Syallbus of Specialization in Robotics and Machine Learning
Syallbus of Specialization in Robotics and Machine Learning
Catalog Description
In this course the concepts of definition of robots, law of robotics, robot joints, classification of
robots, robot architecture, robot transformation, direct and inverse kinematics, tool configuration
of robots are discussed in detail. Concept of different types of grippers, end effectors, LVDT,
robot controls and robot sensors are also discussed in detail. The aim of this course is to make
the students familiar with the fundamental knowledge of robotics.
Course Objectives
The objective of this course is to
1. Enlighten the students about the fundamentals of robotic systems.
2. Understand the basics of robot, Robot Transformations and Sensors, Micro/Nano robotic systems and
to program them for functioning.
Course Outcomes
On completion of this course, the students will be able to
CO1: Explain about definition of robots, law of robotics, robot joints, classification of robots,
and robot architecture.
CO2: Explain about 2D, 3D transformations- Scaling, Rotation, Translation.
CO3: Describe about link coordinates, direct kinematics and inverse kinematics.
CO4: Discuss about the types of grippers, end effectors, robot controls and robot sensors.
Blooms Number
Modules
level* of hours
MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION L1, L2 8
Robot anatomy-Definition, law of robotics, History and Terminology of Robotics-
Accuracy and repeatability of Robotics-Simple problems- Specifications of Robot-Speed
of Robot-Robot joints and links-Robot classifications-Architecture of robotic systems-
Robot Drive systems- Hydraulic, Pneumatic and Electric system.
MODULE 2: ROBOT TRANSFORMATIONS
Robot kinematics-Types- 2D, 3D Transformation-Scaling, Rotation, Translation- L1, L2 6
Homogeneous coordinates, multiple transformation-Simple problems.
MODULE 3: DIRECT& INVERSE KINEMATICS
Link coordinates D-H Representation, The ARM equation. Direct kinematic analysis for
Four axis, SCARA Robot and three, five and six axis Articulated Robots, The inverse L1, L2 8
kinematics problem, General properties of solutions. Tool configuration, Inverse
kinematics of four axis SCARA robot and three and five axis, Articulated robot.
MODULE 4: END EFFECTORS AND ROBOT CONTROLS
Mechanical grippers-Slider crank mechanism, Screw type, Rotary actuators, cam type-
Magnetic grippers, Vacuum grippers-Air operated grippers-Gripper force analysis-
L1, L2 8
Gripper design-Simple problems-Robot controls-Point to point control, Continuous path
control, Intelligent robot-Control system for robot jointControl actions-Feedback devices-
Encoder, Resolver, LVDT-Motion Interpolations-Adaptive control.
MODULE 5: ROBOTICS SENSORS
Sensors in robot – Touch sensors,Tactile sensor, Proximity and range sensors, Robotic L1, L2 6
vision sensor-Force sensor-Light sensors, Pressure sensors.
*Bloom’s Level:
L1-Knowledge; L2-Comprehension; L3-Application; L4:Analysis; L5:Synthesis, L6:Evaluation
Text Books
1. Craig. J. J. “Introduction to Robotics mechanics and control”, Addison- Wesley,1999.
2. S.R. Deb, Robotics Technology and flexible automation, Tata McGraw-Hill Education., 2009
3. Mikell P Groover & Nicholas G Odrey, Mitchel Weiss, Roger N Nagel, Ashish Dutta, Industrial
Robotics, Technology programming and Applications, McGraw Hill, 2012
Reference Books
1. Ganesan, V. (2017). Internal Combustion Engine, New-Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill.
2. Richard D. Klafter, Thomas .A, Chri Elewski, Michael Negin, Robotics Engineering an
Integrated Approach, Phi Learning., 2009.
3. Deb. S. R. “Robotics technology and flexible automation”, Tata McGraw Hill
publishing company limited, 1994
4. Mikell. P. Groover, “Industrial Robotics Technology”, Programming and Applications,
McGraw Hill Co, 1995.
5. Klafter. R.D, Chmielewski.T.A. and Noggin’s., “Robot Engineering : An Integrated
Approach”, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.,1994.
Examination Scheme:
Components A CT S/V/Q HA EE
Weightage (%) 5 10 8 7 70
CT: Class Test, HA: Home Assignment, S/V/Q: Seminar/Viva/Quiz, EE: End Semester
Examination; Att: Attendance
CO, PO and PSO mapping
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4
CO1 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 1 -- --
CO2 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 1 -- --
CO3 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 1 -- --
CO4 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2 1 -- --
Catalog Description
In this course concept of games, theorem proving, vision and speech processing, state space
search and knowledge representation are discussed. Elementary concept of natural language and
expert system are discussed in detail. The basic aim of this course is to make the students
familiar with artificial intelligence.
