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CRO Multimeter
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CRO Multimeter
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What is a Cathode = Ray Oscilloscope? 10RO canbe used to measure vohage curren equency inductance, admittance, esstance and power facie (0 can be usar the manaurrent high requency Bacau ofthe constant Gale SW product 3. eInptimpedanes every high 0 no cating fest osu. 4. hastigh senso nd accuracy, ‘+ CRO isa very versatile instrument inthe laboratory for measurement of voltage, curen frequency and phase angle of any electrical quantity We cannot directly measure power by using CRO. ‘The curent is measure inrectl by measuring voltage crop across an impedance ‘Lissajous igure isa pater which's displayed onthe screen when srusoldal signals re apoled to both heriontal & verte! defection plates of CRO ‘These afe used 19 measure the Trequency ofthe QNen signals and phase aerence between the signals. From the shape ofthe Lissajous pattern displayed on the ORO screen Information about relative phases of Signals and the frequency ratio of signals can be determined. [isnot used for precise measurement: depends onthe typeof signals {irene feuency ean integral multine (Harmonic) ofthe other, the Batt willbe steady. rot the gure wl net be stationary.Block diagram of CRO[Block Diagram of a general purpose CRONDsfecton Detacton [arene ‘Stben t Int Sopot [sur reoe|_[Time Base] [Horizontal [Creat] [Conor Amar [— res Subpart of Cathode Ray Tbe ae + letron gut er lastons snore then nts @ beam tn he help ota hasta estos, i ana pe aceeeratng accelerating, and focusing anede + Vertical deflection plates: OP's apples th @ est ign. Whose wavefom hast Be observed on he ‘Ssrean VDP is kept n Hovizortal positon + Horizontal defection plates: Ps wed frail the election bes herizontly ie. horizontal tie scale Isadusted by changing HDP potentl manual + Sorgen ssnaid seen ses em 1D, The See6n i ated wih phosphates ht when stuck by election beam Hence, the Time-base generators ar of C20 but not part of CRT. Uses of RO: + Used to measure te vorage, curent raquney snvtancs 2dmitance esstance, ne power fet. 1 uses te montar the egal properties azul ao characterises andalso + Used convol tne analog Banal A Important Points + Vertical defection les ae mounted horizontally. ‘ Hortzonal plates ate mounted vertically 3s shown in the block alagram.Block diagram of CRO Y-input: Main input of CRO to which the input signal is connected. = Vertical Attenuator: Consists of RC voltage divider. Marked as Volt/div control knob on front panel of CRO. Gain of CRO is controlled with this knob = Vertical Amplifier: A set of pre-amplifier and main vertical amplifier. Input attenuator sets ® the gain of vertical amplifier Circuit: Delays the striking of electron beam on the screen. Synchronizes the arrival of beam on screen when time base generator signal starts sweeping the beam horizontally. Trigger Circuit: Takes the sample of input voltage connected to Y-input of CRO & feeds it to the input of time base generator. Thus the TBG starts only when input signal is present ct Y-input http://arunxeee.bloaspot.in/Block diagram of CRO ™ Time Base Generator: Produces a saw tooth wave. This waveform is used to sweep (move) the electron beam horizontally on the screen@Rate of rise of positive going edge of saw tooth waveform is controlled by Time/div control knob. Thus, saw tooth waveform controls the horizontal deflection of electron beam along the X-axis = Aswitch known as INT/EXT is connected after the output (of TBG. When in INT position, output of TBG is connected to H-plates through horizontal amplifier. When in EXT Position internal saw tooth is cut off and some external signals can be connected to the horizontal plates HV/LV Power Supply: HV- to power the electrodes of CRT & LV- to power the electronic circuits of CRO http://arunxeee.blogspot.in/Block diagram of CRO ® Horizontal Ampiifier: Amplifies the saw tooth waveform coming from TBG. Contains a phase inverter circuit also. Due to this circuit, two outputs are produced. One output produces a positive going saw tooth & other one produces a negative going saw tooth connected to right side H-plate & left side H-plate respectively. So electron beam moves properly from left to right of the screen. = Blanking*Circuit: Necessary to eliminate the retrace, /which would produce when the spot on screen moves from right to lef, this retrace can produce confusion with the original wave. So when the electron beam reaches the right end of the screen, negative blanking voltage is produced by TBG. it is fed to control grid of CRT to stop the electron beam completely. éVertical (Y) Deflection System ® Signals to be siemineqere usually applied fo the ¥- | deflection plates through an input aHenuator & a number of amplifier stages. © Vertical amplifiers are required because the signals are not strong enough to produce measurable deflection on CRI screen. = “Amplifier response must be wide enough to pass / {aithfully the entire band of frequencies to be measured = High Voltage Signals - must be attenuated fo bring them within range of vertical amplifiers ® Vertical Amplifiers output is also applied to the synchronizing amplifier through the synchronizer selector switchHorizontal (X) Deflection System = The Horizontal (X) Deflection Plates are fed by a sweep voltage that provides aime base » = Horizontal Amplifier works similar to Vertical Amplifiers = When external signals are to be applied to the horizontal deflection system, they can also be fed through the horizontal amplifier, via the sweep selector switch in the external position. / When the sweep selector switch is in the internal position, the horizontal amplifier receives an input from the saw tooth sweep generator which is triggered by the synchronizing amplifier. ® INT Position — HA receives signal from TBG. = EXT Position — Trigger is obtained