Refinatin cA

AI s tfhe study houw to make

conmpulees
do
things
which al he mornent people do betto

The A pooblems
FGome plan
Theovem
paovin
010me ont theos em povvnq shavect a poopeoiiy
Uhat people who do hern well
playing
axe onsicteorecd to be displaying. mbecuyence.

MundoneTask
pexception
Vision
Speech
Natuoal lomguage

ondeastancun
Generation
Toonslahorn

Commor senue vesorung.

) Robot

Foamal Tàska
Giomes
Conhoe

Chess
Backgamuner
checke
mafematics
Gieornetou
PLogic
calcuulus
Lnkegral
poobing propelysq3tm

Eapeut loska-
Engneesuing
esigh

-Faurfindng
Morufacoéing I
Planning

Scéentigio expeouments.

medicos diagnosfs
Ftnonaiol Analysi.

The undueiying osumphon

Phugsicak synbol yeken ageohawis
8- puzzle poobler

pRysical sgmbue aysherm Conaks set af entibes collecl

a
Symbals ,wfach ara
hat
pfhiysital panons con, occur 04
cornpnens omalfie ype o entity aallet
anerpesion (roymbae shructure). Thus, a symbal sbucuvae iy composecl ce a
aumber instances (or tokens)R9zmbois getated in some
physicol wayp
 ** k

RUIIIIunes2om
g GT287/2RIWMIUNITI

enatomt

to
he
produce alher
Shucbune
timo, tfe systent wilt onlaina
Ifie
sysem
expressions.
atso contain,
coltechion Ihese S

a. cottechon ce process tfhut opetake n erpressitns

Cwfiat u m Ar Tecfinique

n Technthue ur a metfiodt tfiat explorts knouoledge tfhat Shoutd be vepresenkc ir such a

way that
he kanoustedge capbuve
t) R com be undevsloct Genevatizatior,
by tfie people who must poooitedk
O0)
It c
eQ4.cly
be
moih ect to cowect esvas and lo veflett wosd.
in the
chonges
t Comt Deed in a gret ny i atuale
ee tg 6
Situation even its not vtalty COTmplee.
edt b overtone ds
hctp Own sheer butk by hu aoow
hetping
posi bility lfiat must usually be
consicle ved.

The class
q Poogroms that
atlempt modee iaman peoRomonce
to
ane those hat do
fhat moe hingg
awifin the
defination o
nI task do ; ae
Task
Tot tava
fate
r cleæcly.

the conmputer.
"they tfüngs #angs hat

exomples
To text
psychologicalHieoieoR fhumon
peoformance.
i To enable
cormputet to understond huma Vea2orurg
To enable people
o
undeastond campuker dealaning.
D) To eploit what
knocolecige we coi leg0 foom
people

Csiboria fosSuces
teat
Tuung
Poson LA
B In
B teogakor
Compute Iperabh
Rpmgam
Poo blern, Pooblem spaces Seorch

To salue a povblem, we need 4 tfungg-

U he
Define psvbkem pTtasely
tie pavblem.
f) Anolyse
()Tsolte omd veepoane tasK Knouleddge to salve the
povblenm
u choose the besb poblem 8cleing Technque applgut bo
pahiutar. poblem.

fonak descoption o_poblem.-

define keshale apace.
rina& state

qool tates.
v &et rules Gactons.
Pootucedn Sipshon
consists
A pottkuttonspstrnm hat
cut a left side
(pattorn)
deleoemuine

Sct of dTes-
a»b.Set o auules
(n8ist2q of
öute 0ct a suto ana and a ouight
ie ihe
tfie

ste
ctekowmope

that clescrubes
applicabitity

Hfhe operation
oR
to be penlos mvet p tfie valos s oppled

00 Oeos mne hrtoeledgedaabaae- Tiey.

conlatn uwliakewe iSbrmation
s oppropouale

oshe pwitituar astu.

he ooctoe m with dules awe applies

(10 Contoul shakexg- Specifias

) Ruteapplcs
conboe sbategy)
ontool Shuloqis (gooct
a) Tt catses motion

bbesystematio
wATER JUG
WATER

Gioal
JUGPROSL
PROBLEm

6et
3
2 gattor, in 4gatton
gattonig
gattonjug

Jug

galtorn
O
ug3gatton
O
jug Rul
ay)(a3) ce 3 gawon jug
transfor al wabert foum 3 galon to 4
(axy)- (a19o)
3) again fute
8falton-ju4
(ag)(z3)
Ty) 4) wansfo Loats
bonm3 gatlon
to 4
8adornjug ntit it s ful.
(41y)(4a)
y) t0,A)
5) 2gaton waru eRt in
3geonjug
Coay) (ay,o) ) Emply
4
galton jug by ourua 2
galonwater to at

