COLUMN DESIGN

Assoc. Prof. Ts. Dr. Izni Syahrizal bin Ibrahim

Forensic Engineering Centre (FEC)
School of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Email: [email protected]
 Introduction

• Column: Subjected to axial compressive forces

• Carries load from beams and slabs down to the foundation.

• May also resist bending moment due to continuity of structure

and loading eccentricity

• EC2 Clause 5.3.1(7):

a) Compression member where the greater cross sectional
dimension does not exceed 4 times the smaller dimension
(h  4b)
b) Height is at least 3 times the section depth
 Classification of Columns
Lateral stability to the structure
as a whole is provided by walls or
bracing – resist all lateral forces
Column Classification
Slender
Braced
Non-slender

Slender
Unbraced
Non-slender
Lateral loads are resisted
by the bending action of
the column
 Classification of Columns

• Slender or Non-slender column depending on the

sensitivity to second order effect (P- effect)
• Use slenderness ratio,  to measure column
vulnerability by elastic instability or buckling
• Non-Slender:
a) Design action are not significantly affected by
deformation (P- effect is small)
b) P- effect can be ignored if  does not exceed a
particular value
c) P- effect can be ignored if  10% of the
corresponding first order moments
 Classification of Columns

• Short column –  , crushing at ultimate strength

• Slender column –  , buckling under low compressive

load

Compression Buckling
failure failure
Classification of Columns

Major axis
(x-x)

Minor axis Plane of

(y-y) bending

Clear height, l Actual height

 Slenderness Ratio

𝒍𝒐 𝒍𝒐
𝝀= =
𝒊 𝑰ൗ
𝑨

lo = Effective length of the column

i = Radius of gyration and the axis consider
I = Section moment of area of the section about the axis
A = Cross sectional area of the column
 Effective Length of Column

For constant cross section

a) lo = l b) lo = 2l c) lo = 0.7l d) lo = 0.5l e) lo = l f) 0.5  lo  l g) lo  2l

 Effective Length of Column
EC2: Clause 5.8.3.2(3)
Braced Column:
𝒌𝟏 𝒌𝟐
𝒍𝒐 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝒍 𝟏+ 𝟏+
𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 + 𝒌𝟏 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 + 𝒌𝟐

Unbraced Column:

𝒌𝟏 𝒌𝟐 𝒌𝟏 𝒌𝟐
𝒍𝒐 = 𝒍. 𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟏 + 𝟏𝟎 ; 𝟏+ 𝟏+
𝒌𝟏 + 𝒌𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒌𝟏 𝟏 + 𝒌𝟐

𝜃 𝐸𝐼
k1, k2 Relative flexibilities of rotational restraints at ends 1 & 2, respectively = 𝑀 𝑙
 Rotation of restraining members for bending moment, M
EI Bending stiffness of compression member
l Clear height of compression member between end restraints at each end

𝐸𝐼ൗ
𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑆𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠,𝐾𝑐𝑜𝑙 𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑙
k1, k2 = = σ2 𝐸𝐼ൗ
Σ𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑆𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠,𝐾𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑙 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
 Effective Length of Column
Table 3.19 & 3.20, BS 8110: Part 1: 1997

End Condition at Bottom

End Condition at Top
1 2 3
Braced Column
1 0.75 0.80 0.90
2 0.80 0.85 0.95
3 0.90 0.95 1.00
Unbraced Column
1 1.2 1.3 1.6
2 1.3 1.5 1.8
3 1.6 1.8 -
4 2.2 - -

Simplified Method
 Effective Length of Column
Table 3.19 & 3.20, BS 8110: Part 1: 1997

End Condition at Bottom

End Condition at Top
1 2 3
Condition 1 Column connected monolithically to beams on either side which are
Braced Column
at least as deep as the overall dimension of the column in the plane
1 0.75 column connected
considered. Where 0.80 to a foundation this
0.90should
2 be designed to0.80
carry moment 0.85 0.95
3 0.90 0.95 1.00
Condition 2 Column connected monolithically
Unbraced Column to beams or slabs on either side
which are shallower than the overall dimension of the column in
1 1.2 1.3 1.6
the plane considered
2 1.3 1.5 1.8
Condition 3 1.6 to members that
Column connected 1.8do not provide more- than
4 nominal restraint
2.2 to rotation - -

Condition 4 End of column is unrestrained against both lateral movement and

rotation
 Limiting Slenderness Ratio
EC2: Clause 5.8.3.1
𝟐𝟎 ∙ 𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 ∙ 𝑪
𝝀𝒍𝒊𝒎 =
𝒏
1
A = : 𝜑𝑒𝑓𝑓 = Effective creep ratio
1+0.2𝜑𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑑
B = 1 + 2𝜔 :𝜔 =
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝑀𝑜1
C = 1.7 − 𝑟𝑚 : 𝑟𝑚 =
𝑀𝑜2
𝑁𝐸𝑑
n =
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑

NEd = Design ultimate axial column load

Mo1, Mo2 = First order moments at the end of the column with 𝑀𝑜2 ≥ 𝑀𝑜1
fyd = Design yield strength of reinforcement
fcd = Design compressive strength of concrete

If 𝝋𝒆𝒇𝒇 ,  & rm is not known, A = 0.7, B = 1.1 & C = 0.7 may be used
 Limiting Slenderness Ratio
EC2: Clause 5.8.3.1
Condition apply for C:

(1) If the end moments, Mo1 & Mo2 give rise to tension on the same
side of the column, then rm should be taken +ve (follows C  1.7)
(2) If the column is in a state of double curvature, then rm should be
taken –ve (follows C  1.7)
(3) For braced members in which the first order moment arise only
from or predominantly due to imperfections or transverse
loading, then rm should be taken as 1.0 (C = 0.7)
(4) For unbraced member, in general rm should be taken as 1.0 (C =
0.7)

If   lim: Short (Non-slender) column

If   lim: Slender column. Second order effects must be considered
in design
Example 1
SLENDERNESS
 Example 1: Slenderness
A B C
l1 = 6 m l2 = 8 m

1 250  500

4m
275  300
250  500
2

250  400
250  400
4m 250  400

250  500
3
4m

250  500
4
• Braced column
• Axial load = 1050 kN
• Bending moment (major axis) = 40 kNm (top) & 12 kNm (bottom)
• Bending moment (minor axis) = 15 kNm (top) & 10 kNm (bottom)
• Concrete grade = C25
• Steel = 500 N/mm2
 Example 1: Slenderness

A B C
l1 = 6 m l2 = 8 m

Roof 250  500

4m

275  300
1st Floor
250  500

5m

Ground
250  500
1.5 m
 Example 1: Slenderness
EC2: Clause 5.8.3.2(3) Method
Moment & Axial Force
Secondary beam Mz
250  400
L=4m My
Main beam

275 mm
250  500
L=6m Main beam
250  500
z L=8m
y y
350 mm
z NEd = 1050 kN

Secondary beam
250  400 40 kNm 15 kNm
L=4m 5m

-12 kNm -10 kNm

Mz My
 Example 1: Slenderness

Dimension & Size

Column:
b  h = 275  300 mm
Actual length: lz = 5000 – 500 = 4500 mm
ly = 5000 – 400 = 4600 mm

