DESIGN OF STAIRCASE

Prof Ts Dr Abd Latif Saleh

Assoc Prof Dr Izni Syahrizal Ibrahim
School of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
 Introduction

1
T

T N G
N G
T.EE

R
soffit
sabot
h

f
T = Thread
R = Riser

É
arian G = Going
Flight Landing h = Waist
support N = Nosing
0
Span, L f = Slope
 Itta

É
FÉEI
 Introduction

• Public building R £ 180 mm & G £ 255 mm

• Private building R £ 200 mm &

250 mm £ G £ 400 mm

• For comfort: (2 ´ R) + G = 600 mm

(UBBL, BS 5395, Reynold et al. 2007)
 Types of Staircase

µ
I O

Straight stair spanning Free-standing stair

longitudinally
M

Helical stair
 Types of Staircase

Straight stair spanning

Spiral stair horizontally

Hi
TETE m
WE
Slabless stair
 General Design Considerations

Loads
• Permanent action: Weight of steps & finishes. Also consider
increased loading on plan (inclination of the waist)
• Stairs with open well: Two intersecting landings at right-angles to
each other, loads on areas common to both spans may be divided
equally between spans

Bending Moment & Shear Force

• Stair slab & landing to support unfavourable arrangements of
design load

A the total ultimate load) o

• Continuous stairs: Bending moment can be taken as FL/10 (F is

M
F
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iI
i
IF

1.35 Gu t 1.5 Qu
We

Figg

we
yawn
 Y

NÉE HIII

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WLKN. I

St 52 f
slab
f
t
I
II
tt
 F Ws L t We Lz Ws Lz

BM M ti
const 3

M
IFI
ie

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F

in

taint

tweet wit
 wit

t
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t.tt
mt F

WelitWslzt Wels
Mi F Wily t Wsh twice

Fl ME Ft
M M at me besar
O ys
Density concrete Dc 25 kN m3

se f sht
71
w
hxIkwlmJ4j

I tt
self weight

I
ÉÉg

y
x be
self weight
t t
t
I

y
IÉ

Et
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 Kost
THEY
t.EE

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It I
 General Design Considerations

Effective Span
• Stairs between beam or wall: Centreline between the supporting
beam or wall
• Stairs between landing slab: Centreline of the supporting landing
slab, or the distance between edges of supporting slab or 1.8 m
(whichever is the smaller)

Detailing
É

• Ensure that the tension bar may not break through at the kink
 t

lay
 i

WELL
ÉÉ

Im width

toy

i
 it

ii
Ma
Ft

t
i

iL
 General Design Considerations

I C
landingCorrect detailing

to
mid

1
General Design Considerations

D Incorrect detailing
 tII

Et
 Etf

Tittle
 Design Procedure

Step Task Standard

EN 1990 Table 2.1
1 Determine design life, Exposure class & Fire resistance EN 1992-1-1: Table 4.1
EN 1992-1-2: Sec. 5.6
BS 8500-1: Table A.3
2 Determine material strength
EN 206-1: Table F1
EN 1992-1-1: Table 7.4N
3 Select the waist, h and average thickness, t of staircase
EN 1992-1-2: Table 5.8
4 Calculate min. cover for durability, fire and bond requirements EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 4.4.1
5 Estimate actions on staircase EN 1991-1-1
Analyze structure to obtain maximum bending moments and
6 EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 5
shear forces
7 Design flexural reinforcement EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 6.1
8 Check shear EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 6.2
9 Check deflection EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 7.4
10 Check cracking EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 9.3
11 Detailing EN 1992-1-1: Sec.8 & 9.3
 Example 1
STRAIGHT STAIRCASE
SPANNING LONGITUDINALLY
 Example 1: Straight Staircase

• Permanent action, gk = 1.0 kN/m2

(excluding selfweight)
G = 255 mm
• Variable action, qk = = 4.0 kN/m2
• fck = 25 N/mm2 o Nuu
• fyk = 500 N/mm2
R = 175 mm • RC density = 25 kN/m3
• Cover, c = 25 mm
• fbar = 8 mm

o
h = 110 mm

10 ´ 255 mm = 2550 mm
250 mm 250 mm

L = 2800 mm
 Example 1: Straight Staircase

Determine average thickness of staircase

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
( )
G2 + R2 ⎥ ( )
2552 +1752 ⎥

