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Module 2 Notes
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Ranelom Vantabler _a¢ G The behavesan sf tha Segmat at Well as eatee thr eegh benear COM envarrant (LT2) Systema can oh & ofetermened Werth tha Asip A mMathemalctas models. Cuch type sf cegnate are Called fet ewrane NEGtee Legere > Cov éhe Se nals arg Pr
96 He MALE Can mot be PRS otaY actualy eecur , eo, va 1) CoM MenNCCa leery fyelon , Possehte © analyze the random », statrstecaiy eth the hep tf pro Probabetrty G me concept of Probebeasty E9me3s emly Alen wo patrmén 27 2 expeaemant and ef Provedas yl Porsebie “ge comes . 7 on Propasetrty may ke géfing at tha steely af Tandem oxperemant + Mathamatecas ERptTesccor Lex probahehits : P P oy = Number f favnnrasse outcomes Telel number SF outtemot Number f favouresbse suleornos Sample pace. A cat ft ay PfKble sulersmos Sf OD 2 24 CaMag Lemple Space ~ RPLaime nt @o66h aaes, to 92t AM L1em Membeg resieg of J = “os pays he =5= gor & Netaally Exclus e Events: TWO poscchle gukcomes sf @ eeperéememl Ge pee need metuany excsuscve Tf the occurance MR ctelcome pree/uges ¢ a Aa o¢ et cowancs PCA, Ot Ax) = PCA) + PCAZD GE) Lov @ laxge Nurnbor sf N vapetiteone erperement / oeleeme Ar hay occourey Ny, tres ang outesme An hag OCcateray Ng Temes, then 4, oF Ay Well have eCcaured At, AAQ termes, Nat PCA TM) = Ma Ne M2 Ber he = PADFPCID of tha, 2? the above eguatem aay be extendey amare than Q-meeturany ane/torve Rnevalizey i the farm sf PC Ar oF Ay oo oe Ac) = Z PCA;) rete = dhon ¢¢ i en ata dea Propanty 1? Tha probabebty sf Cartan event es onely- [P@V= 2 % TP an event comtaine ay the Get carne then e¢ ec Caney Coxtain Event - propesty Rt The poobabelsty af any event 9° aloaye fess than m 29tay tO 1 ANY Ha) ey tile . @ »- Lropacty 3% PF A and B ant {00 mutually emclusre ebomts, then, [PCA B) = PCA) + Pla) bevopeaty Y: TP A ts any event, thin the probabeety Ff mot heppaneng sf A ¢e PCH) = 4- pew Lroperty 5: TE A and are any two events ¢ mot mreateany RRCIEK VA Vente), then PCAFRI > PCA) P PCRI- PCAA) R WA® PCA) #o calla the probabeerty f A and B eCEecHerxen fem af £Ane reas hy go BESO CRM esl fares nt prababehity . ¥ Condettonay Prvobabeity Ss even (2 cf Ws The Candetemas prosaben'ty may be AeFenay én terms Sf theiy enyepaendent ano {Rn PTPOBALC LI LS Cet us comaedey an LRP LBM amt WLCA CHE! ros te0 events 4 ang B. TLR Comet mas ProbabeLity gf ovent Bw Sven that 2vent A has BIRAYy happenay . PCB/A) = ne hare PCABI os the Jrnt PV bAbeLity, Semelarty , Cong/e'fe may PVObABEL A} Sf event a even that rent B has UTLASYy apps igco) ‘ PCA/B) = LLA® PCA) K Socot probaseety fas commusarve PE party, @& [Pcaa) = PeaADKe probasettty Ff Stattctecas Pnefepenta ! Tf & and m& are t00 ememte ey an eept. and possehetty af occrusance sf erent 2 coe: mot ALPLnyY pow OCCFUTANLL ef vent A, then those to events A ano % arr Kean as elatietecay endepengdent events. £0, Pcalay = PCB) Henee , PCA) = LCA PCB)® cern early, probabesty sf event A gave éhat fad @irrady AapPpenry , ws eepacerey at ARI = 2. PCAale) peas