Beam:
Main beam, b  h = 250  500 mm
Actual length: l1 = 6000 mm
l2 = 8000 mm

Secondary beam, b  h = 250  400 mm

Actual length: l1 = l2 = 4000 mm
 Example 1: Slenderness

Moment of Inertia, I = bh3/12

Column:
275×3003
𝐼𝑧𝑧 = = 0.98 × 109 mm4
12
300×2753
𝐼𝑦𝑦 = = 0.61 × 109 mm4
12

Beam:
250×5003
Main beam, 𝐼𝑚𝑏 = = 2.60 × 109 mm4
12

250×4003
Secondary beam, 𝐼𝑠𝑏 = = 1.33 × 109 mm4
12
 Example 1: Slenderness

Stiffness, K = EI/l

Column:
0.98×109
𝐾𝑧𝑧 = = 2.18 × 105 mm3
4500
0.61×109
𝐾𝑦𝑦 = = 1.32 × 105 mm3
4600

Beam:
2.60×109
Main beam 𝐾𝑚𝑏1 = = 4.34 × 105 mm3
6000

2.60×109
𝐾𝑚𝑏2 = = 3.26 × 105 mm3
8000

1.33×109
Secondary beam 𝐾𝑠𝑏1 = 𝐾𝑠𝑏2 = = 3.33 × 105 mm3
4000
 Example 1: Slenderness

Relative Column Stiffness, k = Kcol/2(Kbeam)

z-axis:
2.18×105
Top end: 𝑘2 = = 0.14 > 0.1  k2 = 0.14
2 4.34×105 +3.26×105
2.18×105
Bottom end: 𝑘1 = = 0.14 > 0.1  k1 = 0.14
2 4.34×105 +3.26×105

y-axis:
1.32×105
Top end: 𝑘2 = = 0.10 < 0.1  k2 = 0.10
2 3.33×105 +3.33×105
1.32×105
Bottom end: 𝑘1 = = 0.10 < 0.1  k1 = 0.10
2 3.33×105 +3.33×105
 Example 1: Slenderness

Effective Length of Column

𝑘1 𝑘2
𝑙𝑜 = 0.5𝑙 1+ 1+
0.45 + 𝑘1 0.45 + 𝑘2

0.14 0.14
 𝑙𝑜,𝑧 = 0.5𝑙𝑧 1+ 1+ = 2795 mm
0.45+0.14 0.45+0.14
0.10 0.10
 𝑙𝑜,𝑦 = 0.5𝑙𝑦 1+ 1+ = 2718 mm
0.45+0.10 0.45+0.10
 Example 1: Slenderness

𝑰
Radius of Gyration, 𝒊 =
𝑨

𝐼𝑧𝑧 0.98 × 109

𝑖𝑧𝑧 = = = 101
𝐴 275 × 350

𝐼𝑦𝑦 0.61 × 109

𝑖𝑦𝑦 = = = 79.4
𝐴 275 × 350

Slenderness Ratio,  = lo/i

2795
𝜆𝑧𝑧 = = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟕
101
2718
𝜆𝑦𝑦 = = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟐
79.4
 Example 1: Slenderness

𝟐𝟎∙𝑨∙𝑩∙𝑪
Slenderness Limit, 𝝀𝒍𝒊𝒎 =
𝒏

A = 0.7 (eff NOT known) 𝑁𝐸𝑑

𝑛=
B = 1.1 ( NOT known) 𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑
C = 1.7 – rm (where rm = (Mo1/Mo2) 𝑓𝑐𝑑 =
0.85𝑓𝑐𝑘
=
0.85×25
= 14.17 N/mm2
𝛾𝑐 1.5
1050×103
z-axis: 𝑟𝑚,𝑧 =
−12
= −0.30  𝑛= = 0.77
40 275×350 ×14.17
Cz = 1.7 – (−0.30) = 2.00
−10
y-axis: 𝑟𝑚,𝑦 = = −0.67
15
Cy = 1.7 – (−0.67) = 2.37

20×0.7×1.1×2.00
𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚,𝑧𝑧 = = 35.1 > 𝜆𝑧𝑧 = 27.7  Non-slender about z-axis
0.77
20×0.7×1.1×2.37
𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚,𝑦𝑦 = = 41.5 > 𝜆𝑦𝑦 = 34.2  Non-slender about y-axis
0.77
 Example 1: Slenderness
Simplified Method
Effective Length, lo = Factor  Clear Height

z-axis: End condition: Top & Bottom = Condition 1

Factor = 0.75
 𝑙𝑜,𝑧 = 0.75 × 4500 = 3375 mm

y-axis: End condition: Top & Bottom = Condition 1

Factor = 0.75
 𝑙𝑜,𝑦 = 0.75 × 4600 = 3450 mm

Slenderness Ratio,  = lo/i

3375
𝜆𝑧𝑧 = = 33.4 < 𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚,𝑧𝑧 = 35.1  Non-slender about z-axis
101
3450
𝜆𝑦𝑦 = = 43.5 > 𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚,𝑦𝑦 = 41.5  Slender about y-axis
79.4
 Axial Load & Moment in Column

For analysis without full frame analysis:

a) Axial loads may generally be obtained by increasing the loads

obtained by 10% by assumption that beams & slabs are simply
supported. Higher percentage may be required when adjacent
spans and/or loadings on them are grossly dissimilar.

b) Bending moments may be calculated using the simplified one

free-joint sub-frame. The arrangement of the design ultimate
variable action should be such as that to cause maximum
moment in the column.
 Example 2
AXIAL LOAD & MOMENT IN
COLUMN
 Example 2: Axial Load & Moment in
Column

Determine axial force and bending moment in column B/2

Characteristics Action (kN/m)

Level Beam
Permanent Variable
Roof 2/A-C 20.0 6.0
B/1-4 8.0 3.0
First Floor 2/A-C 27.0 12.0
B/1-4 15.0 7.0
Ground Floor 2/A-C 7.8 -
B/1-4 7.8 -
 Example 2: Axial Load & Moment in
Column
x z
y y
z
x
w2y
Column: 275  350 mm
w1Z w2Z

Roof
w1y
2/A-C Main Beam: 250  500 mm
𝐿1𝑦 = 𝐿2𝑦 = 4 𝑚
B/1-4
4m
Secondary Beam: 250  400 mm
1st Level 𝐿1𝑧 = 8 𝑚
𝐿2𝑧 = 6 𝑚
5m

Ground
1.5 m
 Example 2: Axial Load & Moment in
Column
Roof w1z w2z w1y w2y
Gk 20 20 8 8
Qk 6 6 3 3
Max 36 36 15.3 15.3 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

Min 27 27 10.8 10.8 1.35Gk

1st Floor w1z w2z w1y w2y

Gk 27 27 15 15
Qk 12 12 7 7
Max 54.5 54.5 30.8 30.8 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk
Min 36.45 36.45 20.25 20.25
1.35Gk

Ground w1z w2z w1y W2y

Gk 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8
Qk 0 0 0 0
Max 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

Min 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 1.35Gk

 Example 2: Axial Load & Moment in
Column
Roof to 1st Level: Axial Loads
Main Beam: (36  8  0.5) + (36  6  0.5) 252 kN
Sec. Beam: (15.3  4  0.5) + (15.3  4  0.5) 61 kN
Selfweight: 1.35 (0.275  0.35  4  25) 13 kN
N1st-Roof: 326 kN

1st Level to Ground:

Load from above: 326 kN
Main Beam: (54.5  8  0.5) + (54.5  6  0.5) 381 kN
Sec. Beam: (30.8  4  0.5) + (30.8  4  0.5) 123 kN
Selfweight: 1.35 (0.275  0.35  5  25) 16 kN
N1st-Gnd 847 kN