I
⎢ ⎢
0
y = h⎢
⎢
⎣
G
⎥
⎥
⎦
= 110 ⎢
⎢
⎣
255
⎥ = 133 mm
⎥
⎦

t=
(
y+ y+R ) = 133 + (133 +175) = 221mm
2 2 G

y R
y
E tf t

he 1100 mm y
 Example 1: Straight Staircase

Action t
ty x
Slab selfweight = 25.0 ´ 0.221 = 5.52 kN/m2
Permanent action (excluding selfweight) = 1.00 kN/m2
_______________

Characteristics permanent action, gk = 6.52 kN/m2

Characteristics variable action, qk = 4.00 kN/m2

Design action, nd = 1.35gk + 1.5q

too
k = 14.81 kN/m2

Consider 1 m width, wd = nd ´ 1 m = 14.81 kN/m/m width

 Example 1: Straight Staircase

Analysis w
d =1 i
4.8
1k
N/
m F Wslst we let

L = 2.8 m

M = FL/10 = 11.6 kNm M = FL/10 = 11.6 kNm

M = FL/10 = 11.6 kNm

Note: F = wd ´ L = 14.81 ´ 2.8 m = 41.47 kN

M = (41.47 x 2.8)/10 = 11.6 kNm
 Example 1: Straight Staircase
U 110 man
Main reinforcement (Cl. 6.1):
221 mm
8
Effective depth, d = 110 − 25 −
2
= 81mm p

M 11.6 x 106
K= = = 0.071 < Kbal = 0.167
( fck bd2 ) 25 x 1000 x 812
9

∴Compression reinforcement is NOT required.

⎡ ⎛ K ⎞⎤
z= d ⎢0.5 + 0.25 − ⎜⎜
⎢
⎣
⎟⎟ ⎥ =
⎝1.134 ⎠ ⎥⎦
0.93d <
so 0.95d

Qa
M 11.6 x 106
As = = = 353 mm2 /m
0.87fyk z 0.87 x 500 x 0.93 x 81
 Example 1: Straight Staircase

Minimum & Maximum Area of Reinforcement (Cl. 9.3.1.1)

⎛f ⎞
O
⎛ 2.56 ⎞
As,min = 0.26 ⎜ ctm ⎟ bd = 0.26 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ bd = 0.0013 ≥ 0.0013bd
⎜f ⎟ ⎝ 500 ⎠
⎝ yk ⎠

\ As,min = 0.0013 bd = 0.0013 ´ 1000 ´ 81

e
= 108 mm2/m

As,max = 0.04 Ac = 0.04 bh = 0.04 ´ 1000 ´ 110

o
= 4400 mm2/m

Secondary Reinforcement (Cl. 9.3.1.1(2))

nee As
As = 20% of the main reinforcement = 0.20 ´ 353 = 71 mm2/m

Main bar H8-125 (As = 402 mm2/m)

Secondary bar H8-350 (As = 144 mm2/m)
TF 300
 Example 1: Straight Staircase

Shear
11.6 kNm/m 11.6 kNm/m

X
14.81 kN/m

Ua Vis WE
VA VB
14.81 8
2.8 m

SM @ B = 0

2.80VA – 11.6 + 11.6 – (14.81 ´ 2.80 ´ 1.4) = 0

\ VA = 20.7 kN/m
\ VB = 20.7 kN/m
Applied
 Example 1: Straight Staircase
Shear (CL.6.2.2)
Maximum design shear force, VEd = 20.7 kN/m
⎡ 1/3 ⎤
(
VRd,c = ⎢0.12 k 100 ρ1 fck ⎥ bd )
I
⎣ ⎦
200 200
k = 1+ = 1+ 2.75 > 2.0 ∴ Use k = 2.0

8
=
d 81
Asl 402

O
ρ1 = = = 0.0050 ≤ 0.02
bd (1000 × 81)
⎡ 1/3 ⎤
VRd,c = ⎢0.12 × 2.0 × (100 × 0.0050 × 25) ⎥ ×1000 × 81
⎣ ⎦
= 45011 N/m = 45.0 kN/m
880

