FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT

CLUSTER OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

WATER ENGINEERING LABORATORY

LABORATORY REPORT

Experiment BASIC HYDROLOGY PART B: INFILTRATION RATE

Course/ Subject
BFC 21201
Code
Section 2

Experiment Date 02/06/2022

Group Name GROUP 4

1. YUSZAIMI BIN JEFFREY ZULKIFLI (DF200059)

Group Members
2. MUHAMMAD ALIEF ASYRAAF BIN MOHD PARID
(DF200100)
3. MUHAMMAD ARIFAFIFI BIN JUPRI (DF200090)

4. MUHAMMAD FARIS HAZWAN BIN MOHD ROSDI

(DF200162)
5. MUHAMMAD AZRI BIN NIZAMDIN (DF200053)
Lecturer / Instructor/
DR. SITI HIDAYAH BINTI ABU TALIB
Tutor Name
Submission Date 09/06/2022

CLO 1: Report/ Presentation 35%

Marks CLO 2: Equipment Handling 7.5%

CLO 3: Team work/ Interview 7.5%

Received Stamp TOTAL

Examiner Comments
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIROMENT

WATER ENGINEERING LABORATORY

LABORATORY PAPER INSTRUCTION

Subject Code BFC 21201

Experiment Title
BASIC HYDROLOGY PART B:
INFILTRATION RATE

Section 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 STUDENTS’ ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

CLUSTER OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

“I declare that this report is my own work and that I have correctly
acknowledged the work of others (if any).”

YUSZAIMI
……………………………………….
(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

NAME :………………………………
YUSZAIMI BIN JEFFREY ZULKIFLI

MATRIC NO :……………………………….
DF200059

DATE :…………………………..…..
06/06/2022

*This SEC sheet/student is compulsory compiles in this report

 STUDENTS’ ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

CLUSTER OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

“I declare that this report is my own work and that I have correctly
acknowledged the work of others (if any).”

ALIEF ASYRAAF
……………………………………….
(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

NAME :………………………………
MUHAMMAD ALIEF ASYRAAF BIN MOHD PARID

MATRIC NO :……………………………….
DF200100

DATE :…………………………..…..
06/06/2022

*This SEC sheet/student is compulsory compiles in this report

 STUDENTS’ ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

CLUSTER OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

“I declare that this report is my own work and that I have correctly
acknowledged the work of others (if any).”

ARIFAFIFI
……………………………………….
(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

NAME :………………………………
MUHAMMAD ARIFAFIFI BIN JUPRI

MATRIC NO :……………………………….
DF200090

DATE :…………………………..…..
06/06/2022

*This SEC sheet/student is compulsory compiles in this report

 STUDENTS’ ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

CLUSTER OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

“I declare that this report is my own work and that I have correctly
acknowledged the work of others (if any).”

FARIS HAZWAN
……………………………………….
(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

NAME :………………………………
MUHAMMAD FARIS HAZWAN BIN MOHD ROSDI

MATRIC NO :……………………………….
DF200162

DATE :…………………………..…..
06/06/2022

*This SEC sheet/student is compulsory compiles in this report

 STUDENTS’ ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

CLUSTER OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

“I declare that this report is my own work and that I have correctly
acknowledged the work of others (if any).”

AZRI
……………………………………….
(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

NAME :………………………………
MUHAMMAD AZRI BIN NIZAMDIN

MATRIC NO :……………………………….
DF200053

DATE :…………………………..…..
06/06/2022

*This SEC sheet/student is compulsory compiles in this report

 Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT

UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

HYDRAULICS LABORATORY

OPEN ENDED LABORATORY INSTRUCTIONS

HYDRAULICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIAL

LABORATORY
(BFC 21201)

Prepared by:
CLUSTER OF WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
 Lab Report Rubric (Assessment Form) Laboratory: Hydraulics Laboratory Section : 2
Group Members:
Subject Code: BFC 21201
1. YUSZAIMI BIN JEFFREY ZULKIFLI
Faculty of Civil Engineering & Built Experiment Title : (DF200059)
2. MUHAMMAD ALIEF ASYRAAF BIN
Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein BASIC HYDROLOGY PART B: MOHD PARID
Onn Malaysia INFILTRATION RATE (DF200100)
3. MUHAMMAD ARIFAFIFI BIN JUPRI
(DF200090)
4. MUHAMMAD FARIS HAZWAN BIN
MOHD ROSDI
(DF200162)
5. MUHAMMAD AZRI BIN NIZAMDIN
(DF200053)