Ground to Footing:
Load from above: 847 kN
Main Beam: (10.5  8  0.5) + (10.5  6  0.5) 74 kN
Sec. Beam: (10.5  4  0.5) + (10.5  4  0.5) 42 kN
Selfweight: 1.35 (0.275  0.35  1.5  25) 5 kN
NGnd-Foot: 967 kN
 Example 2: Axial Load & Moment in
Column
Bending Moments at z-z Axis

Stiffness, K = I/L

250×5003
Beam: 6 𝑚: 𝐾𝑏1 = = 4.34 × 105 𝑚𝑚3
12×6000
250×5003
8 𝑚: 𝐾𝑏2 = = 3.26 × 105 𝑚𝑚3
12×8000

275×3503
Column: 4 𝑚: = 2.46 × 105 𝑚𝑚3
12×4000
275×3503
5 𝑚: = 1.97 × 105 𝑚𝑚3
12×5000
275×3503
1.5 𝑚: = 6.55 × 105 𝑚𝑚3
12×1500
 Example 2: Axial Load & Moment in
Column

Roof to 1st Level

M1 M2 wmax = 36.0 kN/m Fixed End Moment, FEM
wmin = 27.0 kN/m 𝑤𝐿2 27 × 62
𝑀1 = = = 81.0 𝑘𝑁𝑚
12 12
0.5Kb1 0.5Kb2 𝑤𝐿2 36 × 82
𝑀2 = = = 192.0 𝑘𝑁𝑚
Kc 12 12
4m

6m 8m  ∆𝐹𝐸𝑀 = 𝑀2 − 𝑀1 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝑵𝒎

Moment in Column
𝐾 2.46
𝑀 = ∆𝐹𝐸𝑀 × 𝐾 +0.5𝐾 𝑐 +0.5𝐾 = 111 × = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟔 kNm
𝑐 𝑏1 𝑏2 2.46+0.5×4.34+0.5×3.26
 Example 2: Axial Load & Moment in
Column

1st Level to Ground

M1 M2 Fixed End Moment, FEM
Kc,u
𝑤𝐿2 36.5 × 62
4m wmax = 54.5 kN/m 𝑀1 = = = 109.4 𝑘𝑁𝑚
wmin = 36.5 kN/m 12 12
𝑤𝐿2 54.5 × 82
𝑀2 = = = 290.4 𝑘𝑁𝑚
0.5Kb1 12 12
0.5Kb2

Kc,l
 ∆𝐹𝐸𝑀 = 𝑀2 − 𝑀1 = 𝟏𝟖𝟏 𝒌𝑵𝒎
5m

6m 8m

Moment in upper column, Mupper

𝐾𝑐,𝑢 2.46
𝑀𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 = ∆𝐹𝐸𝑀 × 𝐾 +𝐾 +0.5𝐾 = 181 × = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟏 kNm
𝑐,𝑢 𝑐,𝑙 𝑏1 +0.5𝐾𝑏2 2.46+1.97+0.5×4.34+0.5×3.26

Moment in lower column, Mlower

𝐾𝑐,𝑢 1.97
𝑀𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = ∆𝐹𝐸𝑀 × 𝐾 +𝐾 +0.5𝐾 = 181 × = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟑 kNm
𝑐,𝑢 𝑐,𝑙 𝑏1 +0.5𝐾𝑏2 2.46+1.97+0.5×4.34+0.5×3.26
 Example 2: Axial Load & Moment in
Column

Ground to Footing
M1 M2 Fixed End Moment, FEM
Kc,u
𝑤𝐿2 10.5 × 62
5m 𝑀1 = = = 31.6 𝑘𝑁𝑚
wmax = 10.5 kN/m wmax = 10.5 kN/m 12 12
𝑤𝐿2 10.5 × 82
𝑀2 = = = 56.2 𝑘𝑁𝑚
0.5Kb1 12 12
0.5Kb2
1.5 m Kc,l
 ∆𝐹𝐸𝑀 = 𝑀2 − 𝑀1 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟔 𝒌𝑵𝒎

6m 8m

Moment in upper column, Mupper

𝐾𝑐,𝑢 1.97
𝑀𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 = ∆𝐹𝐸𝑀 × 𝐾 +𝐾 +0.5𝐾 = 24.6 × = 𝟑. 𝟗 kNm
𝑐,𝑢 𝑐,𝑙 𝑏1 +0.5𝐾𝑏2 1.97+6.55+0.5×4.34+0.5×3.26

Moment in lower column, Mlower

𝐾𝑐,𝑢 6.55
𝑀𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = ∆𝐹𝐸𝑀 × 𝐾 +𝐾 +0.5𝐾 = 24.6 × = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟏 kNm
𝑐,𝑢 𝑐,𝑙 𝑏1 +0.5𝐾𝑏2 1.97+6.55+0.5×4.34+0.5×3.26
 Example 2: Axial Load & Moment in
Column
Bending Moments at z-z Axis, Mz-z (kNm)

43.6

54.1 43.3

3.9 13.1

6.5
 Example 2: Axial Load & Moment in
Column
Bending Moments at y-y Axis

Stiffness, K = I/L

250×4003
Beam: 4 𝑚: 𝐾𝑏1 = = 3.33 × 105 𝑚𝑚3
12×4000
250×4003
4 𝑚: 𝐾𝑏2 = = 3.33 × 105 𝑚𝑚3
12×4000

350×2753
Column: 4 𝑚: = 1.52 × 105 𝑚𝑚3
12×4000
350×2753
5 𝑚: = 1.21 × 105 𝑚𝑚3
12×5000
350×2753
1.5 𝑚: = 4.04 × 105 𝑚𝑚3
12×1500
 Example 2: Axial Load & Moment in
Column

Roof to 1st Level

M1 M2 Fixed End Moment, FEM
wmax = 15.3 kN/m
wmax = 10.8 kN/m 𝑤𝐿2 10.8 × 42
𝑀1 = = = 14.4 𝑘𝑁𝑚
12 12
0.5Kb1 0.5Kb2 𝑤𝐿2 15.3 × 42
𝑀2 = = = 20.4 𝑘𝑁𝑚
Kc 12 12
4m

4m 4m  ∆𝐹𝐸𝑀 = 𝑀2 − 𝑀1 = 𝟔 𝒌𝑵𝒎

Moment in Column
𝐾 1.52
𝑀 = ∆𝐹𝐸𝑀 × 𝐾 +0.5𝐾 𝑐 +0.5𝐾 = 111 × = 𝟏. 𝟗 kNm
𝑐 𝑏1 𝑏2 1.52+0.5×3.33+0.5×3.33
 Example 2: Axial Load & Moment in
Column

1st Level to Ground

M1 M2 Fixed End Moment, FEM
Kc,u
𝑤𝐿2 20.3 × 42
4m wmax = 30.8 kN/m 𝑀1 = = = 27 𝑘𝑁𝑚
wmin = 20.3 kN/m 12 12
𝑤𝐿2 30.8 × 42
𝑀2 = = = 41 𝑘𝑁𝑚
0.5Kb1 12 12
0.5Kb2