Course Objective:
Course Outcomes
On completion of this course, the students will be able to
CO1: Demonstrate the awareness of intelligent agents and problem solving using different
search algorithms
Blooms Number
Modules
level* of hours
*Bloom’s Level:
L1-Knowledge; L2-Comprehension; L3-Application; L4: Analysis; L5:Synthesis, L6:Evaluation
Text:
E. Rich and K. Knight, “Artificial intelligence”, TMH, 2nd ed., 1992.
N.J. Nilsson, “Principles of AI”, Narosa Publ. House, 1990.
John J. Craig, “Introduction to Robotics”, Addison Wesley publication
Richard D. Klafter, Thomas A. Chmielewski, Michael Negin, “Robotic Engineering – An
integrated approach”, PHI Publication
Tsuneo Yoshikawa, “Foundations of Robotics”, PHI Publication.
Reference:
D.W. Patterson, “Introduction to AI and Expert Systems”, PHI, 1992.
Peter Jackson, “Introduction to Expert Systems”, AWP, M.A., 1992.
R.J. Schalkoff, “Artificial Intelligence - an Engineering Approach”, McGraw Hill Int. Ed.,
Singapore, 1992.
M. Sasikumar, S. Ramani, “Rule Based Expert Systems”, Narosa Publishing House, 1994.
Examination Scheme:
Components A CT S/V/Q HA EE
Weightage (%) 5 10 8 7 70
CT: Class Test, HA: Home Assignment, S/V/Q: Seminar/Viva/Quiz, EE: End Semester
Examination; Att: Attendance
CO1 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 1 -- --
CO2 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 1 -- --
CO3 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 1 -- --
CO4 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2 1 -- --
CO5 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2 1 -- --
Catalog Description
In this course the concepts of various sensors, transducers, smart & AI sensing, robot vision,
need and application of robot vision, image acquisition, picture coding techniques and different
element of image processing techniques are discussed in detail. Concept of computer controlled
robot assembly, vision sensor modules, robot programming, gripper and gripping methods are
also discussed in detail. The aim of this course is to make the students familiar with the
knowledge of robotic sensing, robotic vision and their applications.
Course Objectives
The objective of this course is to
1. Equip the students with concept of robot sensors, robot vision, need and application of
robot vision, image acquisition and processing techniques.
2. Provide an overview of computer controlled robot assembly, vision sensor modules and
robot programming.
Course Outcomes
On completion of this course, the students will be able to
CO1: Explain about concepts of transducers, smart & AI sensing and history of sensing in
robotics.
CO2: Explain definitions and working of different types of sensors and their applications.
CO3: Describe the robot vision, need, robot guidance and applications of robot vision.
CO4: Discuss the elements of image processing techniques and multisensor controlled robot
assembly.
Blooms Number
Modules
level* of hours
MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION
An Introduction to sensors and Transducers, History and definitions, Smart Sensing, AI L1, L2 6
sensing, Need of sensors in Robotics.
MODULE 2: SENSORS IN ROBOTICS
Position sensors – optical, non-optical, Velocity sensors, Accelerometers, Proximity
Sensors – Contact, non-contact, Range Sensing, touch and Slip Sensors, Force and
L1, L2 8
Torque Sensors. Different sensing variables – smell, Heat or Temperature, Humidity,
Light, Speech or Voice recognition Systems, Telepresence and related technologies,
Application of sensors
MODULE 3: VISION IN ROBTICS
The Nature of Vision- Robot vision – Need, Applications - image acquisition –
illumination techniques- Point sensor, line sensor, planar sensor, camera transfer
L1, L2 8
characteristic, Raster scan, Image capture time, volume sensors, Image representation,
picture coding techniques. Robot Control through Vision sensors, Robot vision locating
position, Robot guidance with vision system, End effector camera Sensor.
MODULE 4: ELEMENTS OF IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
Discretization, Neighbors of a pixel-connectivity, Distance measures, Preprocessing
L1, L2 8
Neighborhood averaging, Median filtering. Smoothening of binary Images, Image
Enhancement, Histogram Equalization & Specification.
MODULE 5: MULTISENSOR CONTROLLED ROBOT ASSEMBLY
Computer control for robot assembly, Vision Sensor modules, Introduction to Robot L1, L2 6
programming, Handling, Gripper and Gripping methods, accuracy.