Bveadih Ffiost Sewuhf-

BFS A,B,CDIE, Pi6n

DFS CDepth Risst sewen)
ABD.EC, FG
Coeate a Uasuiable colled nbde lTST md set út to îubias stale

Urnti goal
stobe s jbund or rvODE LIST FMPTy
E.
a) Remoe tfie fivst
eloment foorn rnote
lsb e caltect ut

6 Node test s emply quib.

b) Fos each au, each vute applued em E do -

DAPpy oule b geneuake new shae.

1) 6 nho state ls goal 6tate, quit p Oetion
) Olfewse aad neco shale to end Uocle ug

uus (FIFo) fisb

in
fstOut
 dvontage Of BPS nsstg
BFS wel a Co
not get oackedd eap.laveing, blund all
- 6 heov w a mectibn, Ren BFS fursontted
to
find
uit

L, m,G,,o,
Ovcler: A B,D,H, I, E,J, K, C, F

)e
Oheowke
tnhal state is a goal stak,quit
do fhe fotocoimg
untite Sucess
and achiewe success
os Raiuaei Snatsed. 5abma
tted.

genenate a sacces c Hia inubae sake. Hiode aa n0 moveSuccesso S

sUbn Ratue
(tn hes B)
6Call He dAS wih E as inebat stale (cattec Tecu as1on) case, iks

c succes is oetusned, s)gmae sugcess

Avonlages DfSE
DFS Dequioes less
emay, Since gnl he modes on Hie wentpah axe stured.
By chone DPS
may Rind
a salution wikfout he vest op the
exominin searfi space
Corterion BFS DFS
b bromchung
No factoa
Complete Hes
dm deph
Time oC) o()
Space obd+1) o Cbm)
opbimal Jes

Heuststic functon
RLn)sesbim akedt ast p the cheapest paf node '' to a good stae.

A feuwstio

A feuvt
us

Runthon
a echnique that
(mprwue hie

u a mtion tfat actsum pooblem

f'aum

Rueny a seawh poves

stade deacapbon to meauwe

desTonbil suatly veronpaenhed

as numbeu.

wer deuhred fhurätbie

5mcton
can
play tnpostomt pat
n uernty Guidsing a
Oeochpovxess oaosda salutiom.

he puspose cR a Kunshic Kmchon

uhueh pah
ús bo
gude he 6eah poces.
wken move Hen one
he most
ave
pofttabe
avatablo
directons by auggutig feloo fi%t

Admisible heuustic
the bo veach
in) rver overesbimales cost goal.
 Comsestant

cnA,
Ieudistto.

hln)
Rin)& cn0 ) +fi(n)

hi)
8- Puzale. Pooblem

h wumben o mis plocod fetes

hahie

3
som e dtislomes tlie feles foon ieergoal positions.

A-6
h 0+ 3+0t 3 +1+1l++2

fou omy nocte 'n h.(n) > hrtn)

ha clomtnater
ha s hettco
h

Han. h1.

HU CUmbing

(globaul
maxima
obyethiuve

nchan
local monma
Shutde
plalealu
lae

Slade spcuce CLbnt slale

Hue Cornbing
w aect in mdlfornabitao opbimigation"pooblem oRI
A londxope hs bok.
" location (sbale)ond veêevation"(
teunšho cost. fantton or
oljective fantton). TR eteoaton cureapondês
to heumbbrt cort fumchion. on ho
Qim tb
toRha IFo louest
vaep (global muhurma),5 eleabion cooesporcu o a ohjecthie

fancton hen Me aum ie lo

frma ha hyhast peak.