Kc,l
 ∆𝐹𝐸𝑀 = 𝑀2 − 𝑀1 = 𝟏𝟒 𝒌𝑵𝒎
5m

4m 4m

Moment in upper column, Mupper

𝐾𝑐,𝑢 1.52
𝑀𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 = ∆𝐹𝐸𝑀 × 𝐾 +𝐾 +0.5𝐾 = 14 × = 𝟑. 𝟓 kNm
𝑐,𝑢 𝑐,𝑙 𝑏1 +0.5𝐾𝑏2 1.52+1.21+0.5×3.33+0.5×3.33

Moment in lower column, Mlower

𝐾𝑐,𝑢 1.21
𝑀𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = ∆𝐹𝐸𝑀 × 𝐾 +𝐾 +0.5𝐾 = 14 × = 𝟐. 𝟖 kNm
𝑐,𝑢 𝑐,𝑙 𝑏1 +0.5𝐾𝑏2 1.52+1.21+0.5×3.33+0.5×3.33
 Example 2: Axial Load & Moment in
Column

Ground to Footing
M1 M2 Fixed End Moment, FEM
Kc,u
𝑤𝐿2 10.5 × 42
5m 𝑀1 = = = 14 𝑘𝑁𝑚
wmax = 10.5 kN/m wmax = 10.5 kN/m 12 12
𝑤𝐿2 10.5 × 42
𝑀2 = = = 14 𝑘𝑁𝑚
0.5Kb1 12 12
0.5Kb2
1.5 m Kc,l
 ∆𝐹𝐸𝑀 = 𝑀2 − 𝑀1 = 𝟎 𝒌𝑵𝒎

4m 4m

Moment in upper column, Mupper

𝐾𝑐,𝑢
𝑀𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 = ∆𝐹𝐸𝑀 × 𝐾 +𝐾 +0.5𝐾 = 𝟎. 𝟎 kNm
𝑐,𝑢 𝑐,𝑙 𝑏1 +0.5𝐾𝑏2

Moment in lower column, Mlower

𝐾𝑐,𝑢
𝑀𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = ∆𝐹𝐸𝑀 × 𝐾 +𝐾 +0.5𝐾 = 𝟎. 𝟎 kNm
𝑐,𝑢 𝑐,𝑙 𝑏1 +0.5𝐾𝑏2
 Example 2: Axial Load & Moment in
Column
Bending Moments at y-y Axis, My-y (kNm)

1.9

3.5 2.8

0.0
 Design Moments

• Elastic moment from frame action – should NOT

consider any redistribution

• Slender column:
a) Non-linear analysis to determine second order
moment
b) Nominal stiffness method (EC2: Clause 5.8.7), or
c) Nominal curvature method (EC2: Clause 5.8.8)
 Design Moments

Slender Column
Nominal Curvature Method (EC2: Clause 5.8.8)

𝑴𝑬𝒅 = 𝑴𝟎𝑬𝒅 + 𝑴𝟐

M0Ed = First order moment including effect imperfection

M2 = Nominal second order moment
 Design Moments

Braced Slender Column

M02
0.5M2 M02
M NEd ei

M0E M2 = Ned e2 M0E + M2

+ =

M01
0.5M2 M01 + 0.5M2
First Order Additional Second Total Moment
Moment Order Moment Diagram

𝑴𝑬𝒅 = 𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑴𝟎𝟐 , 𝑴𝟎𝑬 + 𝑴𝟐 , 𝑴𝟎𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝑴𝟐 , 𝑵𝑬𝒅 ∙ 𝒆𝒐

 Design Moments

Unbraced Slender Column

M02
M2 = NEd e2 M02 + M2
M NEd ei

+ =

M01
M2 M01 + M2
First Order Additional Second Total Moment
Moment Order Moment Diagram

𝑴𝑬𝒅 = 𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑴𝟎𝟏 + 𝑴𝟐 , 𝑴𝟎𝟐 + 𝑴𝟐 , 𝑵𝑬𝒅 ∙ 𝒆𝒐

 Design Moments

𝑀01 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑡𝑜𝑝 , 𝑀𝑏𝑜𝑡 + 𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑒𝑖

𝑀02 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑀𝑡𝑜𝑝 , 𝑀𝑏𝑜𝑡 + 𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑒𝑖
NEd = Ultimate axial load
ℎ
𝑒𝑜 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 20 𝑚𝑚
30
𝑙𝑜
𝑒𝑖 =
400
Mtop, Mbot = Moment at top and bottom of column
𝑀0𝐸 = 0.6𝑀02 + 0.4𝑀01 ≥ 0.4𝑀02 (M01 & M02 should have the same sign if they
produce tension on the same side, otherwise opposite sign)
M2 = Nominal second order moment = 𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑒2
𝑙Τ 𝑙 2
𝑟 𝑜
e2 = Deflection =
𝑐
lo = Effective length
c = Factor depending on curvature distribution, normally 𝜋 2 ≈ 10
 Design Moments

EC2: Clause 5.8.8.3: Curvature

𝑙 𝑙
= Curvature = 𝐾𝑟 𝐾𝜑
𝑟 𝑟𝑜

𝑛𝑢 −𝑛
Kr = Axial load correction factor = <1
𝑛𝑢 −𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙
𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝑛= 𝑛𝑢 = 1 + 𝜔 𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.4 𝜔=
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑

K = Creep correction factor = 1 + 𝛽𝜑𝑒𝑓 ≥ 1

𝜑𝑀𝑜𝐸𝑞𝑝 𝑀
ef = Effective creep factor = 𝑀𝑜𝐸𝑑
= 0 if 𝜑 < 2, 𝑁 > ℎ, 𝑙 < 75)
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝜆
𝛽 = 0.35 + −
200 150

𝑓𝑦𝑑
൘𝐸
𝑙 𝜀𝑦𝑑 𝑠
= =
𝑟𝑜 0.45𝑑 0.45𝑑
 Design Moments

EN 1992-1-2: Figure 3.1: Creep Correction Factor

 Design Moments

EN 1992-1-2: Figure 3.1: Creep Correction Factor

 Design Moments

Non-Slender Column

• Ignored second order moment effects

• Ultimate design moment, MEd = M02
M02
M NEd e1

M0E

𝑴𝑬𝒅 = 𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑴𝟎𝟐 , 𝑴𝟎𝟏 , 𝑵𝑬𝒅 ∙ 𝒆𝒐

M01

First Order
Moment
 Design of Longitudinal Reinforcement

Solution of Basic Approximate

Design Chart
Equation Method

• For columns having • Unsymmetrical arrangement of

rectangular or reinforcement
circular cross • Cross section is non-rectangular
section
• Symmetrical
arrangement of
reinforcement
 Design of Longitudinal Reinforcement

For practical purpose as with BS8110, the rectangular

stress block used for design of beam may also be used
for the design of columns

cc fcc = ccfck/c

d2
As ’ sc
x x Fsc Fcc
Neutral Axis
h d
z

As st
Fst

Section Strain Stress

 Design of Longitudinal Reinforcement

• However, unlike with BS8110 the maximum compressive

strain when designing to EC2 will be less than 0.0035 if
the whole section is in compression.