but, 4 and 2 are stateslecany eng spongent: PLA[RI= PCA): Hence, BCAA) >PB). PC By # Boyar Theor $ ee thane el) be HOO ARPaIcMant 4 and det werh oe comes (Ay, Ap ee) and Br, B20) + Tin joent probabehty sf A& anf B® % A; and By cs PCH BR) = PC Rea) PCA) = PP CA/AR): PCBR)/ : BA box cantaine 3 veo Y whte ang & black bate. 002 ba 0s arawn at Vandory + tHe Probabekity that ét es Ce) Shack 09 Obor'4e. Feng @) Te4 & woe bkacg Cn, goss 6et R, BK be the events 3f gran Dkete any bkacge bay vespecteraly « @ Per) = 8x FF chovern Rey bar POCA! M0 Ff way sf chersing a La) er a rey, = 3 Se Hee y “5449s TRE |S ask CH PTAC ty T getkey @ back gas Cao = PCB 7a PTOCbALERI ty of mot pear a btack bal ex B) = /- pe eee s AS. PCB) (~ Pca) = > tee BS oe Ce) Prosaker ty Te Hep. BLACK oy hr/R 4a// We be PC RM). CB ang Ww ane muteary PCB*NI = pew + pew BX efasire, even 12 7 eS eee red eee = 7a * 73 Be : & 4 Box Contain 4 PRIR. ang 3 S2ack bare, -TAvee barls ane AAW Soom the 40x en ce re ax CURL Ce Pq, Feng tke Pp babe Lit, Lh ¢ Ce rrbey, At the, fered teoo bartg Gre Whee ang the thang bay es hae . 6 | gol. Chat the Leret gar ye | a= Cet Ay be the event A White bay. PCA) = + TY bas area thst, bar out sf totas 7- bane. J COT A be tho evend that the re Cony BAN ee BLO @ Ohe4e fay), 2 Myfy = 7 £3 wht, bans mut f 6 bar ©Let Ay 6a the event that the thay Onl ee black + PCAs/ Arh) = eo the weg usr ree PT OhAbCUY POA) = PCA) PEM A)® PCAs | MAD cs t 3 3 se lee eee Cen = [ 3- 4Ca ck bal out of s total S- hang J * Rendon Varrabie | Crandon Vareable” es useg £0 The. t2* TH atch @ veal MUMbeT “Lt segme#y a ware by ascrgnad €8 each porrebie eatcome ef an exparinnt tat OF moO avhetarel/ 2TeVserrh game ause mT TRR/ Meergbers Cuth at KCAG) by wheh we arp Coleeec hi neater te wt» Than the were Perens re(atern@sep yveapresent by EkR symbol . XCAe) xt Can randorn arehbie and ré ‘eee i the epammente VANgrm Vase Rhsx Ranqfor VATCRh(e MNT be- evasrefeay 2 pesoevrete Tande~ Varrabser ge Cant enced anger) VAT RHIRIy Lo crevete Tesoro var ets te te - cqesowete TANPory vars able wmoy be acfend ar the random VaTERbI2 | Whech Cay take gO any en ere numbers f VQ AR eno Fenet] Ob gorvaltor, LOTRTVR + Thos AOLAOS that Ha oescrete Tender varycab/e hav cain TRBIQ- mum bet Sf qeetenet valnes + Qe Comt COUT Ranga) var’ A rendre vareagra that ean Lake oD an cafinets nun er sh velar as Canes o cont COATT vang en VaTeAh!2 Ex! by an asechrenee ampli fear. © / Nistix volesprobaseerty densety “fenetor (Pdf) ! Tha qowevatir2 Sf cummusaleve pansy fonetrorn weth vespact to rome Juromy varied 2S KNION AF PTOHebe Ly fy Yen vrty fe aoe Pat es PRM BANY AeHoley by yon). Mathematecenly , net 'oay Path), FyU = ae Ayla). OTR Seed Hetatebsttt PDE X > Random varvahse COE xa Jummy varca ble. x stench e thay, APONevery fonetern vs tte move eonvencent Teprasentateon Ser conpenemes VANS VRICRS/ LQ» Poopastys Property eA 1) frobabee'ty dencety fon eters es anos wom: KL70 fre at vasuas f e+ Sp 2 0 2 a) TLR area unge2e pIf Curve es asnogs aguas te. ie i Ck = Lt me 3 ree = [RTE = POKES -~b& 4) Prohabeety sf the event (%.
