ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНТСТВО ПО ОБРАЗОВАНИЮ

Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования

«ТОМСКИЙ ПОЛИТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»

V.V. Konev

LINEAR ALGEBRA, VECTOR ALGEBRA AND

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY
WorkBook

Рекомендовано в качестве учебного пособия

Редакционно-издательским советом
Томского политехнического университета

Издательство
Томского политехнического университета
2009
UDС 517

V.V. Konev. Linear Algebra, Vector Algebra and Analytical Geometry.

Workbook. Tomsk: TPU Press, 2009, 38 pp..

Reviewed by: V.A. Kilin, Professor of the Higher Mathematics

Department, TPU, D.Sc.

© Tomsk Polytechnic University, 2009

 To the Student

In this workbook, the topics are presented in the same order as in the
textbook [1]. The problems concern three content areas: Linear Algebra,
Vector Analysis, and Analytical Geometry.
Prerequisites: A student should be able
– to solve linear equations;
– to perform the basic operations on numbers and algebraic
expressions;
Linear Algebra topics include the following themes: matrices and
determinants; matrix operations; determinant calculations; inverse
matrices; systems of linear equations.
The Linear Algebra tests will reveal your knowledge and skills, your
abilities in interpreting symbols, justifying statements and constructing
proofs. You should be able to apply the properties of determinants and
matrix operations and solve linear systems of equations.
The Vector Analysis topics include: linear vector operations; the dot
product of vectors; the cross product of vectors; the scalar triple product;
geometrical applications of vectors.
After you complete this supplement you should be able to formulate and
solve problems basing on vector representation, to use standard techniques
of vector analysis.
The Analytical Geometry topics include different forms of equations of
straight lines and planes; angles between simple figures; the curves of the
second order.
To pass the final test, you should be able to solve basic problems,
demonstrate full understanding of all topics, and give a significant portion
of the answer successfully. Minor calculation errors are admissible.
You can also use another textbooks [2,3] to understand better the main
points of the problems studied.
If you have difficulties with elementary mathematics, turn to textbooks
[4,5] and workbook [6-9].

3
 Contents

To the Student ………………………………………………………. 3

Contents……………………………………………………………... 4

LINEAR ALGEBRA
1. Matrix Operations ……………………………………………….. 5
2. Determinants …………………………………………………….. 9
3. Inverse matrices …………………………………………………. 12
4. Systems of Linear Equations ……………………………………. 15

VECTOR ALGEBRA
1. Linear Vector Operations ……………………………………….. 21
2. Scalar Product ……………………………………………… 24
3. Vector Product ……………………………………………… 27
4. Scalar Triple Product ……………………………………… 29

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY
1. Straight Lines …………………………………………………… 31
2. Planes …………………………………………………………… 34
3. Quadratic Curves ………………………………………………… 36
References………………………………………………………… 38

4
 LINEAR ALGEBRA

LINEAR ALGEBRA
Matrix Operations
Problem 1: Which of the below matrices are equal, if any?
⎛ 4 5⎞ ⎛ 4 2⎞ ⎛ 4 5 0⎞
A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ , B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ , C = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ,
⎝ 1 2 ⎠ ⎝ 1 5 ⎠ ⎝ 1 2 0 ⎠
⎛ 5 −1 25 ⎞ ⎛ 4 0 5⎞
D = ⎜⎜ ⎟, E = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝ sin 90° 2 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 1 0 2 ⎠
Solution:

Problem 2: Given the matrices

⎛ 3 1⎞ ⎛ − 1 1⎞ ⎛ 2 − 2⎞
A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ , B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ and C = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ,
⎝ − 2 0 ⎠ ⎝ 0 5 ⎠ ⎝ 4 1 ⎠
find the linear combination 2 A − 3B + 4C .
Solution:

2 A − 3B + 4C =

⎛ x⎞
⎜ ⎟
Problem 3: Express matrix A = ⎜ y ⎟ as the linear combination of the
⎜z⎟
⎝ ⎠
matrices
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 0⎞ ⎛ 0⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
X = ⎜ 0⎟ , Y = ⎜ 1⎟ , and Z = ⎜ 0⎟ .
⎜ 0⎟ ⎜ 0⎟ ⎜1⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ x⎞
⎜ ⎟
Solution: A = ⎜ y ⎟ =
⎜z⎟
⎝ ⎠

5
LINEAR ALGEBRA

Problem 4: Determine which of the matrix products AB and BA are defined.