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
Vmin = ⎢0.035 k 3/2 fck ⎥ bd = ⎢0.035 × 2.03/2 × 25 ⎥ ×1000 × 81
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
= 40093 N/m = 40.1 kN/m
VRd,c (45.0 kN/m > VEd (20.7 kN/m) \ OK
 Example 1: Straight Staircase

Deflection (Cl. 7.4)

Percentage of required tension reinforcement:

As,req 353
ρ= = = 0.0044
bd 1000 × 81

I
8

ρ0 = fck ×10−3 = 25 ×10−3 = 0.0050

Since ρ ≤ ρ0 è Use Eqn (7.16a) in EC2 Cl. 7.4.2

 Example 1: Straight Staircase
Factor or structural system, K = 1.5

⎡ ⎛ρ ⎞
3/2 ⎤
⎛l⎞ ρ

O
⎢ ⎥
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = K ⎢ 11 + 1.5 fck 0 + 3.2 fck ⎜⎜ −1⎟⎟
0
⎥
⎝ d ⎠basic ⎢⎣ ρ ⎝ρ ⎠ ⎥⎦
= 1.5 (11 + 8.6 + 0.90) = 30.8

Modification factor for span less than 7 m = 1.00

I
Modification factor for steel area provided
= As,prov / As,req
= 402 / 353 = 1.14 < 1.5

00
\ (l/d)allow = 30.8 x 1.00 x 1.14 = 35.0

O
(l/d)actual = 2800 / 81 = 34.6 < (l/d)allow = 35.0

Deflection OK
 Example 1: Straight Staircase

Cracking (Cl. 7.3.3)

h = 110 mm < 200 mm

Max bar
spacing
Main bar (CL. 9.3.1):
É

Smax, slab = 3h (330 mm) £ 400 mm \ 330 mm

Max bar spacing = 125 mm < Smax, slab è OK

Secondary bar:

ee
Smax, slab = 3.5h (385 mm) £ 450 mm \ 385 mm
Max bar spacing = 350 mm < Smax, slab è OK

Cracking OK
 Example 1: Straight Staircase

Detailing 840 mm 840 mm

10 ´ 175 = 1750 mm
H8-350

H8-125 H8-125

O
Et
H8-350

10 ´ 255 mm = 2550 mm
250 mm 250 mm
 Example 2
STAIRCASE WITH
LANDING & CONTINUOUS
AT ONE END
 Example 2: Staircase with Landing &
Continuous at One End

• Permanent action, gk = 1.2 kN/m2

(excluding selfweight)
O G = 260 mm
• Variable action, qk = 3.0 kN/m2
• fck = 25 N/mm2
• fyk = 500 N/mm2
R = 170 mm • RC density = 25 kN/m3
• Cover, c = 25 mm
• fbar = 10 mm

h = 160 mm
landing
d f
Simply

200 mm
10 ´ 260 mm = 2600 mm

L1 = 2700 mm
Tha
1500 mm 1600
L2 = 1600
200 mm
supported

mm
L = 4300 mm
 Example 2: Staircase with Landing &
Continuous at One End
Determine average thickness of staircase
4 160
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢
y = h⎢
( )
G2 + R2 ⎥
160
⎢ ( )
2602 +1702 ⎥
⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ = 191 mm
⎢ G ⎥ ⎢ 260 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