Simple hillclimbieg
IH exomin6 he neighlotuing nodea oe.
by one Onct Belect he fist yeihhbouving
octo ohiochi ffie
opbintges cooaect cause as Rie
neat Nocte.
Hlaoai hm C one ut
ofen
goalstale Hien vetusn uEpquut
3R Ius is also tfhe
Fuadecte theo inetat state. narse
e

)
Concdirnte wrfi as ife usoerit siak.
inetiac stahe
Jom
op mill he solutioan coe
founct
os untile theo0 s no new operato that jer
to
he SOLUTIORS abia
applied
th fhe cauent stake. Backtracks
Make
0

t
hb
lothe Cuwent skale oncd appliect
ct he opevatov

povduce neuo stake

iat fas rpt get applied
)
Hpply

EvALURTE
sDEW
agoak
THE STATE
state Ifien velum at p qul.
)it a
not is goat state but is betterran tie uraventstale ,make ue Curorent stako
Cuy) it ts npt bettr tfan fhe urents tate tonthuue Ehe
IR ,Jhan lop

SheepestAscents tLiu cumbing

tt eacmmhs att thie nehbaamng nodes oma hen select fo nocte closest to he
8atea bion stake as hie
next node.

Evaluak tfe
K itu
inetae stare also tegoal skake, hen selr at qui Ohervise
Continue wiA Ko tmirae state a caarnt Stale
a sateution
n Loop
cmtill
as pumd or ontill a complele teraborr poDduces no chge t
Curarent state.

(a) Let SucC be

betes hen SUCC

a stake such hat
a possible duccesso7
othe uo ent stake toi he

6) for
each opesatur
riat
applie bo a carvmpnt 6tae do
the
FPpl operuatos oma genevate a new sale
Evaluae tfio
njexo
stak.
fut sa , Han vehrre it
Compaae it to SUCC.
joal stule
nd quit. Fot,
I6it is beter her set SvCC to thus state. iR ie s
not bettes leave SvcC alone.
(Rhe SUC us better hon
tu00ent otate, then set urrent stobe to succ.

PROBLEm
LocaP maaumum-
ds astate thut bettes
Fo at us meahbos but u rnat bettea on some
sto b me oto
farher oun

Plateaw
H a Rat roea Hie seoach space m ohes a ofole set
op neaphbowng stale
hove the60me volue.

i Ridge
a
D local moirmum. t mfasa
specme kënd
ca feseauch pspate thas
apier han suaoDunding oea q hion
ttsel It s tmpos/bb h
slope
pon taovease a sidge a shpte maves
by
 SoLUTIONn
Backtacks ih directions
b ame erlier iode omd gong dferent

)
tay
Backba cks

some drnechor o by to
get bo a new sechòn He seazch spate
nlake a bi Jump ih

Apply
Toc od more ulea befpre doing
tfo kesb.

Simalaled tnnegang
tE a vaiation Ris o clinbing m whth ot Ihe begtnrang he povcess ,Sme douwn
ee moves do enougk exp lovakion ho
may be madeThe idea to ahole

spate eety on so
hot Rmat o
siutron u sensi hwe
to ta
shertng
stae. 1b shoald
fe as he local 0r a
mol a plateau
louex
chomges foa getpng cougAte mae nde
Evaluabe the theahe slakeit hen sehvnant qut the tontmu wih He naho
stal
a) Tnubatbrze est -s6-jou to ho uwrent stale
3) mibaazo il actrdng b ha onneakng sthedube.
4) Loop umbl a salubon s
fornd bo untiu heve ove no ne operutions leßb.

a) Select am opeator that has

yee
been oppluea
o keument stan opp
to podue a new state

b) Compuke 2C= lalue

o8 crrent stat- tatue R ew sta
a new state 1s
he goal ctao fon veusr ut and quit
f it s not beto ton he cuoent stole an make ut crooent stan .Also,ses
BEST-50-FAR to th neo stale
w not beter thon the urooent sto,then make ut orent State wh
pavbabubiy P

Rwrse Ts qeessary otovdeng

to he anmeaung ochecteue

R
dRona, BEST-So-FAR ashe amauoo.

# BEST-FIRST SEARCH

1StGcp
od slep shep

quaubion orneo Ru) =hla)

Beabch: fea) =gtmthlm) atiaaed
To
implentnt sucli a qpaph- seoach
povceciuae,
we vul peed o se two usts Dos.
OPEy- notu tfat faue hoaz
wfech Rave ot
get
gnesated
ben exoviunet. OPED
ant fiooo fiad

&
the
husi ecl to k
shic
appk ect
atiatey a pooy que
opli
ham bub t
a
CLOSED- nodes Hat thaue
aPorady been
exmned nee