• This compressive strain will further fall to 0.00175 (fck <

50 N/mm2) if the section is subject to pure compression.

• This will affect the steel strains and hence forces which
the reinforcement can carry
 Design of Longitudinal Reinforcement

EC2 strain relationship at ULS for fck  50 N/mm2

𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟓𝒙
𝒉
𝒙−
0.0035 max 𝟐 0.00175
d2 Fsc Fcc
x x
h/2

h d Hinge
point
x

Fst
0.00175 min 0.00175

General Pure Stress

When x  h
Relationship Compression
 Design of Longitudinal Reinforcement

Equilibrium Equations

Equilibrium of Load:

𝑁 = 𝐹𝑐𝑐 + 𝐹𝑠𝑐 − 𝐹𝑠𝑡

Equilibrium of Moment:

𝑀 = 𝐹𝑐𝑐 0.5ℎ − 0.5𝜆𝑥 + 𝐹𝑠𝑐 0.5ℎ − 𝑑2 − 𝐹𝑠𝑡 𝑑 − 0.5ℎ

where
𝜂𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑘
𝐹𝑐𝑐 = 𝜆𝑥 𝑏; 𝐹𝑠𝑐 = ; 𝐹𝑠𝑡 =
𝛾𝑐 𝛾𝑠 𝛾𝑠
 Design of Longitudinal Reinforcement

Rearranged to:

𝑵 𝒙 𝑨𝒔𝒄 𝑨𝒔𝒕
= 𝒇 𝝀; 𝜼; 𝒇𝒄𝒌 ; 𝜸𝒄 ; ; ; ; 𝒇𝒚𝒌 ; 𝜸𝒔
𝒃𝒉 𝒉 𝒃𝒉 𝒃𝒉

𝑴 𝒙 𝑨𝒔𝒄 𝑨𝒔𝒕 𝒅 𝒅𝟐
𝟑
= 𝒇 𝝀; 𝜼; 𝒇𝒄𝒌 ; 𝜸𝒄 ; ; ; ; 𝒇𝒚𝒌 ; 𝜸𝒔 ; ;
𝒃𝒉 𝒉 𝒃𝒉 𝒃𝒉 𝒉 𝒉

These equations form the basis for the N-M interaction charts
used for the design of columns
Design of Longitudinal Reinforcement
 Area and Number of Reinforcement
EC2: Clause 9.5.2
0.10𝑁𝐸𝑑
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑜𝑟 0.002𝐴𝑐
𝑓𝑦𝑑

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝐴𝑐 (Outside lap location)

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.08𝐴𝑐 (At lap location)
 Requirements for Links
EC2: Clause 9.5.3

• The diameter of links should not be less than 6 mm or one-

quarter of the diameter of the longitudinal bar.

• The maximum spacing, Smax should not be less than:

a) 20 times the minimum diameter of longitudinal bars

b) the lesser dimension of the column
c) 400 mm

• At a distance greater than the larger dimension of the column

above or below a beam these spacing can increased by a
factor of 1.67
 Design Procedure

Step Task Standard

EN 1990 Table 2.1
1 Determine design life, exposure class, fire resistance EN 1992-1-1: Table 4.1
EN 1992-1-2: Sec. 5.6
BS 8500-1: Table A.3
2 Determine material strength
EN 206-1: Table F1

3 Select size of column EN 1992-1-2: Table 5.5

4 Calculate min. cover for durability , fire and bond requirements EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 4.4.1

5 Analyze structure to obtain critical moments and axial forces EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 5

6 Check slenderness EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 5.8.3

7 Determine final design moment EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 5.8.8
8 Determine area of reinforcement required EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 6.1
9 Detailing EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 8 & 9
 Example 3
DESIGN OF NON-SLENDER
COLUMN BENT ABOUT
MAJOR AXIS
 Example 3: Design of Non-Slender Column
Bent About Major Axis
z
NEd = 1200 kN
M
Mtop = 35 kNm

y y 250

z
Mbot = 25 kNm
300
Cross Section Mz

Classification: Braced non-slender column

Concrete, fck: 25 N/mm2
Reinforcement, fyk: 500 N/mm2
Exposure Class: XC1
Fire Resistance: 1 hour
Design Life: 50 years
Effective Length, lo: 4.2 m
Bar Size: bar = 20 mm, links = 6 mm
 Example 3: Design of Non-Slender Column
Bent About Major Axis
Cover: Durability, Bond & Fire Resistance

Minimum concrete cover regard to bond, Cmin, bond = 20 mm (EN 1992-1-1: Table 4.2)

Minimum concrete cover regard to durability, Cmin, dur = 15 mm (EN 1992-1-1: Table 4.4N)

Minimum required axis distance for R60 fire resistance,

asd = 36 mm assumed fi = 0.50 (EN 1992-1-2: Table 5.2a)
Nominal concrete cover regard to fire, Cnom, fire = asd - links - bar/2
= 36 – 6 – 20/2 = 20 mm

Allowance in design for deviation, Cdev = 10 mm

Nominal cover, Cnom = max{Cmin, bond, Cmin, dur} + Cdev = 20 + 10 = 30 mm

Use Cnom = 30 mm
 Example 3: Design of Non-Slender Column
Bent About Major Axis
Design Moment

For non-slender column:

𝑴𝑬𝒅 = 𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑴𝟎𝟐 , 𝑴𝟎𝟏 , 𝑴𝒎𝒊𝒏

𝑀02 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑀𝑡𝑜𝑝 , 𝑀𝑏𝑜𝑡 + 𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑒𝑖 = 35 + 1200 × 0.0105 = 𝟒𝟕. 𝟔 𝒌𝑵𝒎

𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑀𝑡𝑜𝑝 , 𝑀𝑏𝑜𝑡 = 35 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑙𝑜 4200
𝑒𝑖 = = = 10.5 𝑚𝑚 = 0.0105 𝑚
400 400

𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑁𝐸𝑑 ∙ 𝑒𝑜 = 1200 × 0.020 = 𝟐𝟒 𝒌𝑵𝒎

ℎ 300
𝑒𝑜 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 20 𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 20 𝑚𝑚 = 20 𝑚𝑚 = 0.020 𝑚
30 30

𝑴𝑬𝒅 = 𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑴𝟎𝟐 , 𝑴𝟎𝟏 , 𝑴𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟒𝟕. 𝟔 𝒌𝑵𝒎

 Example 3: Design of Non-Slender Column
Bent About Major Axis
Reinforcement
∅𝑏𝑎𝑟 20
𝑑2 = 𝑐 + ∅𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 + = 30 + 6 + = 46 mm
2 2
𝑑2 46
= = 0.15
ℎ 300
0.35
3
𝑁 1200 × 10
= = 0.64
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘 250 × 300 × 25
𝑀 47.6 × 106
= = 0.08
𝑏ℎ2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 250 × 3002 × 25

From design chart:

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑘 0.35𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.35×250×300×25
= 0.35 ➔ 𝐴𝑠 = = = 𝟏𝟑𝟏𝟑 mm 2
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
0.10𝑁𝐸𝑑 0.10×1200×10 3
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 𝟐𝟕𝟔 mm2 or 0.002𝐴𝑐 = 150 mm2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 0.87×500
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝐴𝑐 = 0.04 × 250 × 300 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎 mm2

Provide 4H20 + 2H12 (As = 1483 mm2)

 Example 3: Design of Non-Slender Column
Bent About Major Axis
Links

links, min = the larger of:

i. 0.25  20 mm = 5 mm or

250
ii. 6 mm

H6-240
 Use links = 6 mm
300
Smax = the lesser of:

H6-140
i. 20  (12 mm) = 240 mm or
ii. the lesser dimension of the column = 250 mm or
iii. 400 mm
 Use Smax = 240 mm
Provide H6-240

At section 300 mm below & above beam & at lap joints, Smax = 0.6  240 mm = 144 mm