t=
(
y+ y+R ) =
(
191+ 191+170 ) = 276 mm G
2 2

half y
t
R
t g
E y
 Example 2: Staircase with Landing &
Continuous at One End

Action & Analysis

Flight

Slab selfweight = 25.0 ´ 0.276 = 6.90 kN/m2

Permanent action (excluding selfweight) = 1.20 kN/m2
___________________

Characteristics permanent action, gk = 8.10 kN/m2

Characteristics variable action, qk = 3.00 kN/m2

A
Design action, nd = 1.35gk + 1.5qk = 15.43 kN/m2

Consider 1 m width, wd, flight = nd ´ 1 m = 15.44 kN/m/m width

 Example 2: Staircase with Landing &
Continuous at One End

Action & Analysis

Landing

Slab selfweight = 25.0 ´ 0.160 = 4.00 kN/m2

Permanent action (excluding selfweight) = 1.20 kN/m2
___________________

Characteristics permanent action, gk = 5.20 kN/m2

Characteristics variable action, qk = 3.00 kN/m2

Design action, nd = 1.35gk + 1.5qk = 11.52 kN/m2

Consider 1 m width, wd, landing = nd ´ 1 m = 11.52 kN/m/m width

 Example 2: Staircase with Landing &
Continuous at One End
Analysis W
d =1
5.4
4k
N/
m

Wl = 11.52 kN/m

00
L1 = 2.7 m L2 = 1.6 m

M = FL/10 = 25.9 kNm

M = FL/10 = 25.9 kNm

Ws X Ls We X CL
Note: F = wd ´ L = (15.44 ´ 2.7 m) + (11.52 ´ 1.6 m) = 60.1 kN
We
 Example 2: Staircase with Landing &
Continuous at One End
Main reinforcement (Cl. 6.1): 276mm
Xt
Oh
10
Effective depth, d = 160 − 25 − = 130 mm
2

M 25.9 x 106
O K=
( fck bd2 )
=
25 x 1000 x 1302
= 0.061 < Kbal = 0.167

∴Compression reinforcement is NOT required.

⎡ ⎛ K ⎞⎤

Oz= d ⎢0.5 + 0.25 − ⎜⎜

⎢
⎣
⎟⎟ ⎥ =
⎝1.134 ⎠ ⎥⎦
0.94d < 0.95d

o
As =
M
0.87fyk z
=
25.9 x 106
0.87 x 500 x 0.94 x 130
=
o
485 mm2 /m
 Example 2: Staircase with Landing &
Continuous at One End
Minimum & Maximum Area of Reinforcement (Cl. 9.3.1.1)
⎛f ⎞ ⎛ 2.56 ⎞
As,min = 0.26 ⎜ ctm ⎟ bd = 0.26 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ bd = 0.0013 ≥ 0.0013bd
⎜f ⎟ ⎝ 500 ⎠
⎝ yk ⎠

\ As,min = 0.0013 bd = 0.0013 ´ 1000 ´ 130 = 173 mm2/m

As,max = 0.04 Ac = 0.04 bh = 0.04 ´ 1000 ´ 160 = 6400 mm2/m

Secondary Reinforcement (Cl. 9.3.1.1(2))

As req
As = 20% of the main reinforcement = 0.20 ´ 485 = 97 mm2/m

Main bar H10-150 (As = 524 mm2/m)

Secondary bar H10-400 (As = 196 mm2/m)
 Example 2: Staircase with Landing &
Continuous at One End
Shear
25.9 kNm/m
15.44 kN/m 11.52 kN/m

VA VB
2.7 m 1.6 m

SM @ B = 0
4.30VA – 25.9 – (15.44 ´ 2.70 ´ 2.95) – (11.52 ´ 1.6 ´ 0.80) = 0

\ VA = 38.0 kN/m
\ VB = 22.1 kN/m
 Example 2: Staircase with Landing &
Continuous at One End
Shear (Cl. 6.2.2)
Maximum design shear force, VEd = 38.0 kN/m
⎡ 1/3 ⎤
⎣
(
VRd,c = ⎢0.12 k 100 ρ1 fck ) ⎥ bd
⎦
200 200
k = 1+ = 1+ = 2.24 > 2.0 ∴ Use k = 2.0
d 130
Asl 524
ρ18 = = = 0.0040 ≤ 0.02
bd (
1000 ×130 )
⎡ 1/3 ⎤
VRd,c (
= ⎢0.12 × 2.0 × 100 × 0.0040 × 25
⎣
) ⎥ ×1000 ×130
⎦
= 67376 N/m = 67.4 kN/m

00
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
Vmin = ⎢0.035 k 3/2 fck ⎥ bd = ⎢0.035 × 2.03/2 × 25 ⎥ ×1000 ×130