Criteria 1 2 3 4 SCR WT TSCR (%)

Purpose is identified
Purpose is not identified Purpose is somewhat vague
Aim / Purpose Relevant variables are Purpose is identified Purpose is clearly identified 0.3
Relevant variables are not Relevant variables are not
described in somewhat unclear Relevant variables are described Relevant variables are described
described described
manner
All necessary lab materials
Materials There is not a list of the All necessary lab materials All necessary lab materials included 0.3
Most lab materials included included but not listed in any
necessary lab materials particular order included and listed and listed in an organized manner
Procedures are listed in clear steps
Procedures are listed in clear
Each step is numbered and in a
Procedures are listed in clear steps
Procedure Procedures are listed but not in complete sentence 1.6
Procedures are not listed steps but not numbered and/or Each step is numbered and in a
clear steps Diagrams are included to describe the
in complete sentences complete sentence
set-up
Accurate representation of the data
Good representation of the data Accurate representation of the
using tables and/or graphs
using tables and/or graphs data using tables and/or graphs
Data Data lacks precision Graphs and tables are labeled and 1.8
Data is not represented or is not Less than 15% difference with Data is fairly precise
Greater than 20% difference titled
accurate accepted values Less than 10% difference with
with accepted values Data is precise with less than 5%
Precision is acceptable accepted values
difference with accepted values
Trends / patterns are not Trends / patterns are logically Trends / patterns are logically Trends / patterns are logically
Trends / patterns are not
Analysis / analyzed analyzed for the most part analyzed analyzed
analyzed 1.8
Result Answers to questions are Questions are answered in Questions are answered in Questions are answered thoroughly
Questions are not answered
incomplete complete sentences complete sentences and in complete sentences
Analysis is not relevant Analysis is inconsistent Analysis is general Analysis is thoughtful Analysis is insightful
Accurate statement of the
Accurate statement of the results of
results of the lab indicates
lab indicates whether results support
Discussion No discussion was included or A statement of the results is A statement of the results of the whether results support the 1.2
hypothesis
shows little effort and reflection incomplete with little reflection lab indicates whether results hypothesis
Possible sources of error and what
on the lab on the lab support the hypothesis Possible sources of error
was learned from the lab discussed
identified
NAME OF LECTURER : SIGNATURE : DATE TOTAL SCORE :

Note : SCR = SCORE, WT = WEIGHTAGE, TSCR = TOTAL SCORE

 OPEN ENDED LABORATORY
HYDRAULICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIAL LABORATORY
GROUP MEMBERS. MATRIC NO. CLUSTER OF WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
1. YUSZAIMI BIN JEFFREY ZULKIFLI (DF200059) FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT
2. MUHAMMAD ALIEF ASYRAAF BIN MOHD PARID (DF200100) ENVIRONMENT
3. MUHAMMAD ARIFAFIFI BIN JUPRI (DF200090)
4. MUHAMMAD FARIS HAZWAN BIN MOHD ROSDI (DF200162)
5. MUHAMMAD AZRI BIN NIZAMDIN (DF200053) SECTION. 2

CLO 2 CLO 3
AVG.
Criteria 5= Very Good 2=Poor 1= Very Poor W AVG. Total W
Total

Student is prepared to Student is aware on the Student is aware on the

Practical Ability in Student is completely handle the equipment procedure but raise some procedure but raise many Student requires
Handling Equipment prepared to handle the effectively with / less questions and start questions and start guidance to conduct
CLO 2 equipment effectively requesting for assistance to requesting for assistance to laboratory
questions have been
raised operate the equipzrient operate the equipment