*Bloom’s Level:
L1-Knowledge; L2-Comprehension; L3-Application; L4:Analysis; L5:Synthesis, L6:Evaluation
Text Books
1. Paul W Chapman, “Smart Sensors”, an Independent Learning Module Series, 1996.
2. Richard D. Klafter, Thomas .A, Chri Elewski, Michael Negin, Robotics Engineering an
Integrated Approach, Phi Learning., 2009.
3. Mikell P Groover & Nicholas G Odrey, Mitchel Weiss, Roger N Nagel, Ashish Dutta, Industrial
Robotics,Technology programming and Applications, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2012.
4. Sabrie Soloman, Sensors and Control Systems in Manufacturing, McGraw-Hill Professional
Publishing, 2nd Edition, 2009.
Reference Books
1. John Iovice, “Robots, Androids and Animatrons”, Mc Graw Hill, 2003.
2. K.S. Fu, R.C. Gonzalez, C.S.G. Lee, “Robotics – Control Sensing, Vision and Intelligence”, Tata
McGrawHill Education, 2008.
Modes of Evaluation: Quiz/Assignment/ Seminar/Written Examination
Examination Scheme:
Components A CT S/V/Q HA EE
Weightage (%) 5 10 8 7 70
CT: Class Test, HA: Home Assignment, S/V/Q: Seminar/Viva/Quiz, EE: End Semester
Examination; Att: Attendance
CO1 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 1 -- --
CO2 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 1 -- --
CO3 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 1 -- --
CO4 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2 1 -- --
Co-requisites Nil
Catalog Description
Python is a general-purpose high level programming language that is being increasingly used in
data science and in designing machine learning algorithms. This course introduces Python and its
libraries like numpy, pandas, matplotlib and explains how it can be applied to develop machine
learning algorithms that solve real world problems.
This course starts with Python language followed by machine learning and covers concepts of
python and all important concepts such as exploratory data analysis, data preprocessing, data
visualization and clustering, classification, regression and model performance evaluation etc.
This course covers all three types of machine learning algorithms including Supervise,
Unsupervised and Reinforcement learning.
Course Objectives
Equip the students with concepts of programming and problem solving and develop
proficiency in creating applications using the Python Programming Language.
Provide knowledge of various types of machine learning models, its algorithms and
development of the models using Python programming language.
Course Outcomes
CO2: Manage data in python using available data structures such as string, list, and dictionary
and file handling operations.
CO3: Apply functions to decompose python program and develop modules and packages.
CO4: Preprocess and analyze data before applying suitable machine learning models.
Module-I
Python basis: Installing Anaconda, Basics of Python: basic syntax,
interactive shell, editing, saving, and running a script. Working with
L1, L2 and
jupyter notebook, data types, operators, conditional statements, String, 6
functions, Lists, tuples, and dictionaries; basic list operators, replacing, L3
inserting, removing an element; searching and sorting lists; dictionary
literals, adding and removing keys, accessing, and replacing values;
traversing dictionaries. modules and packages.
Module-II
Arrays and Matrices: The NumPy Module, Creating Arrays and
Matrices, Copying, Arithmetic Operations, Cross product & Dot
product, Saving and Restoring, Matrix inversion, Vectorized
Functions. L1, L2 and
6
Data Visualization: The Matplotlib Module, Histograms, Bar charts L3
Density Plots, Box Plots, Scatter Plots, Heat Maps etc.
Data Frames: Pandas, loading data from different sources, Concept of
Data Frames, Working with Data frames such as selecting, filtering,
grouping, joining etc. Dealing with missing values
Preprocessing and Scaling, Different Kinds of Preprocessing
Module-III
Introduction to Machine Learning: Introduction, Applications,
Framework for developing machine learning models
Supervised Learning: Linear regression, ridge and lasso regressionL2, L3 and
Multiple linear regression, logistic regression, classification and 6
L4
regression trees, decision tree, Ensemble techniques, Support Vector
Machines, K-nearest neighbors, naive bayes classifier.
Representing Data and Engineering Features. Categorical Variables,
confusion matrix
Module-IV
Unsupervised Learning: Introduction to Clustering, k-means clustering
6
Hierarchical clustering, Dimensionality Reduction, Feature Selection,L2, L3 and
PCA, factor analysis, manifold learning. L4
*Bloom’s Level:
L1-Knowledge; L2-Comprehension; L3-Application; L4: Analysis; L5: Synthesis, L6: Evaluation
Text Books
Reference Books
Examination Scheme:
Components A CT S/V/Q HA EE
Weightage (%) 5 10 8 7 70
CT: Class Test, HA: Home Assignment, S/V/Q: Seminar/Viva/Quiz, EE: End Semester
Examination; Att: Attendance
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4
CO1 1 3 2 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 1 2 --
CO2 1 3 2 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 1 2 --
CO3 1 3 2 1 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 1 2 --
CO4 1 1 1 1 1 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- 1 --
CO5 1 1 1 1 1 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- 1 ---
Version: 2020.1 0 - 2 1
Pre-requisites/Exposure Basic Knowledge of Programming
Co-requisites Nil
Catalog Description
Python is a language with a simple syntax, and a powerful set of libraries. It is an interpreted
language, with a rich programming environment, including a robust debugger and profiler. While
it is easy for beginners to learn, it is widely used in many scientific areas for data exploration.