O ⎣ ⎦
= 64347 N/m = 64.3 kN/m
⎣ ⎦

VRd,c (67.4 kN/m > VEd (38.0 kN/m) OK

 Example 2: Staircase with Landing &
Continuous at One End

Deflection (Cl. 7.4)

Percentage of required tension reinforcement:

As,req 485
ρ= = = 0.0037
bd 1000 ×130

ρ0 = fck ×10−3 = 25 ×10−3 = 0.0050

Since ρ ≤ ρ0 è Use Eqn (7.16a) in EC2 Cl. 7.4.2

 Example 2: Staircase with Landing &
Continuous at One End
Factor or structural system, K = 1.3
⎡ ⎛ρ ⎞
3/2 ⎤
⎛l⎞

O
⎢ ρ ⎥
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = K ⎢ 11 + 1.5 fck 0 + 3.2 fck ⎜⎜ −1⎟⎟
0
⎥
⎝ d ⎠basic ⎢⎣ ρ ⎝ρ ⎠ ⎥⎦

O O O
= 1.3 (11 + 10.1 + 3.18) = 31.5
Modification factor for span less than 7 m = 1.00
u 7m

Modification factor for steel area provided

modfactor
t
= As,prov / As,req
= 524 / 485

\ (l/d)allow = 31.5 x 1.00 x 1.08

= 1.08

= 34.0
O
< 1.5

O O
(l/d)actual = 4300 / 130 = 33.1 < (l/d)allow = 34.0

Deflection OK
 Example 2: Staircase with Landing &
Continuous at One End
Cracking (Cl. 7.3.3)

OK 230mm
h = 160 mm < 200 mm
Max bar spacing

Main bar (Cl. 9.3.1):

O D
Smax, slab = 3h (480 mm) £ 400 mm
Max bar spacing = 150 mm < S
\ 400 mm
è OK
max, slab

Secondary bar:
Smax, slab = 3.5h (560 mm) £ 450 mm \ 450 mm
Max bar spacing = 400 mm < Smax, slab è OK

Cracking OK
 Example 2: Staircase with Landing &
Continuous at One End
Detailing 0.3L = 1290 mm

H10-400
H10-150

10 ´ 170 = 170 mm
0
H10-400
H10-150

0
H10-400

200 mm 10 ´ 260 mm = 2600 mm 1500 mm

200 mm
 tffy

B Me Asneg

Armin 0.001351
ditch
If I
90 maim
Asif
Asmin
 Example 3
STAIRCASE SUPPORTED BY
LANDING
Example 3: Staircase Supported by Landing
 Example 3: Staircase Supported by Landing

200
50

1500

I
T 100
Ist

1500

50
200

10 @ 260 = 2600 1500

Plan View 200 200

 Fhtraes

i
 Example 3: Staircase Supported by Landing
H10 250
• Permanent action, gk = 1.2 kN/m2 H 10 400
(excluding selfweight)
• Variable action, qk = 3.0 kN/m2
• fck = 25 N/mm2
H10 40
• fyk
• RC density
• Cover, c
= 500 N/mm2
= 25 kN/m3
= 25 mm
f
h =
150
G = 260
• fbar

y
= 10 mm

R =
170

Section NYHio.rsh =

at
150
 Example 3: Staircase Supported by Landing

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢
y=h ⎢
( )
G2 + R2 ⎥
= 150
⎢ ( )
2602 +1702 ⎥
179 mm
⎥ ⎢ ⎥ =
⎢ G ⎥ ⎢ 260 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

t=
(
y+ y+R ) =
(
179 + 179 +170 ) = 264 mm
2 2
G

y R
t

y
 Example 3: Staircase Supported by Landing

For this type of staircase,

design for LANDING and
FLIGHT should be done
SEPARATELY !!!
 Example 3: Staircase Supported by Landing