NLGORITHm: Best -Aost Seazth

1) Starxt orlfi OPEw ontaning sto
ust tfe inbad
Qotl a goat uu
omd or tfiuxe axeno noas leßt on OPEnD do
a) Ptk tfem best made on OPEn
6) Genesal

)
)foseach sucressos
I
ts
îis

porend
saccessos.

ut fas not beern

do:

geeoauol beore, evabuote uk ,add ut to 0PEN ,md

deCoTdL

u 16 atfias been

fian
penegaled beRooe, chonge fo paunt if ha Ne paf w
tfe
ppoobus onzs. bete
htnd u consisent tRor fm) non-deroeasmg hn) s (n,a,n')thin)
gtn')=gin) +C(n,Qn)
n)= gtn') +htn) Start
but 9n)
gn')= gin) +c(niain')
5ln')= qn) +C(n,a, +hln)>
n') gh)+hln) hln
Bn)en) hCn'

Stat wlh OPEN wntanuhg

h' to onty he thhae sta
Dalue uhalwo it i Set
Unbie a goa riode
amol uts f vaue to
tfe rode's g
h+o. >et close vaue
D
too,ib
on oPC fumd epeathe bemphy lul.

Caer
,7epoot faubure
i BEST 0
hudoise, pik ro nodes on
kpetoaouno
aeno.nodeg proceduve
hew
MOde Rertove i OPEn) to
ts a goal npak, ut
s0. eit nd
oPED. om
Plate dt on CLosED.
tfe
loweat f'vade

oR vepoBt a Solution. See

BESTvODE bul do not point orhowie BESTUODE
mam Foo eatki genevOLe a3uccesso
such
success od do
s
jottopirng fe
a) Set 8uCESSOR to poínt back to BeSTNoDE.
Compute
R
q(sucCESSOR) =q (6ESTrVODE) + the ost
oR getbng BeSTNODe
Suessoð(0s not oa eMeT oPEN to
ou
CLOSED , el n suctesov
to he best node s 8utessor. tHion puit OP£v anet
ast it
Cormpute:

f' sUCL ESSOR) =

glsocessoR) -h'tioceESsO®)
A Complen gnd ophimal woR constance
Kounato
kmebibn.

..
mp g8upli b» exom

PROBLE REDUCTIO)

1)In trause Ihe

gouph to he 6tanting note
2)loop umbeb the
stoting pde uu labeted SoLDED 0 Umt! ut cost A0s aboua

FUTILITy
a) (oamsueue node nct fa uyrrent
lhe gvaph, startnqat Ife Inuhad Ralouwinq

ye ov as sowed
begs pak ond haue not been

e
label.ct
expandtect

bPick one Mae mexpeckect nodes onct expomet ut. IR fou no 8uteeasot,
ad us s0% fo ro
asun as lfa uotue o IAus node. Ounoite Succes

r
Rathlity

8upfi ona
each
hem tompule f' tuse omly
h'ama nozeg . 5 6
any node O, maak hat node as SOLVED

Ra new infoomahi
cChomge Ife f' esbmale 6 Neuly zpormdtecd node to efett
0T wtos8
us &. any mode contans a suctesgo»
poDuded by Successo
dRscenctomts ae al salvect, label he no des uhelR 30LUeD.AL each node ha
axe mos
w visied whuts
goung up he gapi aeas uhih Haue suceesso?

pwmusma, amd mank it as pat e uvent bet pulh. Thu ma caue ia

beat patto chomge

The problern veduchon w simplficnton o AO

A ma Aoz (lmp)
Dfoence
Rafr
a gmpo
m
behveern
two
shuutvre
uwt oPEN,crna CLOs, Hat
goaph.
wl uue in Aalgomm, nox use
wul also fiuue aSsocrotia uti ut a h'value
Sach node un he goaph
as etmatid oh. ho (ost apalfi Cse o a Saluhonmoda.um
we ul pt
sooo 9. 0s we dud in heA" algon hm

MEANSENDS ALHSIS
The maoma -end onalss poDLess Cenleved osbuma Hho defechon datfeveneg

blw te umrent stan andl Ma goalstate One suacfi is 1sodalecd, on

dugevence
opeae, al can vecue fhe dfference must bèfound, but peshiop that apevadb

Connot be applied to
in uraentstat 3o toe setap a sub-problem ohgettirg to
a slatt on uwtuth it conhe opplid, ha kund "8batkupovd cthauning ut ui
a9A Seleckeo
6pevaboas

