this change is sent
by electric cable to the meter, which converts the signal to
milligrams per liter on a scale that the volunteer can read.
EXAMPLE OF DO INSTRUMENTS

DISSOLVED OXYGEN METER

WATER TEST 2: BOD (BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN
DEMAND)

 BOD Definition = How fast biological organisms use up

oxygen in a body of water
 Not a precise quantitative test
 Expressed in milligrams of oxygen consumed per litre of
sample (mg/L) during 5 days of incubation at 20 °C
METHODS OF BOD TEST
MONOMETRIC METHOD
 Dilution
 Undiluted

TYPICAL BOD VALUE

 Wastewater BOD5  250 mg/L
 Effluent BOD5 from wastewater < 30 mg/L
 Industrial wastewater = 30,000 mg/L
 METHODS OF BOD TEST
 1. WINKLER (TITRATION) METHOD
 Very small amount of micro-organism seed is added to each sample being tested

 This seed is typically generated by diluting organisms with buffered dilution water

BOD test is carried out by diluting the sample with oxygen saturated dilution water,
inoculating (vaccinated) it with a fixed aliquot of seed, measuring the dissolved
oxygen (DO) and then sealing the sample to prevent further oxygen dissolving in.

 The sample is kept at 20 °C in the dark to prevent photosynthesis (and thereby the
addition of oxygen) for five days, and the dissolved oxygen is measured again.

 The difference between the final DO and initial DO is the BOD.

CONTINUE…

 BOD can be calculated by:

 Undiluted

 Initial DO - Final DO = BOD

 Diluted

 ((Initial DO - Final DO)- BOD of Seed) x Dilution

Factor
2. Manometric method (METER & PROBE)
 This method is limited to the measurement of the oxygen consumption
due only to carbonaceous oxidation. Ammonia oxidation is inhibited.
 The sample is kept in a sealed container fitted with a pressure
sensor.
 A substance that absorbs carbon dioxide (typically lithium
hydroxide) is added in the container above the sample level.
 The sample is stored in conditions identical to the dilution method.
 Oxygen is consumed and, as ammonia oxidation is inhibited, carbon
dioxide is released.
 The total amount of gas, and thus the pressure decreases because
carbon dioxide is absorbed.
 From the drop of pressure, the sensor electronics computes and
displays the consumed quantity of oxygen.
 EXAMPLE OF MONOMETRIC
INSTRUMENT

BOD METER & PROBE

 ADVANTAGES
 The main advantages of MONOMETRIC method
compared to the DILUTION method are:

1. Simplicity: no dilution of sample required, no

seeding, no blank sample.
2. direct reading of BOD value.
3. continuous display of BOD value at the current
incubation time.
 WATER TEST 3: COD
( CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND)
 The amount of oxygen consumed to chemically oxidize organic
water contaminants to inorganic end products.
 COD is expressed in mg/L, which indicates the mass of oxygen
consumed per liter of solution.
 COD is the most popular alternative test to BOD for
establishing the concentration of organic matter in wastewater
samples.
 The COD test only takes a few hours to complete, giving it a
major advantage over the 5-day BOD test.
 COD can test wastewater that is too toxic for the BOD test.
METHODS OF COD TEST
1. TITRATION METHOD
TITRATION METHOD
 1. TITRATION METHOD

 A sample is refluxed in strongly acidic solution with a known excess of

potassium dichromate (K2Cr207).
 After digestion the remaining unreduced K2Cr207 is titrated with ferrous
ammonium sulphate to determine the amount of K2Cr207 consumed and
the oxidizable matter is calculated in terms of oxygen equivalent.
 This procedure is applicable to COD values between 40 and 400 mg/L.
 Higher COD values can be obtained by careful dilution or by using higher
concentrations of dichromate digestion solution
 The COD value may be calculated then from the difference of the
originally added quantity of dichromate and the remainder, which is
determined by the quantity of the added ferrous till titration endpoint.
2. COLORIMETRIC METHOD
 In Colorimetric method, sample is digested in a COD Reactor for 2 hours.
 COD material in that sample is oxidized by the dichromate ion. The result is the
change in chromium from the hexavalent (VI) to the trivalent (III) state.
 Both chromium species exhibit a color and absorb light in the visible region of the
spectrum.
 This method covers the ranges from 0 to 15000 mg/L 02:
1) 0- 150 mg/L near 420 nm
2) 0-1000 (1500) mg/L near 600 nm
3) 0-15000 mg/L near 600 nm
Official Reporting Method, (dichromate)
 In the 400 nm region the dichromate ion (Cr2072-) absorbs strongly while the
chromic ion (Cr3+) absorbs much less. In the 600 nm region it is the chromic ion that
absorbs strongly and the dichromate ion has nearly zero absorption.
 Advantages in using this method include high accuracy, certifiable results and
abate chloride interference.
 APPLICATIONS
 Most applications of COD determine the amount of
:
 organic pollutants found in surface water
 (e.g. lakes and rivers) or wastewater
 making COD a useful measure of water quality.
 The COD tests oxidizes organic compounds by the
action of strong oxidizing agents under acid
conditions
EXAMPLE OF COD INSTRUMENTS

COD Meter and Multiparameter

Photometer for Wastewater
Analysis
EXAMPLE OF COD INSTRUMENTS
 BOD vs COD
1. Biologically decompose organic waste 1. Chemically decompose organic waste.

2. Amount of oxygen that require for the 2. total measurement of all chemicals
bacteria to degrade the organic (organics & in organics) in the water /
components present in water / waste waste water
water.
3. COD values are always higher than the
3. BOD values are always lower than the BOD values.
COD values.
4. COD includes both biodegradbale and
4. BOD contains only bio degradable. non-biodegradable substances
5.

5. The BOD tes takes 5-day to The COD test only takes a few hours
complete to complete
WATER ANALYSIS APPLICATIONS

 1. Fish Farming
 2. Sewage treatment plant
 3. Waste water treatment plant
 4. Water treatment plant
 5. Analysis of water quality
CONCLUSION
ORGANIC WATER ANALYSIS (BOD, COD & DO) ARE USE TO:
1. measure the potential of wastewater and other waters to
deplete the oxygen level of receiving waters.
2. determine what effect dirty water, containing bacteria and
organic materials, will have on animal and plant life when
released into a stream or lake.
3. When there is an abundance of bacteria and organic
materials, the bacteria will take in oxygen in order to
breakdown these molecules. If bacteria are taking in large
amounts of oxygen, this will have a detrimental effect on
the surrounding ecosystem.
POST TEST ( true / false)
1. BOD is an amount of oxygen that dissolve in water
(FALSE)
2. Taste /odour test is categorized as water analysis.
(TRUE)
3. The S.I Unit for BOD is milligrams of oxygen
consumed per liter of sample (mg/L). (TRUE)
4. As water temperature increases, the concentration
of Dissolved oxygen will decreases. (TRUE)
5. Winkler method is applicable to DO, BOD and COD
water analysis. (TRUE)
THE END