Action
Flight

Slab selfweight = 25.0 ´ 0.264 = 6.61 kN/m2

Permanent action (excluding selfweight) = 1.20 kN/m2
___________________

Characteristics permanent action, gk = 7.81 kN/m2

Characteristics variable action, qk = 3.00 kN/m2

Design action, nd = 1.35gk + 1.5qk = 15.04 kN/m2

Consider 1 m width, wd, flight = nd ´ 1 m = 15.04 kN/m/m width

 Example 3: Staircase Supported by Landing

Action
Landing

Slab selfweight = 25.0 ´ 0.150 = 3.75 kN/m2

Permanent action (excluding selfweight) = 1.20 kN/m2
___________________

Characteristics permanent action, gk = 4.95 kN/m2

Characteristics variable action, qk = 3.00 kN/m2

Design action, nd = 1.35gk + 1.5qk = 11.18 kN/m2

Consider 1 m width, wd, landing = nd ´ 1 m = 11.18 kN/m/m width

 Example 3: Staircase Supported by Landing

Analysis for Staircase

Effective span, Le = La + 0.5 (Lb1 + Lb2)

La = Clear distance between supports = 2600 mm

Lb1 = The lesser of width support 1 or 1.8 m = 200 mm
Lb2 = The lesser of width support 2 or 1.8 m = 1500 mm

\ Le = 2600 + 0.5 (200 + 1500) = 3450 mm

 Example 3: Staircase Supported by Landing

Analysis for Staircase

W
d =1
5.0
Support 1 4k
N/
m

We O

L1 = 2.7 m L2 = 0.75 m
Support 2
Le = Effective span
M = FL/10 = 14.0 kNm

la M = FL/10 = 14.0 kNm

V

Note: F = wd ´ L1 = (15.04 ´ 2.7 m) = 40.6 kN

 Example 3: Staircase Supported by Landing

Self Study
As req
Moment Design
provide
30
Shear Check

Deflection Check
Yok
Cracking Check

Detailing
 Example 3: Staircase Supported by Landing

Analysis for Landing

wl kN/m

L = 3.4 m

w = wlanding + load from staircase

8
= (11.18 x 1.5) + 11.8 (reaction from support 2 stair)
= 28.6 kN/m

If
Vmac = wL/2 = 48.6 kN
M
Mmax = wL2/8 = 41.3 kNm
WE
WE
 Example 3: Staircase Supported by Landing

Main reinforcement (Cl. 6.1):

10
Effective depth, d = 150 − 25 − = 120 mm
2

M 41.3 x 106
K= = = 0.077 < Kbal = 0.167
(f ) O
25 x 1500 x 1202
2
ck
bd
1000
∴Compression reinforcement is NOT required.

⎡ ⎛ K ⎞⎤
z= d 0.5 + 0.25 − ⎜⎜
⎢ ⎟⎟ ⎥ = 0.93d < 0.95d
⎢
⎣ ⎝1.134 ⎠ ⎥⎦

M 41.3 x 106
As = = = 854 mm2
0.87fyk z 0.87 x 500 x 0.93 x 120
 Example 3: Staircase Supported by Landing

Minimum & Maximum Area of Reinforcement (Cl. 9.3.1.1)

⎛f ⎞ ⎛ 2.56 ⎞
As,min = 0.26 ⎜ ctm ⎟ bd = 0.26 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ bd = 0.0013 ≥ 0.0013bd
⎜f ⎟ ⎝ 500 ⎠
⎝ yk ⎠

gooo
\ As,min = 0.0013 bd = 0.0013 ´ 1500 ´ 120

As,max = 0.04 Ac = 0.04 bh = 0.04 ´ 1500 ´ 150

= 240 mm2

= 9000 mm2

Secondary Reinforcement (Cl. 9.3.1.1(2))

84
As = 20% of the main reinforcement = 0.20 ´ 485 = 97 mm2/m
mail
Main bar 17H10 (As = 1335 mm2)
H 10 400 As 197mm F
 iITT

Ete
 Example 3: Staircase Supported by Landing
Shear (Cl. 6.2.2)
Maximum design shear force, VEd = 48.6 kN/m
Oh
⎡ 1/3 ⎤
(
VRd,c = ⎢0.12 k 100 ρ1 fck ) ⎥ bd
O ⎣
200
⎦
200
k = 1+ = 1+ = 2.29 > 2.0 ∴ Use k = 2.0
d 120
Asl 1335
ρ1 = = = 0.0074 ≤ 0.02
bd (
1000 ×120 )
⎡ 1/3 ⎤

