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Language Contact and Code-Switching

This document discusses language contact and code-switching. It defines code-switching as choosing to speak in a particular language, dialect, register, accent or style. Bilingual individuals have a repertoire of codes available to them. The language choice is influenced by external factors. Code-switching can occur within sentences or between sentences. It illustrates how languages transfer features through borrowing, interference and loanwords. While necessary borrowings fill lexical gaps, unnecessary borrowings occur for status and prestige. In conclusion, code-switching is a useful strategy for bilinguals if used correctly and adequately.

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Agus Kaiser
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36 views

Language Contact and Code-Switching

This document discusses language contact and code-switching. It defines code-switching as choosing to speak in a particular language, dialect, register, accent or style. Bilingual individuals have a repertoire of codes available to them. The language choice is influenced by external factors. Code-switching can occur within sentences or between sentences. It illustrates how languages transfer features through borrowing, interference and loanwords. While necessary borrowings fill lexical gaps, unnecessary borrowings occur for status and prestige. In conclusion, code-switching is a useful strategy for bilinguals if used correctly and adequately.

Uploaded by

Agus Kaiser
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LANGUAGE CONTACT

AND CODE-SWITCHING

GUTEN TAG

BOUJOUR!
HALLO!

SELAMAT PAGI
DUNIA!

Agustina Kaiser - DISCOURSE ANALYSIS 2023


BRIEF INTRODUCTION

John Edwards try to explain the connection between borrowing and languages, and how this
often results in interference patterns in the target language.

CODE CODE-SWITCHING

Most individuals have a repertoire of codes available


An individual might choose to speak in a to them.
particular language, or dialect, or register, or Even if you only speak ONE LANGUAGE, you will almost
accent, or style. certainly be able to switch from a casual to formal
style,
or into different accents,
or even into different dialects.
BORROWING, INTERFERENCE AND CODE-SWITCHING
The language choice is easier for bilingual people and that language choice does not occur randomly, it's
influenced by external constraints or limitations.

BILINGUAL

GUARANÍ AND SPANISH


INTERFERENCE TRANSFERENCE
Weinreich (1966) stated that all such ‘deviation from
the norms of either language’ may be referred to as Some other writers have opted for the more neutral term
interference. transference which implies, among other things, a greater element of volition.

There are various possibilities for the code-switching to occur:


NOT ALL THE SWITCHINGS/MIXINGS FROM
ONE LANGUAGE TO ANOTHER ARE
The proceedings went smoothly, ba? (Tagalog)
NECESSARILY NEGATIVE
TAG-SWITCHING

This morning I hanter my baby tu dekat babysitter tu lah (‘This


morning I took my baby to the babysitter’). (Malay–English)

INTRASENTENTIAL MIXING

Emphasis
Estaba hablando con ella and suddenly she started to scream angrily.
More accurated word/expression in the other language
Their perceptions of the speech situation
Degrees of intimacy INTERSENTENTIAL MIXING

These examples of code-switching illustrate changes of various types.


LANGUAGE TRANSFER
TYPES OF TRANSFER:
Different types of language transfer can be easily understood, for example:
Lexical
transfer
Tu joues aux vogelpik ? [A Brussels-French speaker mixing both languages French and Dutch.] Morphological transfer
Syntactic transfer
LOANWORD Phonological transfer
Hoy no puedo, tengo que entregar un assignment. Prosodic transfer

Sometimes certain loanwords are used very frequently and it can be reached the level of
permanent interlanguage borrowing.

LOANWORDS IN ARGENTINA

Fiaca (del italiano Fiacca)


Bochar (del italiano Bocchiar)
Birra, Laburar, Nonno

So, no matter which method we apply - transfer, interference, code-switching, mixing- it is clear that in all cases
something is borrowed from another language.
HOWEVER...
Even though some borrowings are actually necessary, for example, words filling lexical gaps in the
other language,

many other borrowings are indeed UNNECESSARY since there already exists an equivalent in the
language.
Why does this happen?

LOANWORD = STATUS AND PRESTIGE

Engl
i

s
The language has had a great impact around the world

h
It's well recognised and can be understood/identified by almost everyone
G L I S H
A N
IS IT RIGHT OR NOT?
SP
Status and prestiigge Best way to use spanglish
C O N C L U S I O N

CODE-SWITCHING IS A USEFUL STRATEGY FOR


BILINGUAL PEOPLE, AS LONG AS IT IS USED
CORRECTLY AND IN THE MOST ADEQUATE
SITUATIONS, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT ALL THE
LIMITATIONS.

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