1. YUSZAIMI 0.3
2. ALIEF ASYRAAF 0.3
3. ARIFAFIFI 0.3
4. FARIS HAZWAN 0.3
5. AZRI 0.3
Student can explain the
results of the experiment
in detail and the ways in Student can answer
Student can explain the results Student can answer
Interview / lab report which they relate to the questions about the Student cannot
of the experiment in detail and some questions about
CLO 3 research focus. The experiment and begins to answer questions
the ways in which they relate the experiment
student can also evaluate make connections about the
to the research focus
the significance of the between the experiment experiment
experiment to the real and its applications
situation
1. YUSZAIMI 0.3
2. ALIEF ASYRAAF 0.3
3. ARIFAFIFI 0.3
4. FARIS HAZWAN 0.3
5. AZRI 0.3
1.0 INTRODUCTION

The movement of water from aboveground into the subsurface is known as infiltration.
Because of its relevance in areas as diverse as irrigation, pollutant transfer, groundwater
recharge, and ecosystem viability, infiltration has gotten a lot of attention. A quantitative
knowledge of this process, in general, is critical to our capacity to link surface and subsurface
processes when defining the hydrologic cycle.

The metres per unit time of water entering the soil may be described as the infiltration
rate, regardless of the types or levels of pressures or gradients. Hydraulic conductivity should
not be confused with infiltration rate, which is defined as the metres per day of water seeping
into the soil under gravity or under a unit hydraulic gradient.

1.1 Objectives

The purposes of this experiment are:

a) To identify the characteristics of the infiltration rate of water into soils in the field.
b) To analyse the concept of infiltration of water into soils.
c) To determine the factors which influence the infiltration rates.

2.0 METHODOLOGY

The velocity or speed at which water penetrates the soil is referred to as the infiltration
rate. The depth (in mm) of the water layer that can infiltrate the soil is commonly used to
determine it. Water infiltrates quickly into dry soil. The first infiltration rate is what it's termed.
Water from the soil surface infiltrates more slowly as more water replaces the air in the pores,
finally reaching a constant pace. The fundamental infiltration rate is what it's termed. The rate
of infiltration is determined by the texture and structure of the soil. A field test with a cylinder
or ring infiltrometer is the most frequent way to determine the infiltration rate.
2.1 Apparatus

Ring infiltrometer (inner and outer rings)

Driving plate

Hammer
 Ruler

Stopwatch

2.2 Procedure

1. The test site has been selected outside the laboratory.

2. The inner ring has been placed with cutting facing down on the ground.
3. The driving plate was put on the top of the inner ring and ensured the ring fits over,
between, or within the pins on the bottom of the driving plate.
4. Hammer was used to inserting the inner ring about 5 cm vertically into the soil.
5. The outer ring has been placed in the middle of the inner ring and a hammer was used
to insert the ring about 5 cm in level with the inner ring by tapping the driving plate.
6. The driving plate has been removed and the area inside the ring was cleaned to avoid
interference during infiltration.

7. A depth of 10 cm for water level was marked on the outer and inner ring.
8. The test was started by pouring the water into the outer ring until the depth was 10 cm
and observing the water level until dropping to 5 cm.
9. Then, water was added to the outer and inner rings at the same time until reached 10
cm.
10. The test was started with measure the infiltration rate by using a stopwatch every 30
seconds.

11. The water was poured again when the water level reached 5 cm.
12. The test was stopped until got the constant measurement four or five times.
3.0 RESULT & ANALYSIS

3.1 Result

Time t(S) Inner(mm) Infiltration Capacity(mm) Infiltration Rate(mm/s)