O ( )
VRd,c = ⎢0.12 × 2.0 × 100 × 0.0074 × 25 ⎥ ×1000 ×120
⎣ ⎦
= 114350 N/m = 114.4 kN/m Mo

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤

O
Vmin = ⎢0.035 k 3/2 fck ⎥ bd = ⎢0.035 × 2.03/2 × 25 ⎥ ×1500 ×120
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
= 89095 N/m = 89.1 kN/m
E
VRd,c (114.4 kN/m
Z > VEd (48.6 kN/m)
z OK
 Example 3: Staircase Supported by Landing

Deflection (Cl. 7.4)

Percentage of required tension reinforcement:

As,req 854
ρ= = = 0.0047
bd 1000 ×120

ρ0 = fck ×10−3 = 25 ×10−3 = 0.0050

Since ρ ≤ ρ0 è Use Eqn (7.16a) in EC2 Cl. 7.4.2

 Example 3: Staircase Supported by Landing

Factor or structural system, K = 1.0

⎡ ⎛ρ ⎞
3/2 ⎤
⎛l⎞ ⎢ ρ ⎥
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = K ⎢ 11 + 1.5 fck 0 + 3.2 fck ⎜⎜ −1⎟⎟
0
⎥
⎝ d ⎠basic
Do
⎢⎣ ρ ⎝ρ ⎠ ⎥⎦
= 1.0 (11 + 7.9 + 0.20) = 19.1
Modification factor for span less than 7 m = 1.00

Modification factor for steel area provided

17410
= As,prov / As,req 78 4
1.01

Q
= 1335 / 854 = 1.56 > 1.5

\ (l/d)allow = 19.1 x 1.00 x 1.5 = 28.7

TO
(l/d)actual = 3400 / 120 = 28.3 < (l/d)allow = 28.7

Deflection OK
 Example 3: Staircase Supported by Landing

t
Cracking (Cl. 7.3.3)
Éi

h = 150 mm < 200 mm

Main bar (Cl. 9.3.1):

lo mu 17 HI O

Smax, slab = 3h (450 mm) £ 400 mm \ 400 mm

k
Max bar spacing = [1500 – 2(25) – 10] / 16

Ge
e n t
= 90 mm < Smax, slab T
Bil
tetulang
Cracking OK
 Example 3: Staircase Supported by Landing

Detailing

LETS DO IT
 Example 4
TWO SPANS OF STAIRCASE
INTERSECT AT RIGHT ANGLES
 Example 4: Two Spans of Staircase
Intersect at Right Angles
200
1500 B 10 @ 255 = 2550
200

200

1500 µ

A A

É
o
10 @ 255 = 2550
d
3000
Plan View 200
 É

Htt

M FEEL
Wsm

Wst2 64
Fraley 4
 I a
Example 4: Two Spans of Staircase
Intersect at Right Angles

• Permanent action, gk = 1.0 kN/m2

(excluding selfweight)
• Variable action, qk = 3.0 kN/m2
• fck = 25 N/mm2
G = 255
• fyk = 500 N/mm2
• RC density = 25 kN/m3
• Cover, c = 25 mm
• fbar = 10 mm R =
170

h =
150

h =
150

Section A-A
 Example 4: Two Spans of Staircase
Intersect at Right Angles
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢
y=h ⎢
( )
G2 + R2 ⎥
= 150
⎢ ( )
2552 +1702 ⎥
180 mm
⎥ ⎢ ⎥ =
⎢ G ⎥ ⎢ 255 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

t=
(
y+ y+R ) =
(
180 + 180 +170 ) = 265 mm
2 2
G

y R
t

y
 Example 4: Two Spans of Staircase
Intersect at Right Angles
Action & Analysis
Flight

Slab selfweight = 25.0 ´ 0.265 = 6.63 kN/m2

Permanent action (excluding selfweight) = 1.00 kN/m2
__________________

Characteristics permanent action, gk = 7.63 kN/m2

Characteristics variable action, qk = 3.00 kN/m2

Design action, nd = 1.35gk + 1.5qk = 14.80 kN/m2

Consider 1 m width, wd, flight = nd ´ 1 m = 14.80 kN/m/m width

 Example 4: Two Spans of Staircase
Intersect at Right Angles
Action & Analysis
Landing