Provide H6-140
 Example 4
DESIGN OF SLENDER
COLUMN BENT ABOUT
MINOR AXIS
 Example 4: Design of Slender Column Bent
About Minor Axis
z
NEd = 1200 kN

M 35 kNm

y y 250

z
25 kNm
300
Cross Section Mz

Classification: Braced slender column

Concrete, fck: 25 N/mm2
Reinforcement, fyk: 500 N/mm2
Exposure Class: XC1
Fire Resistance: 1 hour
Design Life: 50 years
Effective Length, lo: 4.13 m
Slenderness ratio, : 52
Bar Size: bar = 20 mm, links = 6 mm
 Example 4: Design of Slender Column Bent
About Minor Axis
Cover: Durability, Bond & Fire Resistance

Minimum concrete cover regard to bond, Cmin, bond = 20 mm (EN 1992-1-1: Table 4.2)

Minimum concrete cover regard to durability, Cmin, dur = 15 mm (EN 1992-1-1: Table 4.4N)

Minimum required axis distance for R60 fire resistance,

asd = 36 mm assumed fi = 0.50 (EN 1992-1-2: Table 5.2a)
Nominal concrete cover regard to fire, Cnom, fire = asd - links - bar/2
= 36 – 6 – 20/2 = 20 mm

Allowance in design for deviation, Cdev = 10 mm

Nominal cover, Cnom = max{Cmin, bond, Cmin, dur} + Cdev = 20 + 10 = 30 mm

Use Cnom = 30 mm
 Example 4: Design of Slender Column Bent
About Minor Axis
Design Moment

For slender column:

𝑴𝑬𝒅 = 𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑴𝟎𝟐 , 𝑴𝟎𝑬 + 𝑴𝟐 , 𝑴𝟎𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝑴𝟐 , 𝑴𝒎𝒊𝒏

𝑀01 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑡𝑜𝑝 , 𝑀𝑏𝑜𝑡 + 𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑒𝑖 = 25 + 1200 × 0.0124 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟒 𝒌𝑵𝒎

𝑀02 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑀𝑡𝑜𝑝 , 𝑀𝑏𝑜𝑡 + 𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑒𝑖 = 35 + 1200 × 0.0124 = 𝟒𝟕. 𝟒 𝒌𝑵𝒎
𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑀𝑡𝑜𝑝 , 𝑀𝑏𝑜𝑡 = 35 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑙𝑜 4130
𝑒𝑖 = = = 12.4 𝑚𝑚 = 0.0124 𝑚
400 400

𝑀0𝐸 = 0.6𝑀02 + 0.4𝑀01 ≥ 0.4𝑀02

𝑀0𝐸 = 0.6 47.4 + 0.4 −37.4 ≥ 0.4 47.4 = 13.5 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ≥ 19.0 𝑘𝑁𝑚
 MOE = 19.0 kNm
 Example 4: Design of Slender Column Bent
About Minor Axis
Second Order Moment, M2

𝑀2 = 𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑒2 = 1200 × 0.0484 = 𝟓𝟖. 𝟏 𝒌𝑵𝒎

𝑙Τ 𝑙 2 2.84×10−5 ×41302
𝑟 𝑜
𝑒2 = = = 48.4 mm = 0.0484 m
𝑐 10

𝑙 𝑙
lo = 4130 mm c = 10 = 𝐾𝑟 𝐾𝜑 = 1 × 1.20 × 2.37 × 10−5 = 2.84 × 10−5
𝑟 𝑟𝑜
Effective depth to the minor axis, d = 250 – 30 – 6 – (20/2) = 204 mm

𝒏𝒖 −𝒏
𝑲𝒓 = = 𝟏 (𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒅) < 𝟏
𝒏𝒖 −𝒏𝒃𝒂𝒍
𝐾𝜑 = 1 + 𝛽𝜑𝑒𝑓 ≥ 1 = 1 + (0.128 × 1.54) = 1.20
𝜑𝑀𝑜𝐸𝑞𝑝 𝑀𝑜𝐸𝑞𝑝
𝜑𝑒𝑓 = = 0.67 × 2.3 = 1.54 ➔ = 0.67(assumed)
𝑀𝑜𝐸𝑑 𝑀𝑜𝐸𝑑
➔  (, to) = 2.3 (Fig. 3.1: EN 1992-1-1)
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝜆 25 52
𝛽 = 0.35 + − = 0.35 + − = 0.128
200 150 200 150

𝑓𝑦𝑑
ൗ𝐸 0.87×500Τ
𝑙 𝑠
= = 200000
= 2.37 × 10−5
𝑟𝑜 0.45𝑑 0.45×204
 Example 4: Design of Slender Column Bent
About Minor Axis

Class R
RH = 80%
2 Age = 3 days
1 4

3
2.3
 Example 4: Design of Slender Column Bent
About Minor Axis
𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑁𝐸𝑑 ∙ 𝑒𝑜 = 1200 × 0.020 = 𝟐𝟒 𝒌𝑵𝒎
ℎ 300
𝑒𝑜 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 20 𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 20 𝑚𝑚 = 20 𝑚𝑚 = 0.020 𝑚
30 30

𝑴𝑬𝒅 = 𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑴𝟎𝟐 , 𝑴𝟎𝑬 + 𝑴𝟐 , 𝑴𝟎𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝑴𝟐 , 𝑴𝒎𝒊𝒏

47.4 kNm

77.0 kNm 66.4 kNm 24 kNm

 𝑴𝑬𝒅 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟎 𝒌𝑵𝒎

 Example 4: Design of Slender Column Bent
About Minor Axis
Reinforcement

∅ 20
𝑑2 = 𝑐 + ∅𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 + 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 30 + 6 + = 46 mm
2 2
𝑑2 46
= = 0.18 ≅ 0.20 Kr = 0.58
𝒉 𝟐𝟓𝟎 0.72

𝑁 1200 × 103
= = 0.64 First
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘 300 × 250 × 25 assumption,
𝑀 77.0 × 106 Kr = 1.0
= = 0.16
𝑏ℎ2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 300 × 2502 × 25

From design chart:

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑘
= 0.72 Kr = 0.58
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑀0𝐸 + 𝑀2 = 19 + 0.58 × 58.1 = 52.6 kNm
54.2 kNm max
𝑀01 + 0.5𝑀2 = 37.4 + 0.5 0.58 × 58.1 = 54.2 kNm

𝑀 54.2 × 106
= = 0.12
𝑏ℎ2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 300 × 2502 × 25
 Example 4: Design of Slender Column Bent
About Minor Axis
Reinforcement

∅ 20
𝑑2 = 𝑐 + ∅𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 + 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 30 + 6 + = 46 mm
2 2
𝑑2 46 Kr = 0.48
= = 0.18 ≅ 0.20
𝒉 𝟐𝟓𝟎
0.55
3
𝑁 1200 × 10
= = 0.64 First
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘 300 × 250 × 25 assumption,
𝑀 77.0 × 106 Kr = 1.0
= = 0.16
𝑏ℎ2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 300 × 2502 × 25

From design chart:

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑘
= 0.72 Kr = 0.58
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑀0𝐸 + 𝑀2 = 19 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖 × 58.1 = 52.6 kNm
54.2 kNm max
𝑀01 + 0.5𝑀2 = 37.4 + 0.5 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖 × 58.1 = 54.2 kNm