30 95 5 3.333
60 94 6 1.667
90 93 7 1.111
120 91 9 0.833
150 90 10 0.667
180 90 10 0.556
210 89 11 0.476
240 88 12 0.417
270 86 14 0.370
300 85 15 0.333
330 85 15 0.303
360 83 17 0.278
390 83 17 0.256
420 80 20 0.238
450 79 21 0.222
480 78 22 0.208
510 77 23 0.196
540 77 23 0.185
570 75 25 0.175
600 75 25 0.167
630 74 26 0.159
660 73 27 0.152
690 71 29 0.145
720 70 30 0.139
750 69 31 0.133
780 69 31 0.128
810 69 31 0.123
840 69 31 0.119
870 68 32 0.115
900 67 33 0.111
930 66 34 0.108
960 66 34 0.104
990 65 35 0.101
1020 65 35 0.098
1050 64 36 0.095
1080 64 36 0.093
1110 63 37 0.090
1140 63 37 0.088
1170 62 38 0.085
1200 61 39 0.083
1230 60 40 0.081
1260 60 40 0.079
1290 59 41 0.078
1320 59 41 0.076
1350 59 41 0.074
1380 59 41 0.072
1410 58 42 0.071
1440 58 42 0.069
1470 57 43 0.068
1500 56 44 0.067
1530 55 45 0.065
1560 55 45 0.064
1590 54 46 0.063
1620 54 46 0.062
1650 53 47 0.061
1680 52 48 0.060
1710 51 49 0.058
1740 51 49 0.057
1770 50 50 0.056
1800 50 50 0.056
1830 49 51 0.055
 1860 49 51 0.054
1890 48 52 0.053
1920 47 53 0.052
1950 47 53 0.051
1980 46 54 0.051
2010 45 55 0.050
2040 45 55 0.049
2070 44 56 0.048
2100 44 56 0.048
2130 44 56 0.047
2160 43 57 0.046
2190 43 57 0.046
2220 42 58 0.045
2250 42 58 0.044
2280 41 59 0.044
2310 40 60 0.043
2340 40 60 0.043
2370 40 60 0.042
2400 40 60 0.042
2430 40 60 0.041
2460 40 60 0.041
Table 1 Data Taken from Laboratory

3.2 Analysis

100𝑚𝑚
Infiltration Rate = = 3.333𝑚𝑚/𝑠
30𝑠

Infiltration Capacity = Depth of water – inner depth of water

=100𝑚𝑚 − 95𝑚𝑚 = 5𝑚𝑚

; those infiltration rate and capacity continues for other data.

 1. Graph of:
i. Infiltration Capacity Vs Time

Infiltration Capacity Vs Time

70
Infiltration Capacity(mm)

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
30
150
270
390
510
630
750
870
990
1110
1230
1350
1470
1590
1710
1830
1950
2070
2190
2310
2430
Time(s)

Figure 3.1 Infiltration Capacity Vs Time

ii. Infiltration Rate Vs Time

Infiltration Rate Vs Time

3.500
3.000
Infiltration Rate(mm/s)

2.500
2.000
1.500
1.000
0.500
0.000
390

990
30
150
270

510
630
750
870

1110
1230
1350
1470
1590
1710
1830
1950
2070
2190
2310
2430

Time(s)

Figure 3.1 Infiltration Rate Vs Time

Through the laboratory and the current condition during testing, the soil tested is a type of
wet soil. It is because, as the graph indicates, the pores in the clay layer get smaller as the curve
descends, making them more attractive to the water. When the wetting front hits the layer, the
clay is immediately wet. Even though the clay layer dries fast, the clay's microscopic pores trap
the water and inhibit the wetting process. Water moves in different ways in the coarse soil on
top when the wetting front slows down. Pores and crevices in dry soils allow water to penetrate
more quickly.
 2. Graph of Three different characteristic of soil
i. Dry Soil

We can see that infiltration happened faster in dry soil than in other soils. This is due
to the fact that water is quicker to soak into dry soil since the soil has a lot of void. Infiltration
rate and capacity are influenced by soil texture and structure, crop types and cover, soil water
content, soil temperature, and rainfall intensity. Coarse-grained sandy soils, for example,
contain vast gaps between each grain, allowing water to permeate fast. Plant life protects the
soil from raindrop impact, which can seal natural gaps between soil particles, and loosens the
soil through root activity, resulting in more porous soils.

ii. Wet Soil

Infiltration might not be too quick on wet soil. It moves at a slower pace than saturated
soil. This is due to the fact that there is already water in the soil. As a result, the water slowly
absorbed into the earth. The amount of water in a soil at the time of testing can have a
significant impact on how water soaks into the ground.
 iii. Saturated Soil

Because there is so much water inside the saturated soil compared to the wet soil,
infiltration was quite slow. Clay soil has smaller particles and pore spaces, which reduces the
capacity of water to penetrate. Water flow can also be influenced by subsoil characteristics.
Underneath the topsoil, a thick subsoil layer (clay) can function as a seal. If there is enough
rain, the topsoil will get saturated, and the water will have nowhere to go, regardless of the
topsoil's properties.