If the product is appropriate, find the size of the matrix obtained.
1) A is a 3× 5 matrix and B is a 5 × 2 matrix;
2) A is a 3 × 2 matrix and B is a 2 × 3 matrix;
3) A is a 4 × 2 matrix and B is a 4 × 2 matrix;
4) A is an 1× 7 matrix and B is a 7 × 1 matrix;
5) A and B are square matrices of the fifth order.
Solution:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

⎛5 − 2 1⎞
Problem 5: Let A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝ 3 4 2 ⎠
Evaluate the matrix products AAT and AT A
If the difference AAT − AT A is defined, find it. If not, explain why.
Solution:
AAT =

AT A =

AAT − AT A

Problem 6: Find the matrix product AB , if

⎛ 0 −2 1 ⎞
⎛5 − 2 1⎞ ⎜ ⎟
A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ and B = ⎜ − 3 5 − 1⎟ .
⎝ 3 4 2⎠ ⎜ 4 −3 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Solution:
⎛ 0 −2 1 ⎞
⎛5 − 2 1⎞⎜ ⎟
AB = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜ − 3 5 − 1⎟ =
⎝3 4 2⎠ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 −3 2 ⎠

6
 LINEAR ALGEBRA

Problem 7: Using the matrices A and B given in Problem 6 find the matrix
element c3,2 on the third row and second column of the matrix C = B T AT .
Solution:
BT =

AT =

c3,2 =

Problem 8: Given three matrices

⎛ 3 − 1⎞ ⎛ 5⎞
A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ , B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ , and C = (− 2 8 1) ,
⎝2 4 ⎠ ⎝ 6⎠
find the matrix products ( AB)C and A(BC ) by straightforward procedure.
Solution:
AB =

( AB)C =

BC =

A(BC ) =

Problem 9: Let A and B be two diagonal matrices of the order 4. Find the
matrix AB − BA .
Solution:
AB − BA =

⎛1 0 ⎞
Problem 10: Find A50 , if A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝1 1 ⎠
Solution:
A2 =

A3 =

A50 =

7
LINEAR ALGEBRA

⎛0 − 2 1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
Problem 11: Let A = ⎜ 3 4 − 1⎟ . Find a matrix B such that C = A + B is
⎜5 − 3 7 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
a diagonal matrix.
Solution:

B=

Problem 12: Which of the below matrices are symmetric? Which are skew-
symmetric?
⎛ 0 −2 1 ⎞ ⎛ 0 −2 1 ⎞ ⎛ 3 2 5⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
A=⎜ 2 4 − 1⎟ , B = ⎜ 2 0 − 1⎟ , and C = ⎜ 2 − 4 1 ⎟ .
⎜ −1 1 7 ⎟⎠ ⎜ −1 1 0 ⎟⎠ ⎜ 5 1 7⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎝ ⎠
Solution:

⎛5 − 2⎞
Problem 13: Let AB = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ . Find the matrix product B T AT , where AT
⎝3 4 ⎠
is the transpose of A, and BT is the transpose of B.
Solution:

B T AT =

⎛1 − 2⎞
Problem 14: Let A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ and f ( x ) = 3x 2 + 5 x − 4 .
⎝0 3 ⎠
Find f ( A) .
Solution:

f ( A) =

8
 LINEAR ALGEBRA

Determinants
Problem 1: Apply the Sarrus Rule to calculate the determinants of the
matrices
⎛ 0 −2 1⎞ ⎛ 0 −2 1 ⎞ ⎛ 3 2 5⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
A=⎜ 2 4 − 1⎟ , B = ⎜ 2 0 − 1⎟ , and C = ⎜ 2 − 4 1 ⎟ .
⎜ −1 1 7 ⎟⎠ ⎜ −1 1 0 ⎟⎠ ⎜ 5 1 7⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎝ ⎠
Solution:
0 −2 1
det A = 2 4 −1 =
−1 1 7

0 −2 1
det B = 2 0 −1 =
−1 1 0

3 2 5
det C = 2 − 4 1 =
5 1 7

7 8 9
Problem 2: Calculate det A = 4 5 6 . Using the properties of
1 2 3
determinants, express each of the below determinants through det A .
2 1 3 −5 4 −6 − 21 − 24 − 27
det B = 5 4 6 , det C = 2 − 1 3 , det D = 4 5 6
8 7 9 8 −7 9 2 4 6
Solution:
7 8 9
det A = 4 5 6 =
1 2 3

9
LINEAR ALGEBRA

2 1 3
det B = 5 4 6 =
8 7 9
−5 4 −6
det C = 2 −1 3 =
8 −7 9
− 21 − 24 − 27
det D = 4 5 6 =
2 4 6

⎛ 3 − 2⎞ ⎛ 6 3⎞
Problem 3: Let A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ and B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ . Find the determinant of
⎝ − 1 4 ⎠ ⎝ 5 2 ⎠
2 3
the matrix product A B .
Solution:
3 −2
det A = =
−1 4

6 3
det B = =
5 2

det( A2 B 3 ) =

⎛ 4 2⎞
Problem 4: Evaluate det A10 , if A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝ 5 3 ⎠
Solution:
4 2
det A = =
5 3
det A10 =