𝑀 𝟓𝟒. 𝟐 × 106
= = 0.12
𝑏ℎ2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 300 × 2502 × 25
 Example 4: Design of Slender Column Bent
About Minor Axis
From design chart:
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑘
= 0.45 Kr = 0.48
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑀0𝐸 + 𝑀2 = 19 + 0.48 × 58.1 = 46.8 kNm
𝑀01 + 0.5𝑀2 = 37.4 + 0.5 0.48 × 58.1 = 51.3 kNm 51.3 kNm max

𝑀 51.3 × 106
= = 0.11
𝑏ℎ2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 300 × 2502 × 25

From design chart:

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑘
= 0.40 Kr = 0.45
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘
0.40𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.40×300×250×25
𝐴𝑠 = = = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 mm2
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
0.10𝑁𝐸𝑑 0.10×1200×103
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 𝟐𝟕𝟔 mm2 or 0.002𝐴𝑐 = 150 mm2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 0.87×500
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝐴𝑐 = 0.04 × 250 × 300 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎 mm2

Provide 4H20 + 2H16 (As = 1659 mm2)

 Example 4: Design of Slender Column Bent
About Minor Axis
From design chart:
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑘
= 0.45 Kr = 0.48
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑀0𝐸 + 𝑀2 = 19 + 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖 × 58.1 = 46.8 kNm
𝑀01 + 0.5𝑀2 = 37.4 + 0.5 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖 × 58.1 = 51.3 kNm 51.3 kNm max

𝑀 51.3 × 106
= = 0.11
𝑏ℎ2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 300 × 2502 × 25

From design chart:

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑘
= 0.40 Kr = 0.45
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘
0.40𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.40×300×250×25
𝐴𝑠 = = = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 mm2
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
0.10𝑁𝐸𝑑 0.10×1200×103
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 𝟐𝟕𝟔 mm2 or 0.002𝐴𝑐 = 150 mm2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 0.87×500
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝐴𝑐 = 0.04 × 250 × 300 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎 mm2

Provide 4H20 + 2H16 (As = 1659 mm2)

 Example 4: Design of Slender Column Bent
About Minor Axis
Links

links, min = the larger of:

i. 0.25  16 mm = 4 mm or y y

250
ii. 6 mm

H6-250
 Use links = 6 mm
300
Smax = the lesser of:
20  (16 mm) = 320 mm or

H6-150
i.
ii. the lesser dimension of the column = 250 mm or
iii. 400 mm
 Use Smax = 250 mm
Provide H6-250

At section 300 mm below & above beam & at lap joints, Smax = 0.6  250 mm = 150 mm

Provide H6-150
 Biaxial Bending

• EC2: Clause 5.8.9 states that separate design in each principal

direction (disregarding biaxial bending) may be the first step. NO
further checking is necessary if:
𝜆𝑦 𝜆𝑧
(a) ≤2 and ≤2
𝜆𝑧 𝜆𝑦
𝑒𝑦 𝑒𝑧
ℎ 𝑏
(b) ൘ 𝑒𝑧 ≤ 0.2 or ൘ 𝑒𝑦 ≤ 0.2
𝑏 ℎ

b, h = Width and depth of section

𝑏𝑒𝑞 = 𝑖𝑦 12 & ℎ𝑒𝑞 = 𝑖𝑧 12 for an equivalent rectangular section
y, z = Slenderness ratio with respect to y- and z- axis, respectively
𝑀
𝑒𝑦 = 𝐸𝑑,𝑧 : Eccentricity along y-axis
𝑁𝐸𝑑
𝑀𝐸𝑑,𝑦
𝑒𝑧 = : Eccentricity along z-axis
𝑁𝐸𝑑
Med,y = Design moment about y-axis including second order moment
Med,z = Design moment about z-axis including second order moment
NEd = Design axial load in the respective load combination
 Biaxial Bending

z
ey

NEd
iy ez
b
iy
y

iz iz
h
 Biaxial Bending
Adaptation from BS 8110
Column may be designed for a single axis bending BUT with an
increased moment:

𝑀𝐸𝑑,𝑧 𝑀𝐸𝑑,𝑦 ′ ℎ′
(a) If ≥ then 𝑀𝐸𝑑𝑧 = 𝑀𝐸𝑑,𝑧 + 𝛽 𝑀𝐸𝑑,𝑦
ℎ′ 𝑏′ 𝑏′
𝑀𝐸𝑑,𝑧 𝑀𝐸𝑑,𝑦 𝑏′ y
′
(b) If < then 𝑀𝐸𝑑𝑦 = 𝑀𝐸𝑑,𝑦 + 𝛽 𝑀𝐸𝑑,𝑧
ℎ′ 𝑏′ ℎ′ b
b’
where:
𝑁𝐸𝑑
𝛽 =1− (0.3    1.0) MEdz
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘

z
h’ h z

MEdy
y
 Biaxial Bending

• If the above conditions are NOT fulfilled, biaxially bent columns

may be designed to satisfy the following simplified criterion:
𝒂 𝒂
𝑴𝑬𝒅,𝒛 𝑴𝑬𝒅,𝒚
+ ≤ 𝟏. 𝟎
𝑴𝑹𝒅,𝒛 𝑴𝑹𝒅,𝒚

MRd,y = Moment resistance in y-axis

MRd,z = Moment resistance in z-axis
a = Exponent;
For circular & elliptical cross section, a = 2
For rectangular cross section:
NEd/NRd 0.1 0.7 1.0
a 1.0 1.5 2.0

NRd = Acfcd + Asfyd

Ac = Gross area of concrete section
As = Area of longitudinal reinforcement
 Example 5
DESIGN OF NON-SLENDER
COLUMN BENT ABOUT BOTH
AXIS
 Example 5: Design of Non-Slender Column
Bent About Both Axis
z
Mz

My NEd = 1800 kN
y y 300
Mz = 55 kNm
My = 32 kNm
z
350
Cross Section

Classification: Braced non-slender column

Concrete, fck: 25 N/mm2
Reinforcement, fyk: 500 N/mm2
Effective Length loz: 3.70 m
loy: 3.00 m
Slenderness ratio z: 27.7
y: 34.2
Bar Size: bar = 25 mm, links = 6 mm
Nominal cover: 30 mm
 Example 5: Design of Non-Slender Column
Bent About Both Axis
DESIGN MOMENT

𝑙𝑜
Imperfection moment, 𝑀𝑖𝑚𝑝 = 𝑁𝐸𝑑 ∙ 𝑒𝑖 = 𝑁𝐸𝑑 ∙
400
3.70
𝑀𝑖𝑚𝑝,𝑧 = 1800 × = 16.7 kNm
400
3.00
𝑀𝑖𝑚𝑝,𝑦 = 1800 × = 13.5 kNm
400

Design moment including the effect of imperfection:

MEd,z = 55 + 16.7 = 71.7 kNm
MEd,y = 32 + 13.5 = 45.5 kNm
 Example 5: Design of Non-Slender Column
Bent About Both Axis
CHECK BIAXIAL MOMENT

𝑀𝐸𝑑,𝑦 71.7×106
𝑒𝑧 = = = 40 mm
𝑁𝐸𝑑 1800×103
𝑀𝐸𝑑,𝑧 45.5×106
𝑒𝑦 = = = 25 mm
𝑁𝐸𝑑 1800×103

𝑒𝑦 𝑒𝑧 25 40
ൗ = ൗ = 0.54 > 0.2
ℎ 𝑏 350 300
𝑒𝑧 𝑒𝑦 40 25
ൗ = ൗ = 1.84 > 0.2
𝑏 ℎ 300 350
Check Biaxial Bending