ROBOSIINI
orcttaur atisfu bun
Many vblum in f:9 he leeurd
a apmbtr mtart sctfatrri hah K al
goci

oburg pnbem
adg rnuat be
iytigt
(aahy vifur fhurd urat r. t,tt "
 KnOWLEDGIE REPRESENTATIoN

fhawe too entiies

In òn

HCTS
knoulecege

Toulfi
Reporuentah

u sorne delevont
woolet. hese are h thengs we wont to

we w
pbe
olual
Rese axe fio
foomal sm.
Ihengs

epexentahion c facks
an some chosern
be able to monupuiate.

hese enhhies
lays oRstouthoung

Thie knoaledge levce

The symbol level

facts and vepovsentatz on

mapping between

Reasorung pozqpont
Tnlenal
Facts
Repoesentabon
Engash
Engih
genuxihon
underst
ondlah9

Engash

Rapvesenlahon

Puær
mo clus pouwer Geneoalibed)usnaodus
bue
P tuo Pla)

P- us ue a (Plx)2ra)) u kue
Conceusiorn q s fuo Conctusor ga)

s a dog
Eg Spot

All
odogs
hawe tait a
cloglspot)

Cdogtx)
has taito)

Spot
has a lait has tait (spot)

MaJTAA îš O men mon (oous)

Eg
AIl men oee movtas t (menta moxtat(«))
Is mootas
mostak (arcus)
Max aus

Eg- AU gveedy kings

axe evil s gsrect la)u kingla)
euda))
Jshn u earg
king (John)

lsohn)
Groeecdy

Eu CJohn)
us on Kead ohn
A coown o6 keng

A head (x, John ))

Fx CCvountx) on
 SSAY/IUNHIM2intutn

ppvoac hes knowleage kipatsertatikor (KR)-

dunnain sfhioult poses
lhe
folboing tpropernes-
syshem
bo Nr tn a panticulan
"Jaoce
Repocsentationmal fldequa

i) Tmfsonint ndequer
(i)
Tnfrsoncint uony
P) Mequisitional ene m he doman.
that ara
to att khd kmdedge s to Ouve Nw
Ohulity aepveaentr
un 8uchi auny
o mniiputate the vepovsentationae
sbuctune
at
5oom
shucluo CoeApOntih g to neco kowledge tnfovedl
coz
shctuse adtihonal inpmationUhat
auuty mos pusato und
to

fe
tfho knouolectoe
merfhonis
in Me mast pooušing
ad
dtvechion
to fæus
te atention mfenenee

The abeli ty to acquhe new infaomabion eaa

Technque of KR
V Simple atonaeknoulcotge -> Simplest way to depvesent to declaxatie facts uw a set o
oelaions His somme sost as usex n datobaso sysem

Playes Height weght Bal-Thocong

albc 6-0 180 R-R
P 5-t0
-2
70 R-R
a15 L-L
Lmn G-3 a05 L-R

2 Tnfesitonce knouoletge One » ohe mos5 usekul Kooma o

unReoene
s pvopet
inhebit ance n
wfich element
g speußjo infebent apbibuteu value mave
enesa ctasses un ouch
thay.
ove nuluded .In osde to
&uppoot pob peiliy
nRe-ta nce. objects ae 07gariged
untw classes.
na classes must be avrongcd n
a generausahon hie Tazchy

Peoson hamded
isa
Flclult-moee T5-10
hught

isa Raact Foom

heig he bo tan b bupP
Equalty babs Baseball-
handec Playeg botting

s averaje 252]
.252

|
C

O106DutEng-auewge Pitcher Aeldesbatbig-ae ige õ-263

instance instemce

hecan
Thee-Pirgor- Pe-De-
Chu'cano 800okkn-
Cuber Bbwn Reese
Dodgexs

Inhegt balbte Knouledgs

8Inferentiat nouwledge- cu necessasuy
dscnb0 he inhesential

badtional knowledge
Sonetime atv the power

that ac neected

dog. (spot)

haslaiela))
(dogtx)-
has taal (spot)

e- whal o do ancl uhon.

ui manu wx H
Procedusal knouwtedg

as
specaftès
8aira
*
t car be Tepventer pouyoons
lbmgeuge
us simply as cocte insmmepmqsammarg
tost Commun ouy
ut execue he cocde
to peafomaus
when
he macne uses Ho knoaledge

are also pocedual vepresentabon

Pooduchion Rutes