Problem 5: Let A be a square matrix of the third order such that det A = 5 .
Find
1) det(2 A) ; 2) det AT ; 3) det A3 , 4) det(2 A2 AT ) .
Solution: det(2 A) =
10
 LINEAR ALGEBRA

det AT =

det A3 =

det( 2 A2 AT ) =

8 −2 1
Problem 6: Let 2 3 1 = D . Express the determinants of the below
4 −5 0
matrices
⎛2 3 1⎞ ⎛ 3 4 − 2⎞ ⎛ 6 − 5 0⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
A = ⎜16 − 4 2 ⎟ , B = ⎜ 3 2 3 ⎟ , and C = ⎜ 2 3 1 ⎟
⎜ 4 − 5 0⎟ ⎜ 0 2 − 5⎟ ⎜ 4 − 5 0⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
in terms of D. The calculation of the given determinant D is not required.
Solution:
2 3 1
det A = 16 − 4 2 =
4 −5 0
3 4 −2
det B = 3 2 3 =
0 2 −5
6 −5 0
det C = 2 3 1 =
4 −5 0

⎛1 5 0⎞
⎜ ⎟
Problem 7: Let A = ⎜ 2 4 1 ⎟ . Evaluate det A using expansion according
⎜ −1 3 6 ⎟⎠
⎝
to the second column. Then expand the determinant by the first row and
compare the results obtained.
1 5 0
Solution: det A = 2 4 1 = a21 A21 + K
−1 3 6
11
LINEAR ALGEBRA

1 5 0
det A = 2 4 1 = a11 A11 K
−1 3 6
Problem 8: By elementary row and column operations, reduce the matrix
⎛2 3 − 2⎞
⎜ ⎟
A=⎜ 4 0 7 ⎟ to the triangular form and calculate det A .
⎜ −1 2 3 ⎟⎠
⎝
2 3 −2
Solution: det A = 4 0 7 =
−1 2 3
⎛5 1 −2 0⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜1 3 6 − 1⎟
Problem 9: Let A = ⎜ . Calculate det A .
0 7 1 3⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝5 4 2 1 ⎟⎠
Solution:
5 1 −2 0
1 3 6 −1
det A = =
0 7 1 3
5 4 2 1

Inverse Matrices
Problem 1: Find the cofactors of the matrix elements on the second row of
⎛− 3 2 3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
the matrix A = ⎜ 4 1 6 ⎟ .
⎜ 7 5 − 1⎟
⎝ ⎠
Solution:

A21 =

A22 =

A23 =

12
 LINEAR ALGEBRA

⎛− 3 2 3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
Problem 2: Find the adjoint matrix of A = ⎜ 4 1 6 ⎟ .
⎜ 7 5 − 1⎟
⎝ ⎠
Then find all non-diagonal elements of the matrix product A ⋅ adj A . Explain
why they are equal to zero.
Solution:

adj A =

A ⋅ adj A =

Problem 3: Let A be the matrix given in Problem 2. Evaluate all diagonal

elements of the matrix product A ⋅ adj A . Explain why they are equal to each
other.
Solution:

A ⋅ adj A =

Problem 4: Using matrix A given in Problem 2 find the inverse of A. Verify

the result by the definition of the inverse matrix.
Solution:
A−1 =

Verification: A−1 A =

AA−1 =

⎛5 4⎞
Problem 5: Find the inverse of A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ . Check the result by the
⎝ 3 2⎠
definition.
Solution:
det A = adj A =

A−1 = AA−1 =

13
LINEAR ALGEBRA

⎛5 4⎞ ⎛ 2 − 6⎞
Problem 6: Let A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ and B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ . Solve for X the matrix
⎝ 3 2 ⎠ ⎝ 1 7 ⎠
equation AX = B . Verify the solution.
Solution: X =

A−1 =
Verification:

Problem 7: Let A and B be the matrices given in Problem 6. Solve for X the
matrix equation XA2 = B . Verify the solution.
Solution: X =

A−1 =
Verification:

⎛ 1 0 5⎞
⎜ ⎟
Problem 8: Evaluate the inverse of A = ⎜ − 2 4 0 ⎟ . Find the product
⎜ 3 −1 1⎟
⎝ ⎠
−1
A A to check up the result.
Solution:
1 0 5
det A = − 2 4 0 =
3 −1 1

adj A = A−1 =

Check up:
⎛ 1 5 ⎞
Problem 9: Evaluate the inverse of A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ by means of the
⎝ − 2 − 7 ⎠
elementary transformations of the extended matrix ( A | I ) .
⎛ 1 5 1 0⎞
Solution: ( A | I ) = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ →
⎝ − 2 − 7 0 1⎠

A−1 =
14
 LINEAR ALGEBRA

LINEAR ALGEBRA
Systems of Linear Equations
Problem 1: Reduce the matrix
⎛3 − 4 1 5 − 2⎞
⎜ ⎟
A = ⎜2 1 −3 0 4 ⎟
⎜ 3 7 − 10 − 5 14 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
to the row echelon form and find the rank of A.
Solution:
⎛3 − 4 1 5 − 2⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2 1 − 3 0 4 ⎟→
⎜ 3 7 − 10 − 5 14 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

⎛ 11 − 3 18 3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ − 2 − 1 − 11 5 ⎟
Problem 2: Find the rank of A = ⎜ by elementary
7 − 2 13 1 ⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 3 − 1 8 − 2 ⎠
transformations.
Solution:
⎛ 11 − 3 18 3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ − 2 − 1 − 11 5 ⎟
⎜ 7 − 2 13 →
1 ⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 3 − 1 8 − 2 ⎠

rank A =
Hint: You can interchange two rows or columns, multiply a row or column
by a nonzero number and multiply a row (column) by a number to add the
result obtained to another row (column).

