University of the South Pacific

EE102 Lab Report 6

Sinusoidal AC Analysis

Group 2 Member’s name: ID number

Delwyn Maria.C.G. Navuku S11185201

Dharneet Raj S11198454

Christmas Vaea S11140103

Lab time: Thursday 1 pm – 4 pm Lab Instructor: Dhirendran kumar

Aim
The main purpose of this lab is to demonstrate the validity of sinusoid circuits.

1. Measure currents in each branch of the circuit of Fig. 1 using the Oscilloscope
2. Verify KCL for AC circuit
3. Calculate the power dissipated in the resistor

Introduction
Direct Current (DC) and Alternating Current (AC) are the two ways that explain the kinds of current
flow in any circuit. DC shows that the flow of current is just one way, whereas AC, the flow of current
can flow in two ways at any time. Since AC current flows both ways, it also affects the voltage to
reverse together with the current [2]. Around the world, most offices and household outlets use AC
as a form of electricity because it has lots of benefit over the DC. Firstly, it is affordable in a way that
its devices are strong, uncomplicated and not much maintenance required when they operate [3].
Secondly, it has less risk and less power lost to heat when compared to DC [1]. AC can be
represented in various waveforms when connecting the circuit to the oscilloscope. The waveforms
that are usually produce are square wave, triangle wave and sine wave. But the most common
waveform that usually produce is the sine wave or sinusoidal wave as shown below in figure 1 which
has phase, amplitude and frequency [2].

Figure 1:Sine or Sinusoidal Wave

Equipment
The following tools were used to carry out this experiment:
  Dual trace Oscilloscope
 Signal generator
 Resistors (1kΩ, 1.5kΩ, 220Ω)
 Inductor 12mH (iron core)
 Capacitor 0.022 μF

Method

Firstly, the circuit shown above was constructed. After that, the Ch. A of the Oscilloscope was
connected to the output signal of generator at point ‘a’. The oscilloscope ground was made sure to
be the same. From there, the output of the signal generator was adjusted in order to provide a
sinusoidal voltage with an amplitude (peak value) of 5 Volts (10 Volts p-p) and frequency of the
function generator to f=10kHz.

Secondly, the Ch. B of the oscilloscope was used to observed the voltage across R 2 at point d. After
that, the voltage V2 was measured. After measuring, the phase angle θ2 of voltage V2 was
determined with respect to generator voltage v. And then I2 (t) was calculate and the time domain
expression was entered for iL below.

Results & Analysis

Circuit Maker Analysis
Table 1: Sinusoidal results for v2 and i(t)

v2 (Amplitude) Θ2 (phase, IL (Amplitude) = Expression iL (t)

degrees) v ₂(t)
R₂
Simulation 2.2 54 1.47 i(t)=1.47x10- 3
sin(20000πtt -
54)
Hardware 2.64 30 1.76 i(t)=1.76x10- 3
sin(20000πt -
30)

Table 2: Sinusoidal results for v3 and ic(t)

v3 (Amplitude) Θ3 (phase, Ic (Amplitude) = Expression ic (t)

degrees) v ₃(t)
R₃
Simulation 0.6 43 2.72 i(t)=2.72x10-3
sin (20000πt-
43)
Hardware 3.1 13.52 14.1 i(t)=14.1x10-3
sin(20000πt -
14)

Observations
Figure 1

Figure 2
Calculation
Phase angle θ2 from the Circuit Maker

100µs = 360̊

12µs = θ2

4320µs = 100µs θ2
θ2 = 43.3°

Phase angle θ2 from the Oscilloscope

27.6µs = 360̊

2.3µs = θ2

10764µsdeg = 27.6µs θ2
θ2 = 30°

Value of current I L for Circuit Maker

2.3<54 v
I L=
1500<0
−3
1.46 ×10

¿ 1.46 ×10−3 sin ( 2000 πt +30 ) A

Value of current I L for Oscilloscope

2.65<30
I L=
1500< 0

1.75 ×10−3

¿ 1.76 ×10−3 sin ( 2000 πt +54 ) A

Voltages across resistors R2 and R3

 I =I L + I C

5−V 1 V1 V1
= +
1000 −J 0.72+220 J 753.98+1500
5−V 1=J 1388.89+ 4.55 V 1−J 1.33+ 0.67V 1
5<0=1387.57<89.74 V 1
V 1=3.4< 39.76

−J 0.72
V 3=3.4 ←39.76( )
−J 0.72+ 220
0.72< 180
3.4 ←39.76 ( )
220< 90.19
3.6←39.76 ( 0.00327< 89.81 )
V 3=0.02<50.07
Discussion
A circuit analysis was done and determined the values of v2 and phase angle θ2 . Then
observations were made by constructing the graph on the digital meter. Then calculations
were made to determine phase angle from both circuit maker and oscilloscope. The circuit
maker produced values of 43.3° and oscilloscope had 30° when calculated. After then we
managed to determine I Lfor both circuit maker and oscilloscope. The polar equations were
found with different answers that showed some errors associated. Eventually, upon
obtaining the expressions of current in inductor and current in capacitor through two
different approaches, the first via circuit builder and the second via oscilloscope. For both
the inductor and the capacitor, the simulated and oscilloscope values were found to be
marginally specific. This is due to several issues encountered when walking the exam. We
also managed to understand the voltages across resistors R2 and R3. Therefore, we found
v1 as 3.4<39.67 and v3 as 0.02<50.07.

Conclusion
To conclude, we were able to demonstrate the validity of sinusoid circuits and also to prove the
law of energy conservation. The frequency graph with a phase shift was visible during the
experiment. Our results from the pre-lab differed somewhat, which might have been attributable to
errors made by humans.

References
[1]"Applications of AC - Alternating Current: Applications and History", Ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu, 2021.
[Online]. Available: http://ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/webproj/212_spring_2017/Jacalyn_Morgan/
1775941155590410311e3ae/applications-of-ac.html. [Accessed: 03- Nov- 2021].

[2] S. Hymel, "Alternating Current (AC) vs. Direct Current (DC) -

learn.sparkfun.com", Learn.sparkfun.com, 2021. [Online]. Available:
https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/alternating-current-ac-vs-direct-current-dc/all#:~:text=Both
%20AC%20and%20DC%20describe%20types%20of%20current,%28AC%29%2C%20on%20the
%20other%20hand%2C%20changes%20direction%20periodically. [Accessed: 01- Nov- 2021].

[3]"What are the Advantages of AC over DC? | Linquip", Industrial Manufacturing Blog | linquip,
2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.linquip.com/blog/what-are-the-advantages-of-ac-over-dc/.
[Accessed: 01- Nov- 2021].