Where fy cry es Che, Probaserety entity fanctien, nS ik aR 7 i ais 4. cence POX KR) = J yom fer =!LK Eb TH &@ funetron gow dvanifom Mander Yarradbje LX tote omerhey vender yarrabie » then mean ov Ovevage of JW ow wn = = Fen = &0 76 =e : J Ind GUL ae for a Varc@be x and Vite YW ao f xy A.C a ay Dhan thy ave etatiekcally engcpsmdent ton fyynyd = Aca fy) me [utes ax [ster y ss ab ~B: Tie tandem varcabie z & the feenctron another Cando vartahle x ery guch @ 1004 that X= C06 CX) and x et omeformly AP es1eebuted en the entomvel (7 1) ee} CU =) a FO KT i e other Weg ! DeteavamMene He mean va/usr f As fol eetioey: ae Hare Za pew) = Cot (KR) we Neo am = He JO AU AK — be WT = Sf 04% se aK a Core Ax aTHomer tHe Puneten Z= CHOY, dhas zero meen VQIUR aver the parcod f ane were » Varcanee sf Ranyom vareakle: * Tha tamfras anomamts axe the wornemts f the FTfarvenn betwan Vander vareah!e “x” ang CH peo “ong v.28: el X= M7] Hr mt Candrear amomont . ef con be anep rene a4 Yo glex-m J] = Gem” fran Beh wo nz a » ORS the taund mMomant 4 Caney Varcventy f oh and ory VerTeable amd ean oa? i ba vapatsentey af ryanbol “6,27, 7 Se [xmas] = Je&e mg) gl IR» 6 = E[K-my J E(x ~ Qogx tme J a £(X)- ame (x) + my = EOP) - 2mm ame = E(k) - my 6 ve/ — wf O= E(x )- {EOF Ce Vareante = Mean square valut ~ £4 Kare fm r20n VOIR. We The square root f yareann os cad stand a deveatem sf random voreabie x , oy: oo [ER = eos Be Feed the meen and verance of the vender Yemtable. % wheeh &¢ oneforroly destrehuiay beter @ and & and *f geren ast} . Fou = Seam fre asngb oO Other sg fopatien: MR Know Meer f Tandon Vareasig x ee 0 MM, = | xf Cy) fx x bo — tt 7 ee a a : it & b L % / Loa See seeeeaeerceeee Z ao b-@ a ah &(b-a) ¢ a’) = —L—. (bra) (ed aoa) Graco b4@ aThon feet of HR Gondor Yar'ab/a (¢ 6h feemb fem a b a ie | (4 mM, -QzkMy ) Ao cS oo é 6b 7 _ fe fae + [mg foe - 2famgh evar @ a eee! 6 7 2 7 = [igi [EES yx ~ afc) oe é z 7 b 2 46 alg _ state Cetera B(e-a) ee (ee Lay Grey yt gy - jo Cet go Re ae ged Gear — CAV GAY EED 7 se aa Se ae + Wrst deat as eo oc 2 oo 3Cb-4) 7 Brpatses — ay s4205 SEE EEE Yi (6-4) /12a Usefar probabewty alensety fonction 3 ~ * Gauss can Prokabebity Qensety GY The Ganrsran deetrebates ¢s alse Knaan as Norm aestre battery - G re es cefeng fra eonteocess Trenyery VOTHAbse, TAL polf fer a Gaussian RAM Aor] VAT asi g LE RMpPVR ESRF Bs? a for = ! pem/as Ix over ~ 40? WAR, a SpE EEE EEE aM > Mean vAlUR of OMT + Vandorn YereabIa ors varrann ff range VATERBIR« Profexty CD) The peak Valet occeurs at WADA x=m 2: at mean