15
LINEAR ALGEBRA

Problem 3: Solve the system of linear equations

⎧5 x1 + 2 x2 − 4 x3 = 4
⎪
⎨ x1 + 3x2 + 4 x3 = 3
⎪2 x + 4 x + x = 1
⎩ 1 2 3

via Gaussian elimination. Check whether the solution satisfies all the given
equations.
Solution:
⎛ 5 2 − 4 4⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 1 3 4 3⎟ →
⎜ 2 4 1 1⎟
⎝ ⎠

Solution check:

Problem 4: Use Gaussian elimination to solve the system of equations

⎧7 x1 + x2 − 5 x3 = 3
⎪
⎨4 x1 + x2 − 3x3 = 5
⎪− 2 x + x + x = 2
⎩ 1 2 3

Solution:
⎛ 7 1 − 5 3⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 4 1 − 3 5 ⎟→
⎜ − 2 1 1 2⎟
⎝ ⎠

Solution check:

Problem 5: Find the general solution and a particular solution of the linear
system, which is given by the augmented matrix
⎛− 3 − 2 2 1 2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2 1 −1 1 − 2⎟ .
⎜ −1 1 − 3 1 4 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Check the solution by substituting the values of the unknowns.
16
 LINEAR ALGEBRA

Solution:
⎛− 3 − 2 2 1 2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2 1 −1 1 − 2⎟ →
⎜ −1 1 − 3 1 4 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

The general solution is

A particular solution is

Solution check:

⎛− 2 2 5 3⎞
⎜ ⎟
Problem 6: Let A = ⎜ 2 − 2 1 1 ⎟ be the coefficient matrix of the
⎜ 5 − 5 − 2 4⎟
⎝ ⎠
homogeneous system of linear equations AX = 0 . Find the general solution.
Solution:
⎛− 2 2 5 3⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2 − 2 1 1⎟ →
⎜ 5 − 5 − 2 4⎟
⎝ ⎠

The general solution is

Solution check:

Problem 7: The homogeneous system of linear equations is given the

⎛ 2 1 −5 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
coefficient matrix A = ⎜ − 3 − 1 2 ⎟ . Determine the number of solutions.
⎜ 4 0 ⎟⎠
⎝ 1
Solution:
2 1 −5
det A = − 3 − 1 2 =
4 1 0
17
LINEAR ALGEBRA

Problems 8: Use Cramer’s Rule to solve the following system of linear

equations.
⎧5 x1 + 2 x2 − 4 x3 = 4
⎪
⎨ x1 + 3x2 + 4 x3 = 3
⎪2 x + 4 x + x = 1
⎩ 1 2 3

Solution:
5 2 −4
D = det A = 1 3 4 =
2 4 1
4 2 −4
D1 = 3 3 4 =
1 4 1

5 4 −4
D2 = 1 3 4 =
2 1 1

5 2 4
D3 = 1 3 3 =
2 4 1

D1
x1 = = x2 = x3 =
D

Solution check:

Problems 9: Solve the following system of linear equations by Cramer’s

Rule.
⎧2 x1 − x2 + 5 x3 = 19
⎪
⎨ x1 + x2 − 3x3 = −3
⎪2 x + 4 x + x = 6
⎩ 1 2 3

18
 LINEAR ALGEBRA

Solution:
2 −1 5
D = det A = 1 1 − 3 =
2 4 1
19 − 1 5
D1 = − 3 1 − 3 =
6 4 1
2 19 5
D2 = 1 − 3 − 3 =
2 6 1
2 − 1 19
D3 = 1 1 − 3 =
2 4 6
D1 D2 D3
x1 = = x2 = = x3 = =
D D D
Solution check:
Problem 10: Given the system of linear equations
⎧ x1 + 2 x2 + 3x3 = a
⎪
⎨4 x1 + 5 x2 + 6 x3 = b
⎪7 x + 8 x + 9 x = c
⎩ 1 2 3

For which values of a, b, and c the system is consistent?

Hint: Transform the augmented matrix to the reduced row echelon form and
then apply Cramer's General Rule.
Solution:

Problem 11: Given the system of linear equations

⎧ x1 + 2 x2 + 3x3 = a
⎪
⎨4 x1 + 5 x2 + 6 x3 = b
⎪7 x + 8 x + 9 x = 0
⎩ 1 2 3

19
LINEAR ALGEBRA

For which values of a and b the system is inconsistent?

