Rotational Motion: Sfp1001 Introductory Physics

SFP1001 INTRODUCTORY PHYSICS
CHAPTER 6
ROTATIONAL MOTION
6.1 Angular Quantities

6.2 Constant Angular Acceleration
6.3 Torque
6.4 Rotational Dynamics; Torque and Rotational Inertia
6.5 Angular Momentum and Its Conservation
Dr Aaliyawani Ezzerin binti Sinin

Department of Science and Technology
Faculty of Humanities, Management and
Science
UPMKB
[email protected]
6.1 ANGULAR QUANTITIES
▪ In purely rotational motion, all points on the object move in circles

around the axis of rotation (“O”). The radius of the circle is r. All
points on a straight line drawn through the axis move through the
same angle at the same time. The angle θ in radians is defined:
arc length
𝑙
𝜃=
𝑟 Unit for θ is radians
▪ For complete revolution (rev)
1 rev = 360º = 2π rad

CONVERSION FROM DEGREES (°) TO RADIANS (RAD)
Degrees (°) → Radians (Rad)
2𝜋
𝑋×
360
Radians (Rad) → Degrees (°)
360
𝑋× *Info
2𝜋 1 revolution = 3600 = 2π rad
rpm : revolution per minute
EXAMPLE 1
(A) Convert the following angular displacement from degree to radian
(i) 300
(ii) 450 (π/4 rad = 0.79 rad)
(iii) 900 (π/2 rad = 1.57 rad)
Solution
(i) 2𝜋 𝜋
30° × = 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 0.5236𝑟𝑎𝑑
360 6
EXAMPLE 1
(B) Convert the following angular displacement from radian to degree
(i) 4.25 rad
(ii) 0.5 rad (28.65o)
(iii) 3π rad (540o)
Solution
(i) 360
4.25 × = 243.5°
2𝜋
EXAMPLE 1
(C) Convert the following from radians to revolutions
(i) 85 rad
(ii) 152.6 rad (24.29)
(iii) 6π rad (3)
Solution
(i) 85
= 13.53𝑟𝑒𝑣
2𝜋
EXAMPLE 2
Convert the following to rads-1
(i) 1 rpm
(ii) 5 rpm (0.5236 rads-1)
(iii) 7.2 rpm (0.7540 rads-1)
Solution
1rev 1 (2 )rad

(i)
1rpm = = = 0.1047rad sec−1
1 min 1 60 sec
Angular Displacement
▪ Angular displacement has symbol θ and is in unit of radians (rad)
Q
θ Angular displacement
0
r
P
P
θ2 Angular displacement:
θ1 Change in angular position
0
Angular Velocity
▪ The average angular velocity is defined as the total angular displacement divided by time:
Change in displacement
Δ𝜃
𝜔𝑎𝑣 =
Δ𝑡
𝜃2 − 𝜃1
𝜔𝑎𝑣 =
Δ𝑡 Unit for angular velocity : rads-1
Angular Acceleration
▪ The angular acceleration is the rate at which the angular velocity changes with time:
Δ𝜔 Change in angular velocity

𝛼𝑎𝑣 =
Δ𝑡
𝜔2 − 𝜔1
𝛼𝑎𝑣 =
Δ𝑡
Unit for angular acceleration : rads-2
▪ Every point on a rotating body has an angular velocity ω and a
linear velocity v. vt
▪ They are related
r
𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔
o
▪ If the angular velocity of a rotating object changes, it has a
tangential acceleration: ω
𝑎 = 𝑟𝛼
▪ Even if the angular velocity is constant, each point on the object

has a centripetal acceleration:
𝑣2 𝑟𝜔 2
𝑎𝑐 = = = 𝜔2 𝑟
𝑟 𝑟
▪ Corresponding quantities in Linear and Rotational motion
Linear Motion Rotational Motion Relation
𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃
Displacement, s Angular displacement, θ (rad)
𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔
Linear velocity, v Angular velocity, ω (rads-1)
𝑎 = 𝑟𝛼
Linear acceleration, a Angular acceleration, α (rads-2)
▪ The frequency is the number of complete revolutions per second:
Unit for frequency : Hertz (Hz)

1 Hz = 1 s-1
▪ The period is the time one revolution takes:
Unit for period : s

EXAMPLE 3
An electric motor operates at 1800 rpm.
a) Find its angular speed in rads-1.
b) What is the linear speed of a point 55 mm from the axis of rotation?
c) What is its centripetal acceleration?
6.2 CONSTANT ANGULAR ACCELERATION
▪ The equations of motion for constant angular acceleration are the same as those for linear
motion, with the substitution of the angular quantities for the linear ones.
EQUATIONS
Linear Motion Rotational Motion
1 1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 𝜃 = 𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝛼𝑡 2
2 2
1 1
𝑠 = 𝑢+𝑣 𝑡 𝜃 = 𝜔0 + 𝜔 𝑡
2 2
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 𝜔 = 𝜔0 + 𝛼𝑡
𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠 𝜔2 = 𝜔0 2 + 2𝛼𝜃
EXAMPLE 4
A photograph turntable initially rotating at 3.5 rads-1 makes three complete turns before coming
to a stop.
a) What is its angular acceleration?
b) how much time does it take to come to a stop?
EXAMPLE 5
A boy is sitting at a distance of 2 m from the axis of rotation of a merry-go-round. If the merry-
go-round rotates 5 complete revolutions in 20 s, find
a) The angular velocity
b) The linear velocity
c) The angular and tangential acceleration of the body
EXAMPLE 6
An engine requires 5s to go from its idling speed of 600 rpm to 1200 rpm.
a) What is the angular acceleration?
b) How many revolutions does it make in this time of period (hint: angular displacement in
revolution)
6.3 TORQUE
▪ Torque is the optimum force to cause an object to