rater. = AW GO > Sree @) We peet sf Gaussian pat enlebet aren “ymingtey be € Ptet ef Faustian pat) ONY TENA wean Yasar . Acm~ 6) = f,cm16) | @ The aren onder an vasues of! bajed Mean vasur & Ae art veaross Pf % above a P(XS$™) = POX >m) st 109 fenck'er, approaches fo empearse Foncterry Cece (27 al KAM» Thee pe Heeaure tle area Cader, the PoAf cersva xs re oY CMR + ASO the aren Cm peas 7 . : eee sf Ye a Penctier ¢ the pat curve e's 4 for BY aro Mean varur O 48 6-20, the GasesEERE The Empord ence Sf gancsran destecbutiesy W« vepuesent fhe FhLOVMap, NVR PKePJuces Acre fo fia movement sf eheedrems & holes tn the favre, Re. Fen cut the of ee ey, qfevfrchat'osy feneton (cat) sf tb HER Gor, variable - fe’ p12 pdf xf gaueson ender varcabse ex @gy a Fe as™ HOU = aig Ee The CDF cer be casensatey ar” GO = 7 FX) AR
£N.G) 03) eae FAW +E Mean S JOR HP ble cognate Or LIGM CB) gv ae eee =~ ie nett) = t nes PY 6n,@e En y PSD = GX, pops —G) output nase psway i tee | No= psd Xx Br = Uy Afr Pe] Ajorsea watco = Na ne esy Seg nak Powers i-. unec Tee woPlatley CHgmml Ll Le ¢/e af tee cotecte
Sp§e = G on, ©) 2 = mM - 2 | 7 Psd = AxB 2% qla otal mets Pavdee No op even ay wo = PSOY BA t be Lege 42 x afm car SEG) ' ws Ths Afevse vateo = Ne _ i Ne > | | Se gnal Lewer g- TLZ CCORTIEOY Cegna : pina: a ves bY O= FY Ost FE sen toet to tle eS Feciey ee 4 | 668 So ete eneuk seymat Lowey| i Fle: avewage» pono Sf \ base band segnak oU €8 came af ett heleert tramcfo$e fios o¢ cftee TO tte Fact tle ace fres ents Component ONYee JO a plore chitt sf Mr I and nce f@) ang The occupy came cpacteal TORIR Frey 7 Ga. AFler pasceng CLR SégTOs HI _gYNChESEO SUAS “ofpelecl Ys , Cho wen BS eg @= (FE cosuet t tn eenwet J cosayt = £E/ costwet + thors setlhok Fy EI Se'F) tet. Cos wt = gre es LES COLD WC tLFY 8n20,¢ Aen woo get a= FFU ? ew = tg fw ee pass thveugh Cer LER Le Segmas TALEO = = = o a ey ure sf amosees i ye Sef Ate Sey Le cefne 7” ge AO ‘i z GXY fi v OSB te i- — cappore tte wacetveedt Segnat be Came) = AC LPFYT Cort t = fare) = peosut - 4A LY cor Ot ———© Se ne D© Beer at PoEen, @ Seay A Pame baweph suthor Cocant tofaLe Baga, t PLE. ,, Cs se Se ye DERA- Sc 2S 2 =t. Yor In BA Soe Fes Cre 4) But OD Dt #e tte Cawucen encevease tre totes enput Sonal power but rmanes no cont rebutcor tol tee scetpedt SEyMas Powers 90 Osate Se 2 SES? Ne Ae = £70 eae [4p PIG) Me ys f2e) Top PeeEnvelope Detect ox i- J ye |detectos| yey” Site leases] Sey NS . Tea enput AM. SO gnat ec Gee by Sed) = (Ar FO] cov wt — O) | ge the enput powes oe = Bre h oOo output