Solution:

Problem 12: Find the values of a for which the following system of linear
equations
⎧2 x1 + 3x2 + x3 = 3
⎪
⎨− x1 + x2 = 2
⎪ x + αx − x = −2.
⎩ 1 2 3

has the unique solution.

Solution:

Problem 13: Given the reduced row echelon form of the augmented matrix,
⎛1 3 −1 5 2⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜0 7 0 2 4⎟
A=⎜ ,
0 0 3 0 1⎟
⎜
⎜ 0 0 0 1 3 ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
Find the number of solutions of the corresponding linear system. It is not
necessary to solve the system.
Solution:

Problem 14: Given the reduced row echelon form of the augmented matrix,
⎛1 2 3 4 1⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 5 6 7 2 ⎟
A=⎜ .
0 0 8 9 3⎟
⎜
⎜ 0 0 0 0 a ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
How many solutions has the corresponding linear system?
Solution:

20
 VECTOR ALGEBRA

VECTOR ALGEBRA
Linear Vector Operations
λ a = {λ a1 , λ a2 , λ a3}
a + b = {a1 + b1 , a2 + b2 , a3 + b3}.

Problem 1: Given two vectors a = {4 ,1,−2} and b = {1,5,−2} in Cartesian

coordinate system, find the lengths of the vectors p = a + b and q = a − b .
Solution:
p= | p |=
q= | q |=

Problem 2: Let a = {4 ,1,−2} and b = {1,5,−2} . Solve for p the following

vector equation:
3 a – 2 p = 4 b.
Solution:
p=

Problem 3: Let A(1, 2, 3) be the common origin of two vectors

→ →
a = AB = {−2 ,4, 7} and b = AC = {3, − 1, 5} . Find the coordinates of the points
B and C .
Solution:

→
Problem 4: Find the unit vector u in the direction of AB , if A(5, 3, − 1) and
B ( 2, 7, − 1) .
Solution:
u=

Problem 5: Let a = {−3,4, 0} . Find the unit vector u in the direction of a.

Solution:
u=

21
VECTOR ALGEBRA

In Problems 6 through 8 determine whether the given vectors a and b are

parallel.
Problem 6: a = {−2 ,4, 5} and b = {8,16, − 20} .
Solution:

Problem 7: a = {3,4, 5} and b = {6, 7, 8} .

Solution:

Problem 8: a = {3, − 5,1} and b = {6,− 10, 2} .

Solution:

Problem 9: Let A, B, C, and D be the vertices of a parallelogram. Express

→ →
vectors d1 = AC and d 2 = BD as linear combinations of two adjacent vectors
→ →
a = AB and b = AD .

Solution:
d1 =
d2 =
→ →
Problem 10: Assume that the vectors d1 = AC and d 2 = BD join the
→
opposite vertices of a parallelogram. Find the adjacent vectors a = AB and
→
b = AD .
Solution:
→
a = AB =
→
b = AD =

22
 VECTOR ALGEBRA

Problem 11: Given a triangle with the vertices at the points A( 2,1, − 1) ,
B (3, 4, 4) , and C (5, 2, 3) , find
(i) the medians AD, BE, and CF;
(ii) the coordinates of the medians interception point.

Solution:
→
AD = AD =
→
BE = BE =
→
CF = CF =

Problem 12: Let A( 2,1, − 1) and B(8, − 2, 11) be the endpoints of a linear
segment AB.
Find the coordinates of the point C dividing AB in the ratio 2:1.

Solution:

Problem 13: Consider two vectors a = {−2 ,4, 5} and b = {x, − 3, z} .

For which values of z the equation
| a| = | b |
has exactly one solution with respect to x?
For which values of z the equation has exactly two solutions with respect to x?
For which values of z the equation for x has no solutions?
Solution:

23
VECTOR ALGEBRA

Scalar Product
a ⋅ b = a x bx + a y by + a z bz
a ⋅ b = a b cosθ
Projb a = a cosθ

Problem 1: Find the scalar product of two vectors a = {2 , − 3, 4} and

b = {7 ,5,1} .
Solution:
a⋅b =

Problem 2: Let | a |= 3 , | b |= 4 , and the angle between vectors a and b be

equal to 60° . Find the scalar product a ⋅ b .
Solution:
a⋅b =

Problem 3: Let a = 4 p − 3q and b = p + 2q . Find the scalar product a ⋅ b , if

| p |= 5 , | q |= 2 , and vectors p and q form the angle of 30° .
Solution:

In Problems 4 through 6 find the angle between two vectors a and b .

Problem 4: a = {2 , − 3, 4} and b = {−1,5, − 4} .
Solution:
| a |= | b |=
a⋅b =

cosθ =

Problem 5: a = {0, 3, 4} and b = {2 ,4, − 4} .