rotate and defined as
𝜏 = 𝑟𝐹 Unit for torque : Nm
▪ To make an object start rotating, a force is needed;

the position and direction of the force matter as
well.
▪ The perpendicular distance from the axis of
rotation to the line along which the force acts is
called the lever arm.
6.3 TORQUE
EXAMPLE 7
The starting cord of an outboard motor is wound around a pulley 18 cm in diameter that is
attached to the motor’s crankshaft. How much torque is applied to the crankshaft when the cord
is pulled with a force of 50 N?
6.4 ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS; TORQUE AND ROTATIONAL
INERTIA
▪ The quantity 𝐼 = σ 𝑚𝑟 2 (unit: kgm2)is called the rotational inertia of an object.

▪ The distribution of mass matters here – these two objects have the same mass, but the one
on the left has a greater rotational inertia, as so much of its mass is far from the axis of
rotation.
6.4 ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS
▪ The rotational inertia of an object

depends not only on its mass
distribution but also the location of the
axis of rotation – compare (f) and (g),
for example.
6.4 ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS
EXAMPLE 8
The radius of gyration of a 200 kg flywheel is 1 m. find its moment of inertia.
6.5 ANGULAR MOMENTUM AND ITS CONSERVATION
▪ In analogy with linear momentum, we can define angular momentum L:
𝐿 = 𝐼𝜔 unit : kgm2s-1
▪ We can then write the total torque as being the rate of change of angular momentum.
▪ If the net torque on an object is zero, the total angular momentum is constant.
𝐿𝑖 = 𝐿𝑓 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝐼𝑖 𝜔𝑖 = 𝐼𝑓 𝜔𝑓 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
▪ Therefore, systems that can change their rotational inertia through internal forces will also
change their rate of rotation:
EXAMPLE 9
A skater is spinning at 1 revs-1 with her arms outstretched so that her moment of inertia is 2.4
kgm2. she then pulls her arms to her sides, which reduces her moment of inertia to 1.2 kgm2.
What is her new angular velocity?
SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 6
✓ Angles are measured in radians; a whole circle is 2π radians.

✓ Angular velocity is the rate of change of angular position.
✓ Angular acceleration is the rate of change of angular velocity.
✓ The angular velocity and acceleration can be related to the linear velocity and acceleration.
✓ The frequency is the number of full revolutions per second; the period is the inverse of the frequency.
✓ The equations for rotational motion with constant angular acceleration have the same form as those for
linear motion with constant acceleration.
✓ Torque is the product of force and lever arm.
✓ The rotational inertia depends not only on the mass of an object but also on the way its mass is
distributed around the axis of rotation.
✓ The angular acceleration is proportional to the torque and inversely proportional to the rotational
inertia.
✓ If the net torque on an object is zero, its angular momentum does not change.
✓ An object that is rotating has rotational kinetic energy. If it is translating as well, the translational kinetic
energy must be added to the rotational to find the total kinetic energy.
✓ Angular momentum is L=Iω
✓ If the net torque on an object is zero, its angular momentum does not change.

Rotational Motion: Sfp1001 Introductory Physics

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Rotational Motion: Sfp1001 Introductory Physics

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Rotational Motion: Sfp1001 Introductory Physics

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SFP1001 INTRODUCTORY PHYSICS

6.1 Angular Quantities

Dr Aaliyawani Ezzerin binti Sinin

▪ In purely rotational motion, all points on the object move in circles

▪ For complete revolution (rev)

1 rev = 360º = 2π rad

Degrees (°) → Radians (Rad)

Radians (Rad) → Degrees (°)

1rev 1 (2 )rad

Δ𝜔 Change in angular velocity

▪ Even if the angular velocity is constant, each point on the object

Linear Motion Rotational Motion Relation

Unit for frequency : Hertz (Hz)

▪ The period is the time one revolution takes:

Unit for period : s

▪ Torque is the optimum force to cause an object to

𝜏 = 𝑟𝐹 Unit for torque : Nm

▪ To make an object start rotating, a force is needed;

▪ The quantity 𝐼 = σ 𝑚𝑟 2 (unit: kgm2)is called the rotational inertia of an object.

▪ The rotational inertia of an object

▪ In analogy with linear momentum, we can define angular momentum L:

✓ Angles are measured in radians; a whole circle is 2π radians.

You might also like