power: Tre. cnput €o €42 envelop qyetectos ee geven 6y yeG = (ar OT COrent fF AE) COstigt = Me G) FEM OZR = (Ar FOP MAI Cosy t - MGI Sen er,t SPEER E NEY t ! = aelente® + Be sene@ ——w \ gole%e AGI= AF FMANE | BEI = -ALk CG = Ft Equateos) (8) ean &@ wyetten en the dorm Ff enveeoP and Phare angle Ye = PA) COS Lae POI COLLEGE PRI co tha phase angle cs and P@)= tail ae AGL PE = SAr@ rerrsa t a Se = Atta? OI niles _ <> : HV AF POT + PEE) Pd NLT Br Fer}ais } Cy P Yet) an cy So aye e¢) OBE EH) 6 tL2 ere re Lo P heet Fel) + a conscoan te te00 KATP setucteon sf nerse. YD bus td nerse caret (94 #407 >> mea , thn #8 ={lar FUT 4 9 (ar FOLD [ry Bee ar ey = Arh + Od ot’ tle eutpat if envelop. Felectes wouget WU = FOeRG and He AQ PAC 2H blow bY tle, capacet ore So = F2H) Alo = Sy, @ xX BO = 1x atin = arfrg 22fr 2) foe large nase case s— LOFEFYT KS nO nw EU= VRBO Y NII p 20.8) aC ar Per) = (nF Or ne Lit yp 20 VCH EOS NE EI NPY &= ROL rr dred Cae rOT ]? bs Rw} : ae a 2 Ra pp Pc@/l A 2¢/S 7 gd Ree 7 z Where REI = Fates Pree : a @ = tafpl[ rst) < . e@ a 2 | i a Gers = FEL Ne" — E@ = rw&fs ee ee ai <2) Re = ROS ELEY 0095 OF i OC 1p Reet oe 7 | = RO + (AP EEL COSOY | hoon tle above eguat os we see i At Clove ef MO VKCIASOYL CCTM PovpertreraL I Sees to base bard eegnas FE): Tle berm fe) | oe es malt CPhI RY Veoeth (CA%92. Hey ce tern | SOC ANA Lance py) pate | coe 8O 209 Bnet ee) can net tapana | OS CR TIF UsAt OO firm fe ee Cormmeetery meng eey eth nerre , 40 o¢ catecet mo utes Lestas esfesmateon . 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Si) even thot PCI= WA COS mt a 2 yt, - LOH = pry eotiagt = mA C14 C02 mt] #e = may : ial agar Atf*U = 9 p tha +e Cot, Meogs ye GIN ; apes a is Ere. RINPAAS CS Qe) De. 29 Phases »— OD ELI G8. Compares} to BM Lo amie ep ery TUR Linx at. CR erPut sf tte Yetect on’ gt wlech thersotd sffect starts ps Hagen. MWR UNA anvve the thergolo teves better cs eter AYE LI + Hence et LAD cnPUt tlereoty Level en Fhe tleasotyy effect o'r Meek Lear sws eo MATL EY DACP R®, J ladee ea thei lereoly lever TERELOCAY mmprre me ator tlaxtold Gaoxucteon , ON Sf 142 mebhed f TREY” SOP TOL MeL oe Pde LHpKAS"t ae and de~ OFM PLOSI ahs ne ; ot ee ee | sere! chonnes Te (Pre ernplas's end ae CrP hBs!s en Ley 7] The PBC-erePhAsS AN fo-emptas's method ve) : cea cemp/2 RO pred work cc ores de - emprove: thaxsotd: The tlersece effect «'s emproved by Q PEL - emphasis orcas é wich Feast 622 geg nas amp Lrteole bshers. i etary a0 After 2LL Lk CRVeec'erys . 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