Solution:
| a |= | b |=
a⋅b =

cosθ =

24
 VECTOR ALGEBRA

Problem 6: a = {4 ,1, − 1} and b = {0,3, 7} .

Solution:
| a |= | b |=
a⋅b =

cosθ =

In Problems 7 through 9 find the projection of a on b.

Problem 7: a = {6, 5, − 1} and b = {2, − 3, 4} .
Solution:
a⋅b =
| b |=
Projb a =

Problem 8: a = {1, − 1, 5} and b = {4, 3, 0} .

Solution:
a⋅b =
| b |=
Projb a = a cosθ

Problem 9: a = {−2 , − 1, 6} and b = {2, 5, 1} .

Solution:
a⋅b =
| b |=
Projb a = a cosθ

In Problems 10 through 14 find the value of a parameter p to satisfy the

required condition.
Problem 10: a = {6, 5, − 1} , b = { p, − 3, 4} , and a ⊥ b .
Solution:
a⋅b =
p=

25
VECTOR ALGEBRA

Problem 11: a = {2 , p, − 3} , b = {3, 2, − 5} , and a ⊥ b .

Solution:
a⋅b =
p=

Problem 12: a = {−6, 2, 5} , b = {3, − 1, p} , and a || b .

Solution:
ax
=
bx
p=

Problem 13: a = {2 , p, − 3} , b = {10, − 5, − 15} , and a || b .

Solution:
ax
=
bx
p=

Problem 14: a = {1, 2, − 3} , b = {4, 5, p} , and a || b .

Solution:
ax
=
bx
p=

Problem 15: Let a = {4 , − 2, 1} . Fund the direction cosines.

Solution:
| a |=

cos α =
cos β =
cos χ =

26
 VECTOR ALGEBRA

Vector Product
i j k
a × b = ax ay az
bx by bz

| a × b |= a b sin θ , a×b ⊥ a, a×b ⊥ b

Problem 1: Find the vector product of two vectors a = {2 , − 3, 4} and

b = {7 ,5,1} .
Solution:

a×b =

Problem 2: Let | a |= 2 , | b |= 7 , and the angle between vectors a and b be

equal to 30° . Find the absolute value of the vector a × b .
Solution:
| a × b |=

Problem 3: Simplify the vector product ( 2a − 3b) × ( a + 4b) .

Solution:
(2a − 3b) × (a + 4b) =

Problem 4: Let A(2, 3, –2), B(1, 7, -1), and C(3, 4, 5) be three adjacent
vertices of a parallelogram. Find the area S of the parallelogram.

Solution:
→
a = AB =
→
b = AC =
a×b =

S=

27
VECTOR ALGEBRA

Problem 5: Find the area of the triangle with the vertices at the points
A(5, 6, 2) , B(4, 8, 7) , and C (5, 3, 4) .
Solution:
→
a = AB =
→
b = AC =
a×b =

Area =

Problem 6: Given two vectors, a = {1, − 5, 4} and b = {2 ,− 2,1} , find a vector

c such that c ⊥ a and c ⊥ b .
Solution:

Problem 7: Given the parallelogram with the adjacent vertices at the points
A(−1, 3, 2) , B( 4, 1, 2) , and C (3, 4, 4) , find the length of the height from the
vertex B to the base AC.
Solution:
→
AB =
→
AC =
→ →
AB× AC =
→
| AB |=
h=

Problem 7: Given the triangle with the vertices at the points A(−1, 3, 2) ,
B( 4, 1, 2) , and C (3, 4, 4) , find the length of the height from the vertex B to
the base AC.
Solution:
→ →
AB = AC =
→ →
AB× AC =
→
| AB |= h=
28
 VECTOR ALGEBRA

Scalar Triple Product

([a, b], c ) = ( a × b) ⋅ c

ax ay az
(a × b) ⋅ c = bx by bz
cx cy cz

Problem 1: Determine whether the vectors a = {−3, 4, − 2} , b = {0, − 3, 2} ,

and c = {2 ,1, − 1} are linear independent.
Solution:

abc =

Conclusion:

Problem 2: Determine whether the vectors a = {1, 5, − 2} , b = {4, − 1, 3} , and

c = {2 , − 2, 1} form a basis.
Solution:

abc =

Conclusion:

Problem 4: Determine whether four points A( 2, − 3, 1) , B(3, 3, 0) , C (3, 1, 4) ,

and D (5, − 4, 1) lie in the same plane.
Solution:
→
a = AB =
→
b = AC =
→
c = AD =

abc =

Conclusion:

29
VECTOR ALGEBRA

Problem 5: Find the volume V of the tetrahedron with the vertices at the
points A(3, − 1, 4) , B ( 4, 4, 4) , C (1, 0, 2) , and D(1, 5, 2) .
→
Solution: a = AB =
→ →
b = AC = c = AD =

abc =

V=

Problem 6: Find the volume of the parallelepiped constructed on the vectors

a, b and c as it is shown in the figure.

