Target Specification

Switch Example Description

nmap 192.168.1.1 Scan a single IP

nmap 192.168.1.1 192.168.2.1 Scan specific IPs

  nmap 192.168.1.1-254 Scan a range

  nmap scanme.nmap.org Scan a domain

  nmap 192.168.1.0/24 Scan using CIDR notation

-iL nmap -iL targets.txt Scan targets from a file

-iR nmap -iR 100 Scan 100 random hosts

–exclude nmap –exclude 192.168.1.1 Exclude listed hosts

 Scan Techniques
Switch Example Description
-sS nmap 192.168.1.1 -sS TCP SYN port scan (Default)

-sT nmap 192.168.1.1 -sT TCP connect port scan (Default without root privilege)

-sU nmap 192.168.1.1 -sU UDP port scan

-sA nmap 192.168.1.1 -sA TCP ACK port scan

-sW nmap 192.168.1.1 -sW TCP Window port scan

-sM nmap 192.168.1.1 -sM TCP Maimon port scan

 Host Discovery
Switch Example Description

-sL nmap 192.168.1.1-3 -sL No Scan. List targets only

-sn nmap 192.168.1.1/24 -sn Disable port scanning. Host discovery only.
-Pn nmap 192.168.1.1-5 -Pn Disable host discovery. Port scan only.

TCP SYN discovery on port x.

-PS nmap 192.168.1.1-5 -PS22-25,80
Port 80 by default

TCP ACK discovery on port x.

-PA nmap 192.168.1.1-5 -PA22-25,80
Port 80 by default

UDP discovery on port x.

-PU nmap 192.168.1.1-5 -PU53
Port 40125 by default

-PR nmap 192.168.1.1-1/24 -PR ARP discovery on local network

-n nmap 192.168.1.1 -n Never do DNS resolution

 Port Specification
Switch Example Description

-p nmap 192.168.1.1 -p 21 Port scan for port x

-p nmap 192.168.1.1 -p 21-100 Port range

 nmap 192.168.1.1 -p
-p Port scan multiple TCP and UDP ports
U:53,T:21-25,80

-p- nmap 192.168.1.1 -p- Port scan all ports

-p nmap 192.168.1.1 -p http,https Port scan from service name

-F nmap 192.168.1.1 -F Fast port scan (100 ports)

–top- nmap 192.168.1.1 –top-ports

Port scan the top x ports
ports 2000

Leaving off initial port in range makes the scan

-p-65535 nmap 192.168.1.1 -p-65535
start at port 1

Leaving off end port in range

-p0- nmap 192.168.1.1 -p0-
makes the scan go through to port 65535

 Service and Version Detection

Switch Example Description
 Attempts to determine the version of the
-sV nmap 192.168.1.1 -sV
service running on port

-sV –version- nmap 192.168.1.1 -sV – Intensity level 0 to 9. Higher number

intensity version-intensity 8 increases possibility of correctness

-sV –version- nmap 192.168.1.1 -sV – Enable light mode. Lower possibility of

light version-light correctness. Faster

-sV –version- nmap 192.168.1.1 -sV – Enable intensity level 9. Higher possibility

all version-all of correctness. Slower

Enables OS detection, version detection,

-A nmap 192.168.1.1 -A
script scanning, and traceroute

 OS Detection
Switch Example Description

-O nmap 192.168.1.1 -O Remote OS detection using TCP/IP stack

 fingerprinting

-O –osscan- nmap 192.168.1.1 -O – If at least one open and one closed TCP port are not

limit osscan-limit found it will not try OS detection against host

-O –osscan- nmap 192.168.1.1 -O –

Makes Nmap guess more aggressively
guess osscan-guess

-O –max- nmap 192.168.1.1 -O – Set the maximum number x of OS detection tries

os-tries max-os-tries 1 against a target

Enables OS detection, version detection, script

-A nmap 192.168.1.1 -A
scanning, and traceroute

 Timing and Performance

Switc
Example Description
h

-T0 nmap 192.168.1.1

Paranoid (0) Intrusion Detection System evasion
-T0

nmap 192.168.1.1
-T1 Sneaky (1) Intrusion Detection System evasion
-T1
 nmap 192.168.1.1 Polite (2) slows down the scan to use less bandwidth and use
-T2
-T2 less target machine resources

nmap 192.168.1.1
-T3 Normal (3) which is default speed
-T3

nmap 192.168.1.1 Aggressive (4) speeds scans; assumes you are on a reasonably
-T4
-T4 fast and reliable network

nmap 192.168.1.1 Insane (5) speeds scan; assumes you are on an extraordinarily
-T5
-T5 fast network

Example
Switch Description
input

–host-timeout <time> 1s; 4m; 2h Give up on target after this long

–min-rtt-timeout/max-rtt-timeout/
1s; 4m; 2h Specifies probe round trip time
initial-rtt-timeout <time>

–min-hostgroup/max-hostgroup <size<
50; 1024 Parallel host scan group sizes
size>

–min-parallelism/max-parallelism <nu
10; 1 Probe parallelization
mprobes>
 20ms; 2s;
–scan-delay/–max-scan-delay <time> Adjust delay between probes
4m; 5h

Specify the maximum number of

–max-retries <tries> 3
port scan probe retransmissions

Send packets no slower

–min-rate <number> 100
than <numberr> per second

Send packets no faster

–max-rate <number> 100
than <number> per second

 NSE Scripts
Switch Example Description

Scan with default NSE scripts.