This course is an introduction to the Python programming language for students without prior
programming experience. We cover data types, control flow, object-oriented programming, and
graphical user interface-driven applications. The examples and problems used in this course are
drawn from diverse areas such as text processing, simple graphics creation and image
manipulation, HTML and web programming.
Course Objectives
Equip the students with concepts of programming and problem solving and develop
proficiency in creating applications using the Python Programming Language.
Provide an overview of various control statements, data structures, object oriented
programming, packages related to image processing, graphics, event driven programming,
socket applications.
Course Outcomes
CO1: Explain various operators and control structures in python and their uses to develop
algorithmic solutions to simple computational problems.
CO2: Describe string, python packages and related functions for various file handling operations.
CO3: Apply functions to decompose python program and represent compound data using Python
lists, tuples, and dictionaries.
CO4: Analyze graphics, image processing and object oriented programming concept to create
applications and analyze exceptions during program execution.
CO5: Create GUI based applications using python packages and network client/server
programming.
Blooms Number
Modules level* of hours
Module-I
1. Write a program to read the radius of a circle and print the area of
circle.
2. Write a program to reverse a four digit number using % and //
operators.
3. Apply control statements of python to create following pattern.
1
12
123
1234
12345
4. Apply control statement in python to construct a program to
prompt a user to read the marks of five different subjects. L3,L5 3
Calculate the total marks and percentage of the marks and display
the message according to the range of percentage given table.
Percentage Message
Per>=90 Distinction
Per<60 Fail
Module-II
Module-III
*Bloom’s Level:
L1-Knowledge; L2-Comprehension; L3-Application; L4: Analysis; L5: Synthesis, L6: Evaluation
Text Books
Reference Books
Examination Scheme:
IA EE
Components A PR LR V
Weightage 5 10 10 5 70
(%)
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4
CO1 1 3 2 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 1 2 --
CO2 1 3 2 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 1 2 --
CO3 1 3 2 1 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 1 2 --
CO4 1 1 1 1 1 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- 1 --
CO5 1 1 1 1 1 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- 1 ---
Catalog Description
In this course the concepts of artificial intelligence, machine learning, probability theory,
generative model, regression and its classification are discussed in detail. Concept of neural
network, Bayes tool box, general learning machine, reinforcement learning and supervised
learning are also discussed in detail. The aim of this course is to make the students familiar with
the knowledge of machine learning with robotics and their applications.
Course Objectives
The objective of this course is
1. To understand various scalable machine learning algorithms to solve robotics problem.
2. To implement Machine Learning algorithms using MATLAB.
3. To understand the principles of reinforcement learning which is one of the key learning
techniques for robots.
Course Outcomes
On completion of this course, the students will be able to
Blooms Number
Modules
level* of hours
Module I: Introduction
Some history of AI and machine learning, Machine Learning and the
probabilistic framework, Robotics and control theory, Sensing and acting,
Probability theory, Vector and matrix notations, Basic calculus, MATLAB L1, L2 7
programming environment, Main programming constructs, Creating
MATLAB programs, Graphics.
*Bloom’s Level:
L1-Knowledge; L2-Comprehension; L3-Application; L4:Analysis; L5:Synthesis, L6:Evaluation
Text
E. Alpaydin, Introduction to Machine Learning, 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall (India) 2015.
R. O. Duda, P. E. Hart and D. G. Stork, Pattern Classification, 2nd Edn., Wiley India,
2007.
Craig. J. J. “Introduction to Robotics mechanics and control”, Addison- Wesley,1999.
