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governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and
aided by information technology.
This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic
development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world.
8 Types of Globalization:
1. Financial Globalization
2. Economic Globalization
3. Technological Globalization
4. Political Globalization
5. Cultural Globalization
6. Sociological Globalization
7. Ecological Globalization
8. Geographical Globalization
1. Financial Globalization
World’s financial systems have become intimately interconnected
Stock market trading in New York stock exchange can affect Tokyo and Hong Kong
Wave continues in European markets then back to American markets
Important to note: reflects interconnectivity of network of world cities, not nations
2. Economic Globalization
In past, most corporations were linked/identified with a country, but today corporations are now
transnational
Companies move their production and capital to any market that will benefit the company
(increase profits and share values)
ie: Ford has plants in Mexico
Coca Cola and Nike are all over the world Supporters: increased global wealth means increase
in standard of living
Detractors (opponent)- economic globalization tends to increase the difference between the
“haves and have not” and leads to the corporation having more power than countries.
3. Technological Globalization
Technological revolution has meant the “Global Village” has expanded to everything corner of
the globe
with growth in travel communication and computer technology, and mobile (smart) phones
communications
I can be around the world live, in 1 second by internet or smartphone or 12 hours by plane
The remotest village can now use hand crank computers to communicate via internet some
regions have no phone networks, they have jumped ahead to cellphone networks only
4. Political Globalization
As countries become more economically and technologically interdependent, there is pressure
to adopt uniform policies
NAFTA : Free trade between US, Canada & Mexico is example of free trade and economics
replacing
nationalism and protectionism
5. Cultural Globalization
- Harmonization of worlds cultures at the expense of distinctly different local cultures
- We will eventually all listen to the same music, watch the same TV, eat same food, have the
same values..
- Loss of worlds cultural diversity, replaced by primarily Americanized world cultures
- Major issue for cultures where religion is directly connected to their culture, “western” values
can often come into conflict with tradition religious beliefs
6. Sociological Globalization
Idea that a single “world” society has evolved, replacing distinct national societies that
previously existed.
ie: one set of moral beliefs (religious); reaction of the “west” to Islamic fundamentalist countries
and vice versa
7. Ecological Globalization
The planet must be treated as a single ecological system (ecosystem) rather than a collection of
separate ecological systems.
Ozone depletion, global warming impacts the world not just nation that did original damage
The failed Kyoto Protocol and Montreal Protocol - Part of reason Kyoto failed was because it
allowed the “trading” of “carbon Emissions” See article Why Canada Failed at Kyoto
http://www.thestar.com/news/insight/article/729155- -why-canada-failed-on-kyoto-and-how-to-
make-amends
8. Geographical Globalization
Geographers don’t see world in terms of relationships between countries anymore - : ie: trade,
geopolitics, war
now see a borderless world, dominated by worldwide concerns: ecological concerns, politics,
culture, economics and other relationships existing; all influenced by networks of world cities.