-sC nmap 192.168.1.1 -sC Considered useful for discovery

and safe

–script nmap 192.168.1.1 –script default Scan with default NSE scripts.

default Considered useful for discovery

 and safe

Scan with a single script.

–script nmap 192.168.1.1 –script=banner
Example banner

Scan with a wildcard. Example

–script nmap 192.168.1.1 –script=http*
http

Scan with two scripts. Example

–script nmap 192.168.1.1 –script=http,banner
http and banner

Scan default, but remove

–script nmap 192.168.1.1 –script “not intrusive”
intrusive scripts

–script- nmap –script snmp-sysdescr –script-args

NSE script with arguments
args snmpcommunity=admin 192.168.1.1

Useful NSE Script Examples

Command Description

nmap -Pn –script=http-sitemap-generator scanme.nmap.org http site map generator

nmap -n -Pn -p 80 –open -sV -vvv –script banner,http-title - Fast search for random web

iR 1000 servers

Brute forces DNS

nmap -Pn –script=dns-brute domain.com hostnames guessing

subdomains

nmap -n -Pn -vv -O -sV –script smb-enum*,smb-ls,smb-

mbenum,smb-os-discovery,smb-s*,smb-vuln*,smbv2* -vv Safe SMB scripts to run

192.168.1.1

nmap –script whois* domain.com Whois query

nmap -p80 –script http-unsafe-output-escaping Detect cross site scripting

scanme.nmap.org vulnerabilities

nmap -p80 –script http-sql-injection scanme.nmap.org Check for SQL injections

 Firewall / IDS Evasion and Spoofing

Switch Example Description
 Requested scan

(including ping scans)

-f nmap 192.168.1.1 -f use tiny fragmented IP

packets. Harder for

packet filters

Set your own offset

–mtu nmap 192.168.1.1 –mtu 32
size

nmap -D
Send scans from
-D 192.168.1.101,192.168.1.102,192.168.1.103,192.168.1.23
spoofed IPs
192.168.1.1

nmap -D decoy-ip1,decoy-ip2,your-own-ip,decoy- Above example

-D
ip3,decoy-ip4 remote-host-ip explained

Scan Facebook from

-S nmap -S www.microsoft.com www.facebook.com Microsoft (-e eth0 -Pn

may be required)

-g nmap -g 53 192.168.1.1 Use given source port

 number

Relay connections

– nmap –proxies http://192.168.1.1:8080, through

proxies http://192.168.1.2:8080 192.168.1.1 HTTP/SOCKS4

proxies

–data- Appends random data

nmap –data-length 200 192.168.1.1
length to sent packets

Example IDS Evasion command

nmap -f -t 0 -n -Pn –data-length 200 -D

192.168.1.101,192.168.1.102,192.168.1.103,192.168.1.23 192.168.1.1

 Output
Switch Example Description

nmap 192.168.1.1 -oN

-oN Normal output to the file normal.file
normal.file

-oX nmap 192.168.1.1 -oX xml.file XML output to the file xml.file

-oG nmap 192.168.1.1 -oG grep.file Grepable output to the file grep.file
-oA nmap 192.168.1.1 -oA results Output in the three major formats at once

Grepable output to screen. -oN -, -oX –

-oG – nmap 192.168.1.1 -oG –
also usable

–append- nmap 192.168.1.1 -oN file.file

Append a scan to a previous scan file
output –append-output

Increase the verbosity level (use -vv or

-v nmap 192.168.1.1 -v
more for greater effect)

Increase debugging level (use -dd or more

-d nmap 192.168.1.1 -d
for greater effect)

Display the reason a port is in a particular

–reason nmap 192.168.1.1 –reason
state, same output as -vv

–open nmap 192.168.1.1 –open Only show open (or possibly open) ports

–packet- nmap 192.168.1.1 -T4 –packet- Show all packets sent and received
trace trace

–iflist nmap –iflist Shows the host interfaces and routes

–resume nmap –resume results.file Resume a scan

Helpful Nmap Output examples

Command Description

nmap -p80 -sV -oG – –open 192.168.1.1/24 | Scan for web servers and grep to show

grep open which IPs are running web servers

nmap -iR 10 -n -oX out.xml | grep “Nmap” |

Generate a list of the IPs of live hosts
cut -d ” ” -f5 > live-hosts.txt

nmap -iR 10 -n -oX out2.xml | grep “Nmap” |

Append IP to the list of live hosts
cut -d ” ” -f5 >> live-hosts.txt

ndiff scanl.xml scan2.xml Compare output from nmap using the ndif

xsltproc nmap.xml -o nmap.html Convert nmap xml files to html files

grep ” open ” results.nmap | sed -r ‘s/ +/ /g’ | Reverse sorted list of how often ports turn

sort | uniq -c | sort -rn | less up

 Miscellaneous Options
Switch Example Description

-6 nmap -6 2607:f0d0:1002:51::4 Enable IPv6 scanning

-h nmap -h nmap help screen

 Other Useful Nmap Commands

Command Description

nmap -iR 10 -PS22-25,80,113,1050,35000 -v

Discovery only on ports x, no port scan
-sn

Arp discovery only on local network, no

nmap 192.168.1.1-1/24 -PR -sn -vv
port scan
nmap -iR 10 -sn -traceroute Traceroute to random targets, no port scan

nmap 192.168.1.1-50 -sL –dns-server Query the Internal DNS for hosts, list

192.168.1.1 targets only