4.0 DISCUSSION

Dry soil, moist soil, and saturated soil are the three types of soil. According to the results of
the experiment, soil types have an impact on infiltration rates. There is a lot of void within dry
soils, thus water may absorb faster than it does in moist soil. Wet soil already has water in it,
and infiltration takes a reasonable amount of time between dry and saturated soils. Water
progressively absorbed into the soil as a result. Infiltration took a lengthy time since there was
a lot of water inside the saturated soil compared to wet soil. After plotting a graph of infiltration
rate vs time, it was presumed that the soil was wet from the experiment. The infiltration process
takes a long time because there is already water in the soil.

As a result, the water progressively absorbed into the soil during the experiment. There
was an error It has already been shown that water cannot enter the soil at a faster rate than it is
transferred downhill. As a result, surface conditions cannot improve infiltration unless the soil
profile's transmission capacity is acceptable. The percolation of water is facilitated by the
continuity of non-capillary or wide pores. Even though rainfall is intense, if the subsoil
formation has a coarse texture, water may penetrate into the soil so quickly that no water is left
for runoff. Clayey soils, on the other hand, may swell significantly after soaking in water during
the early phases of rainfall. It makes the soil nearly waterproof, and infiltration may be
minimised to almost nothing.

Even though the subsurface has great under drainage, if the soil pores are clogged at
the surface due to turbid water or in wash of small soil particles, water will not be able to enter
the soil, and the infiltration rate will be low. The rate of infiltration into the soil is extremely
high when the soil is fairly dry. As the soil's moisture storage capacity is depleted, the
infiltration rate decreases. After that, the rate of infiltration equals the rate of transmission. If
the soil pores are still packed from a previous rain storm, the rate of infiltration during the early
stages of a downpour will be lower. The porosity of the soil is reduced when the soil surface is
compacted owing to road construction, tractor use, and other farm implements and machinery.
As a result, larger pores are almost completely obliterated, rendering the soil impervious. It
significantly lowers infiltration rates.

5.0 CONCLUSION

As a result of this experiment, we discovered that the type of soil we utilised has an
impact on the infiltration rate. In a dry soil, infiltration is faster; in a wet soil, it is slower; and
in a saturated soil, it is very sluggish. As a result, the porosity and moisture content of the soil
had an impact on infiltration capacity. We can see from the experiment that the types of soils
have an impact on infiltration rates.

Most of the studies of penetrant rings or basins have been done by scientists interested
in their use for assessing agricultural soils. For this reason, the permeability is usually
determined by the upper foot of the surface soil, the applied head is low to simulate the
application of rain or irrigation water, the application time is about 30 minutes and the
maximum velocity is It was usually used and reported. Since the penetration was found to
fluctuate, the lowest average penetration used in the design was determined by discounting
significantly better results to provide comfort and moderate maintainability.

From this experiment, this knowledge can be applied to the design of dams or drainage
channels. The application of the basic hydrological system was very important in controlling
flood water. In addition, you can use this application to avoid the high cost of building dams
and drains. Next, we identified all the factors that influenced the runoff, such as precipitation
intensity, surface type, and precipitation time.
REFERENCES

Water Resources Engineering, 2005 Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.2.

Green, W. Heber; Ampt, G. A. (1911). "Studies on Soil Physics". The Journal of Agricultural
Science.3.

Horton, Robert E. (1933). "The role of infiltration in the hydrologic cycle". Trans. Am.
Geophys. Union. 14th Ann. Mtg: 446–460

Hillel, D., & Hatfield, J. L. (Eds.). (2005). Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment (Vol. 3).
Amsterdam: Elsevier

Ferré, T. P. A., & Warrick, A. W. (2005). Infiltration. In D. Hillel (Ed.), Encyclopedia of soils
in the environment (pp. 1, 254– 260). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

M. B. Kirkham, (2014). Infiltration. Principles of Soil and Plant Water Relations (Second
Edition) (Pages 201-227).