𝜆𝑦 34.2
= = 1.2 < 2
𝜆𝑧 27.7
𝜆𝑧 27.7
= = 0.8 < 2
𝜆𝑦 34.2
Ignore Biaxial Bending
Check Biaxial Bending
 Example 5: Design of Non-Slender Column
Bent About Both Axis
REINFORCEMENT DESIGN

Effective depth: h’ = 350 – 30 – 6 – (0.5  25) = 301.5 mm

b’ = 300 – 30 – 6 – (0.5  25) = 251.5 mm

𝑀𝐸𝑑,𝑧 71.7×106
= = 238 kN
ℎ′ 301.5
𝑀𝐸𝑑,𝑦 45.5×106
= = 181 kN
𝑏′ 251.5

𝑴𝑬𝒅,𝒛 𝑴𝑬𝒅,𝒚 𝒉′
Since >  𝑴′𝑬𝒅,𝒛 = 𝑴𝑬𝒅,𝒛 + 𝜷 𝑴𝑬𝒅,𝒚
𝒉′ 𝒃′ 𝒃′
𝑁𝐸𝑑 1800×103
= = 0.69
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘 300×350×25
𝑁
𝛽 = 1 − 𝐸𝑑 = 1 − 0.69 = 0.31  0.30
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘

301.5
 𝑀𝐸𝑑,𝑧
′
= 71.7 + 0.31 45.5 = 𝟖𝟖. 𝟖 kNm
251.5
 Example 5: Design of Non-Slender Column
Bent About Both Axis
REINFORCEMENT DESIGN
∅ 25
𝑑2 = 𝑐 + ∅𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 + 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 30 + 6 + = 48.5 mm
2 2
𝑑2 48.5
= = 0.14 ≈ 0.15
ℎ 350
0.48

𝑁 1800 × 103
= = 0.69
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘 300 × 350 × 25
𝑀 88.8 × 106
= = 0.10
𝑏ℎ2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 300 × 3502 × 25

From design chart:

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑘 0.48𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.48×300×350×25
= 0.48 ➔ 𝐴𝑠 = = = 𝟐𝟓𝟐𝟎 mm 2
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
0.10𝑁𝐸𝑑 0.10×1800×10 3
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 𝟒𝟏𝟒 mm2 or 0.002𝐴𝑐 = 210 mm2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 0.87×500
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝐴𝑐 = 0.04 × 300 × 350 = 𝟒𝟐𝟎𝟎 mm2

Provide 4H25 + 2H20 (As = 2592 mm2)

 Example 5: Design of Non-Slender Column
Bent About Both Axis
LINKS
z
links, min = the larger of:
i. 0.25  25 mm = 6.3 mm or

300
ii. 6 mm

H8-300
 Use links = 8 mm
z
350
Smax = the lesser of:

H8-175
i. 20  (20 mm) = 400 mm or
ii. the lesser dimension of the column = 300 mm or
iii. 400 mm
 Use Smax = 300 mm
Provide H8-300

At section 300 mm below & above beam & at lap joints, Smax = 0.6  300 mm = 180 mm

Provide H8-175
 Example 5: Design of Non-Slender Column
Bent About Both Axis
CHECK BIAXIAL BENDING

Steel Area:
All: 4H25 + 2H20 As = 2592 mm2
z-z: 4H25 + 2H20 As,z = 2592 mm2 0.49
y-y: 4H25 + 0H20 As,y = 1964 mm2

𝑑2,𝑧 48.5 𝑑2,𝑦 48.5

= = 0.14 & = = 0.16
ℎ 350 𝑏 300
𝑁 1800 × 103
= = 0.69 0.10
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘 300 × 350 × 25
𝐴𝑠,𝑧 𝑓𝑦𝑘 2592 × 500
= = 0.49
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘 300 × 350 × 25

𝑀𝑅𝑑,𝑧
= 0.10
𝑏ℎ2 𝑓𝑐𝑘
 MRd,z = 0.10  300  3502  25  10-6 = 91.9 kNm
 Example 5: Design of Non-Slender Column
Bent About Both Axis
CHECK BIAXIAL BENDING (continued)

𝐴𝑠,𝑦 𝑓𝑦𝑘 1964 × 500

= = 0.37
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘 350 × 300 × 25
0.37
𝑀𝑅𝑑,𝑦
= 0.07
𝑏ℎ2 𝑓𝑐𝑘
 MRd,y = 0.07  350  3002  25  10-6 = 55.1 kNm
0.07
NRd = Acfcd + Asfyd = 0.567fckAc + 0.87fykAs
= (0.567  25  300  350) + (0.87  500  2592)
= 2616 kN

𝑁𝐸𝑑 1800
= 2616 = 0.69  a = 1.49 (from Table)
𝑁𝑅𝑑

Imperfection only be taken in one direction where they have the most unfavourable effects:
𝑎 𝑎
𝑀𝐸𝑑,𝑧 𝑀𝐸𝑑,𝑦 71.7 1.49 𝟑𝟐 1.49
+ = + = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟒 > 𝟏. 𝟎 FAIL
𝑀𝑅𝑑,𝑧 𝑀𝑅𝑑,𝑦 91.9 55.1
 Example 5: Design of Non-Slender Column
Bent About Both Axis
NEW ARRANGEMENT OF REINFORCEMENT

Steel Area:
All: 4H25 + 4H20 As = 3221 mm2
z-z: 4H25 + 2H20 As,z = 2592 mm2 0.49
y-y: 4H25 + 2H20 As,y = 2592 mm2

𝑑2,𝑧 48.5 𝑑2,𝑦 48.5

= = 0.14 & = = 0.16
ℎ 350 𝑏 300
𝑁 1800 × 103
= = 0.69 0.10
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘 300 × 350 × 25
𝐴𝑠,𝑧 𝑓𝑦𝑘 2592 × 500
= = 0.49
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘 300 × 350 × 25

𝑀𝑅𝑑,𝑧
= 0.10
𝑏ℎ2 𝑓𝑐𝑘
 MRd,z = 0.10  300  3502  25  10-6 = 91.9 kNm
 Example 5: Design of Non-Slender Column
Bent About Both Axis
NEW ARRANGEMENT OF REINFORCEMENT

𝐴𝑠,𝑦 𝑓𝑦𝑘 2592 × 500

= = 0.49
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘 350 × 300 × 25
0.49
𝑀𝑅𝑑,𝑦
= 0.10
𝑏ℎ2 𝑓𝑐𝑘
 MRd,z = 0.10  350  3002  25  10-6 = 78.8 kNm

NRd = Acfcd + Asfyd = 0.567fckAc + 0.87fykAs 0.10

= (0.567  25  300  350) + (0.87  500  3221)

= 2889 kN

𝑁𝐸𝑑 1800
= 2889 = 0.62  a = 1.44 (from Table)
𝑁𝑅𝑑

Imperfection only be taken in one direction where they have the most unfavourable effects:
𝑎 𝑎
𝑀𝐸𝑑,𝑧 𝑀𝐸𝑑,𝑦 71.7 1.44 𝟑𝟐 1.44
+ = + = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕 ≤ 𝟏. 𝟎 PASS
𝑀𝑅𝑑,𝑧 𝑀𝑅𝑑,𝑦 91.9 78.8
 Example 5: Design of Non-Slender Column
Bent About Both Axis

H8-300
y y

300
z
350

H8-175
ANY QUESTIONS?