Solution:

Problem 7: The tetrahedron is given by the vertices A(0, − 1, 1) , B(2, 0, 3) ,

C (0, 4, 1) , and D(3, 3, 3) .
Find the height from the point D to the base ABC.

Solution:

30
 ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY
Straight Lines
x − x0 y − y 0 z − z 0
= =
qx qy qz
x − x0 y − y0 z − z0
= =
x1 − x0 y1 − y0 z1 − z0
p⋅q p x qx + p y q y + p z qz
cosθ = =
| p |⋅| q | p x2 + p 2y + p z2 qx2 + q 2y + qz2

Problem 1: Find the canonical equations of the line passing through the point
M(2,–3, 4) and being parallel to the vector a = {5,−1, 7} .
Solution:

Problem 2: Find equations of the line passing through the point M(4, 0, 8)
→
and being parallel to the vector AB , if A(−3,2,6) and B(1,4,−4) .
Solution:

Problem 3: Find equations of the line passing through the point M(0,–1,3)
x−3 y+5 z−7
and being parallel to the line = = .
2 1 −4
Solution:

Problem 4: Let L be a line passing through the points M 1 ( 4, − 1, 3) and

M 2 (3, 5, − 2) .
Determine whether the point A(1, 3, 6) lies on the line L.
Solution:

31
ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY

Problem 5: Let L be a line passing through the points M 1 ( 4, − 1, 3) and

M 2 (3, 5, − 2) . Find a few other points on the line L.
Solution:

Problem 6: In the x, y–plane a line is given by the equation

2 x − 3 y + 24 = 0 .
Find
(i) any two points on the line;
(ii) the slope of the line;
(iii) the x-intercept and y- intercept.
Solution:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

Problem 7: In the x, y–plane, find the equation of the line passing through the
point M 1 ( 2, − 4) and being perpendicular to the vector n = {3, 1} .
Solution:

Problem 8: Let M 1 (1, 5) and M 2 ( −2, 3) be the points on a line.

Which of the following points, A( 6, 4) , B( 2, 7) and C ( 2, 10) , are the points
on the line?
Solution:

Problem 9: Let 3x − 2 y + 8 = 0 and x + 4 y − 5 = 0 be two lines in the x, y–

plane. Find the cosine of the angle between the lines.
Solution:
n1 = n2 =

cosθ =

32
 ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY

Problem 10: Transform the equation of the line x + 4 y − 5 = 0 in x, y–plane to

the intercept form.
Solution:

Problem 11: Let A = {2, –1}, B = {4, 4} and C = {9, 7} be the vertices of a
triangle. Find the equation of the altitude from the vertex A. Write down the
equation in the intercept form.
Solution:

Problem 12: Find the distance from the point M (−2, 5) to the line
4x − 3y + 1 = 0 .
Solution:

Problem 13: Let ABC be a triangle with the vertices at the points A = {3, 5} ,
B = {2, − 1} and C = {6, 7} in the x, y–plane.
Find the length of the altitude from the vertex A.
Solution:

Problem 14: Find the point of intersection of the lines

3x − 2 y + 8 = 0 and x + 4 y − 5 = 0 .
Solution:
⎧3x − 2 y + 8 = 0
⎨ ⇒
⎩ x + 4 y − 5 = 0

Problem 15: Find the point of intersection of the lines

x − 2 y − 3 = 0 and − 3x + 6 y + 5 = 0 .
Solution:
⎧3x − 2 y + 8 = 0
⎨ ⇒
⎩x + 4 y − 5 = 0
33
ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY

Planes
Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 ,
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1 = 0 ,
x3 − x1 y3 − y1 z3 − z1
A1 A2 + B1B2 + C1C2
cos θ =
A12 + B12 + C12 A22 + B22 + C22

Problem 1: Find the general equation of the plane passing through the point
M(5,–2, 1) and being parallel to the vectors a = {−4,3, 0} and b = {1,−6, 2} .
Solution:

Problem 2: Find the general equation of the plane passing through the points
M 1 ( −1,4,2) , M 2 (3,4,−1) , and M 3 (0,5,6) .
Solution:

Problem 3: Find the general equation of the plane passing through the point
M(1,–2, –3) and being perpendicular to the vector n = {7,−4, − 1} .
Solution:

Problem 4: A plane is given by the equation x − 2 y + 3z − 6 = 0 . Find a unit

normal vector u to the plane and any two points in the plane.
Solution:

Problem 5: Transform the equation of the plane 3x + 2 y − 4 z − 24 = 0 to the

intercept form.
Solution:
34
 ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY

Problem 6: Find the point of intersection of the line

x −1 y + 3 z
= =
2 −2 5
and the plane 3x − y + 2 z = 4 .
Solution:

Problem 7: Let L be the line of interception of two planes 2 x − y + 4 z = 5

and x + y − 2 z = 6 . Find the canonical equations of the line L.
Solution:

Problem 8: Find the angle between two planes − 3x + 4 y − z − 5 = 0 and

2x + 3y −1 = 0 .
Solution:

cosθ =

Problem 9: Find the angle between the plane 4 x + 3 y − 5z + 2 = 0 and the line
x+3 y −2 z+5
= = .
7 4 −1
Solution:

cosθ =

Problem 10: Find the distance from the point M ( −2, 7, − 1) to the plane
4x − 3y + 5 = 0 .
Solution:

Problem 11: Find the point of intersection of the planes x − 2 y + z + 5 = 0 ,

3x + y − z + 3 = 0 , and x − 2 z + 1 = 0 .
Solution:

35
ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY

Quadratic Curves
( x − x0 ) 2 + ( y − y 0 ) 2 = R 2 ,
( x − x0 ) 2 ( y − y 2 ) 2
+ = 1,
a2 b2
( x − x0 ) 2 ( y − y 2 ) 2
− = ±1 ,
a2 b2
( y − y 0 ) 2 = ±2 p ( x − x 0 ) ,

( x − x 0 ) 2 = ±2 p ( y − y 0 ) .

Problem 1: Sketch the graph of x 2 − 4 x + y 2 + 6 y − 3 = 0 .

Solution:

Problem 2: Given the circle x 2 − 4 x + y 2 + 6 y − 3 = 0 , find the radius and

coordinates of the center.
Solution:

Problem 3: Write down the equations of the circle with center at the point
M(–3, 5) and radius 2.
Solution:

Problems 4–9: Reduce each of the following equations to the canonical form:
4) 3x 2 − 12 x + 2 y 2 + 4 y = 11 ;
5) 3x 2 − 12 x + 2 y 2 + 4 y = −14 ;
6) 2 x 2 − 4 x + 3 y 2 + 12 y = −15 ;
7) x 2 − 6 x − 2 y 2 + 8 y = 3 ;
8) 2 x 2 + 4 x − 3 y 2 − 12 y = 0 ;
9) x 2 + 2 x − 4 y 2 = −1 .
Give the detailed description of the curves.
36
 ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY

Solution:
4) 3x 2 − 12 x + 2 y 2 + 4 y = 11 ⇒

5) 3x 2 − 12 x + 2 y 2 + 4 y = −14 ⇒

6) 2 x 2 − 4 x + 3 y 2 + 12 y = −15 ⇒

7) x 2 − 6 x − 2 y 2 + 8 y = 3 ⇒

8) 2 x 2 + 4 x − 3 y 2 − 12 y = 0 ⇒

9) x 2 + 2 x − 4 y 2 = −1 ⇒

( x − 5) 2 ( y + 3) 2
Problem 10: Using the equation + = 1 recognize the curve
25 9
and find
i) the location of the center;
ii) the major axis and minor axis;
iii) the coordinates of the focuses;
iv) the eccentricity;
v) the equations of the axes of symmetry.
Solution:

( x + 2) 2 ( y − 1) 2
Problem 11: Using the equation − = 1 find
9 16
i) the location of the center;
ii) the coordinates of the focuses;
iii) the eccentricity of the hyperbola;
iv) the equations of the asymptotes.
Solution:

37
 References

1. V.V. Konev. Linear Algebra, Vector Algebra and Analytical

Geometry. Textbook. Tomsk. TPU Press, 2009, 112p.
2. K.P. Arefiev, O.V. Boev, A.I. Nagornova, G.P. Stoljarova, A.N.
Harlova. Higher Mathematics, Part 1. Textbook. Tomsk, TPU Press,
1998, 97p.
3. Murray H. Plotter, Charles B. Morrey. Intermediate Calculus,
Springer, 1985.
4. V.V. Konev. Mathematics, Preparatory Course. Textbook. Tomsk.
TPU Press, 2009, 104p.
5. V.V. Konev. The Elements of Mathematics. Textbook. Tomsk. TPU
Press, 2009, 140p.
6. V.V. Konev. Mathematics, Preparatory Course: Algebra,
Workbook. TPU Press, 2009, 60p.
7. V.V. Konev. Mathematics, Preparatory Course: Geometry and
Trigonometry, Workbook. Tomsk. TPU Press, 2009, 34p.
8. V.V. Konev. The Elements of Mathematics. Workbook, Part 1.
Tomsk. TPU Press, 2009, 54p.
9. V.V. Konev. The Elements of Mathematics. Workbook, Part 2.
Tomsk. TPU Press, 2009, 40p.

38
Valery V. Konev, Associate Professor of the Higher Mathematics Department,
TPU, Ph.D.

Linear Algebra, Vector Algebra and Analytical Geometry

Workbook

Reviewed by: V.A. Kilin, Professor of the Higher Mathematics Department. TPU,
D.Sc.