Slab selfweight = 25.0 ´ 0.150 = 3.75 kN/m2

Permanent action (excluding selfweight) = 1.00 kN/m2
___________________

Characteristics permanent action, gk = 4.75 kN/m2

Characteristics variable action, qk = 3.00 kN/m2

Design action, nd = 1.35gk + 1.5qk = 10.91 kN/m2

Consider 1 m width, wd, landing = nd ´ 1 m = 10.91 kN/m/m width

 Example 4: Two Spans of Staircase
Intersect at Right Angles

Analysis
m
kN/
.8 0
14
Load on
landing ÷ 2
5.46 kN/m
WHY?

o
L1 = 1.6 m L2 = 2.65 m

M = FL/10 = 20.4 kNm

M = FL/10 = 20.4 kNm

o
Note: F = wd ´ L = (5.46 ´ 1.6 m) + (14.80 ´ 2.65 m) = 48.0 kN
 Example 4: Two Spans of Staircase
Intersect at Right Angles
Main reinforcement (Cl. 6.1):
10
Effective depth, d = 150 − 25 − = 120 mm
2

M 20.4 x 106
K= = = 0.057 < Kbal = 0.167
( fck bd2 ) 25 x 1000 x 1202

∴Compression reinforcement is NOT required.

⎡ ⎛ K ⎞⎤
z= d ⎢0.5 + 0.25 − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎥ = 0.95d < 0.95d
⎢
⎣ ⎝1.134 ⎠ ⎥⎦

M 20.4 x 106
As = = = 412 mm2 /m
0.87fyk z 0.87 x 500 x 0.95 x 120
 Example 4: Two Spans of Staircase
Intersect at Right Angles
Minimum & Maximum Area of Reinforcement (Cl. 9.3.1.1)

⎛f ⎞ ⎛ 2.56 ⎞
As,min = 0.26 ⎜ ctm ⎟ bd = 0.26 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ bd = 0.0013 ≥ 0.0013bd
⎜f ⎟ ⎝ 500 ⎠
⎝ yk ⎠

\ As,min = 0.0013 bd = 0.0013 ´ 1000 ´ 120 = 160 mm2

As,max = 0.04 Ac = 0.04 bh = 0.04 ´ 1000 ´ 120 = 6000 mm2

Secondary Reinforcement (Cl. 9.3.1.1(2))

As = 20% of the main reinforcement = 0.20 ´ 412 = 82.4 mm2/m

Main bar H10-175 (As = 449 mm2/m)

Secondary bar H10-400 (As =196 mm2/m)
 Example 4: Two Spans of Staircase
Intersect at Right Angles

Self Study
Shear Check

Deflection Check

Cracking Check

Detailing
Other Types
Other Types
Common Mistake in Final Exam

Final Exam 2016-2017

Semester I

wii Ciii c

if

Ese
ÉÉt

IEEE
Common Mistake in Final Exam

• Staircase dimensions?
• Number of Osteps?

F
Common Mistake in Final Exam

• Direction? Which way is up

or down from the plan
view?
Common Mistake in Final Exam

• Direction? Which way is up

or down from the plan
view?
Common Mistake in Final Exam

• Wrong dimension?
 Example 1: Straight Staircase
Shear (CL.6.2.2)
Maximum design shear force, VEd = 20.7 kN/m

VRd,c = [0.12 k (100 ρ1 fck)1/3] bd

K = 1 + (200/d)1/2 ≤ 2.0
= 1 + (200/81)1/2 = 2.75 > 2.0 \ Use K = 2.0

ρ1 = Asl / bd
= 402 / (1000 x 81) = 0.0050 ≤ 0.02

VRd,c = [0.12 x 2.0 (100 x 0.0050 x 25)1/3] x 1000 x 81

= 45011 N/m = 45.0 kN/m

Vmin = [0.035 k3/2 √fck] bd

= [0.035 x 2.03/2 x √25] x 1000 x 81 = 40093 N/m = 40.1 kN/m

VRd,c (45.0 kN/m > VEd (20.7 kN/m) \ OK