S.R. Deb, Robotics Technology and flexible automation, Tata McGraw-Hill Education., 2009
Mikell P Groover & Nicholas G Odrey, Mitchel Weiss, Roger N Nagel, Ashish Dutta, Industrial
Robotics, Technology programming and Applications, McGraw Hill, 2012
Reference
Sebastian Thrun, Wolfram Burgard, Dieter Fox, Probabilistic Robotics, MIT Press 2005
Richard S. Sutton, Andrew G. Barto, Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction”, Second
edition, MIT Press, 2018
Jens Kober, Jan Peters, Learning Motor Skills: From Algorithms to Robot Experiments,
Springer, 2014 4. Francis X. Govers, Artificial Intelligence for Robotics, Packt, 2018
Modes of Evaluation: Quiz/Assignment/ Seminar/Written Examination
Examination Scheme:
Components A CT S/V/Q HA EE
Weightage (%) 5 10 8 7 70
CT: Class Test, HA: Home Assignment, S/V/Q: Seminar/Viva/Quiz, EE: End Semester
Examination; Att: Attendance
CO, PO and PSO mapping
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4
CO1 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 1 -- --
CO2 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 1 -- --
CO3 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 1 -- --
CO4 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2 1 -- --
Catalog Description
In this course the concepts of various types of automation, automation principles and strategies,
level of automation, hardware components of automation, material handling and identification
technologies and different types of automated production lines are discussed in detail. Concept of
cellular manufacturing, group technology and flexible manufacturing systems are discussed in
detail. Concept of quality control, automated inspection and quality function deployment are also
discussed in detail. The aim of this course is to make the students familiar with the automation
applications in manufacturing systems.
Course Objectives
The objective of this course is to
1. Equip the students with concept of automation in production systems, material handling and
automated production lines.
2. Provide an overview of quality control, cellular manufacturing, group technology and flexible
manufacturing systems.
Course Outcomes
On completion of this course, the students will be able to
CO1: Explain automation in production systems, automation principles and strategies, and level
of automation.
CO2: Explain working of material handling systems, automated storage system and automatic
identification methods.
CO3: Describe the manual assembly lines, automated assembly lines and its applications.
CO4: Discuss the concept of quality control, cellular manufacturing, group technology and
flexible manufacturing systems.
Blooms Number
Modules
level* of hours
MODULE 1: OVER VIEW OF MANUFACTURING AND AUTOMATION
Production systems, Automation in production systems, Automation principles and
strategies, Manufacturing operations, production facilities. Basic elements of an L1, L2 7
automated system, levels of automation; Hardware components for automation and
process control, 3D printer, classification and application of 3D printers.
MODULE 2: MATERIAL HANDLING AND IDENTIFICATION
TECHNOLOGIES
Material handling, equipment, Analysis. Storage systems, performance and location L1, L2 7
strategies, Automated storage systems, AS/RS, types. Automatic identification methods,
Barcode technology, RFID.
MODULE 3: MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS AND AUTOMATED
PRODUCTION LINES
Manufacturing systems: components of a manufacturing system, Single station
L1, L2 8
manufacturing cells; Manual Assembly lines, line balancing Algorithms, Mixed model
Assembly lines, Alternative Assembly systems. Automated production lines,
Applications, Analysis of transfer lines.
MODULE 4: AUTOMATED ASSEMBLY SYSTEMS L1, L2 7
Fundamentals, Analysis of Assembly systems, Cellular manufacturing, part families,
cooling, production flow analysis. Group Technology and flexible Manufacturing
systems, Application of robots in medical and other fields.
MODULE 5: QUALITY CONTROL AND SUPPORT SYSTEMS
Quality in Design and manufacturing, inspection principles and strategies, Automated
L1, L2 7
inspection, contact Vs non contact, CMM. Manufacturing support systems. Quality
function deployment.
*Bloom’s Level:
L1-Knowledge; L2-Comprehension; L3-Application; L4:Analysis; L5:Synthesis, L6:Evaluation
Text Books
1. Automation, production systems and computer integrated manufacturing/ Mikell.P
Groover/PHI/3 rd edition/2012.
2. Manufacturing and Automation Technology / R Thomas Wright and Michael Berkeihiser /
Good Heart/Willcox Publishers.
Reference Books
1. CAD/CAM/CIM/ P. Radha Krishnan & S. Subrahamanyarn and Raju/New Age International
Publishers/2003.
2. System Approach to Computer Integrated Design and Manufacturing/ Singh/John Wiley /96.
3. Computer Aided Manufacturing/Tien-Chien Chang, Richard A. Wysk and Hsu-Pin Wang/
Pearson/ 2009.
Examination Scheme:
Components A CT S/V/Q HA EE
Weightage (%) 5 10 8 7 70
CT: Class Test, HA: Home Assignment, S/V/Q: Seminar/Viva/Quiz, EE: End Semester
Examination; Att: Attendance
CO, PO and PSO mapping
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4
CO1 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 1 -- --
CO2 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 1 -- --
CO3 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 1 -- --
CO4 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2 1 -- --