from external source hite-Janinxaae blaaenat inf1.A CRO can be used to measure a. Frequency b.AC voltage c. DC voltage d. All of the above d. All of the above 2. CRO is a device a. linear b. Non - linear c. botha&b d. None of these a. linear 3. CRO is an instrument a. Analog b. Digital c. botha&b d. None of these b.Digital = 4. Can't measured from CRO. a. voltage b. Frequency c. Power d. All of the above c. Power5. What type of supply is there in the vertical in CRO? a. Sinusoidal b.Sawsooth c. botha&b d. All of the above a Sinusoidal 6. What type of supply is there in the horizental in CRO? a, sinusoidal b. sawtooth c.botha&b d. None of these b. sawtooth 7. CRO gives a value. a. rms value b. peak value c. average value d. none of these a. rms value 8. ATOMHZ CRO has €. © 10MHz horizontal oscillatorDelay line ts essential in a CRO, to ensure the Destin == Adela neat between opi overs ample any ptf cathode tube tly coming Purpose of delay tne sto smchronize unknown signal with sweep signal suc that complete signal portion willbe ‘deplayed without ary loss.A Liseajous patterns are used to measure: 1. Vottage ana requency 2. Frequency and Prase shift [Phase angle | Lissajous pattern 4. Frequency and empitude astrtion 0" or 360° HK 30° or 330° fe 4. Ampltude and tux a 60 or 260° 90° or 270" op Anawer (Dstalled Solution Below) ‘Option 2: Frequency and Phase shit 120" 0 240° ES 160° oF 210° ‘Construction of CRO MCQ Question 6 Detaled Solution +180" +a Lissajous pattern: ‘+ Thellssajous figures the pattem thats olsplayed onthe CRO when sinusoidal signals are applied to both horizontal & vertical detection plates of CRO + Thelissajous figures are used forthe measurement of frequencies and phase differences ofthe sinusoidal signals.Ina CRT, phosphor coating is provided: 1 a 4 con inside surface tn the mide esrthe ends on outside sutace ‘Anawer (Detallod Solution Below) Option 1 =n inside surtace Explanation: ‘ART (Cathode Ray Tube) csplay units 2 commonly used output device displays the data or information Fecelved from the computer The GAT screen is similar oa TV soreen and ts @ vacuum tube Bn electron beam is preduces bythe electron gun locate at the back potion of the tube. The electron beam istdrectes towards the tonto the CRT serean ‘Acoating of Phosphor material is made onthe nner surface ofthe screen The phosphor emis light when it Is struck by electron beam. The color ofthe emitted light depends onthe phosphor substance used, [ACRT display may be ether manachrome (Le only one ele) or col: (1 multcole). Menochrome displays are avaiable in green bie, orange yellow pink, ambet, fed and white colo. Color daplays ae prosuced on ORT screen onthe same principle as they are produced on col TV screen To Produce enter cpl tree phosphors: Red, Green anc Blue ae used41. The cathode of a C.R.O. Is usually coated with A. Alkali metals BB. Tungsten or thorium oxide ©. Copper oxide D. Barium or strontium oxide View answer D.Barlum or strontium oxide 42. The input impedance of C.R.O. 1s A. Zero 'B Around 100 ohms ¢. Around 1090 ohms . Around one mega-ohms View Answer D.Around one mega-ohms 44, The brightest spot, on a cathode ray screen, occurs at A. The centre BB. The outer periphery (C. Midway between centre and outer periohery of screen D. Brightness is same allover the soreen View Answer The centreMultimeter, also known as volt-ohm-milliammeter (WOM) is used to measure Voltage, resistance and current. The same meter movement can be used to measure alll these quantities. Selector switches are provided to select a particular function and particular range for that function. As gle dial with calibrated scales can read volts, ohms and milliamperes with a number of ranges for each quantity. Multimeters are designed to measure both DC & AC and a arly Matinee Dgtalwutineter aie haus otJog Multimeter Digital meter Analog meter No error in the reading Wrong scale may be used or might be read incorrectly Digital display Indication by pointer on a calibrated scale Highest resolution and Inferior resolution and accuracy accuracy / | indicates a negative Pointer attempts to deflect to quantity when the the left of zero when the polarity is reversed polarity is reversed ‘ral Mutineter Daal vatbneter p | Notdamaged by rough Can damage if dropped from treatment. some medium levels Display takes few seconds Pointer responds more quickly+ In Digital Multimeter, measurements of ¥OI@GSqCUMENEANGMESISHNEE are achieved by using appropriate circuits to generate a voltage proportional to the quantity being measured. * Digital multimeter uses digital voltmeters which are analog to digital converters with digital displays to indicate the measured voltage. fe Toate 1 5, ac , = (nalige foe bal ot) Vn 85 wis Lm <—+ When measuring voltages, the input signal is connected directly to either a DC or AC attenuator depending on the nature of the quantity being easured., + For measurement of ac voltage, the input voltage should be converted into a de voltage by means of arectifier =H}+ When measuring currents, the input signal_is connected _across_an_appropriate_shunt_resistor = which _generates_a_voltage_proportional_to_the put current. me treat aoc |} Denia The value of shunt resistor is switched to select [ryt different ranges.Digital Electronic Multimeter + In order _to_measure resistance, the inputs _are connected to_an_ ohm converter which passes a = small current between two input connections. [ TT ‘The resulting voltage is a measure of resistance), ga Cmte =H] between these terminals. aa | ai‘A multimeter cannot measure Electronic voltmeters using rectifiers are designed to have large negative feedback. This is done: 1. curent 1. tolmprove stabity 2 Potential atterence to improve sensitivity 2. Charge 3. to increase the overall gain 4. Resistance 4. tw overcame me nonsinealty ofthe rece codes Angwer (Osis Solution Below) Answer (Desied! Solution Below) Option 3 : Charge ‘Option 4 to overcome the nonsineaty ofthe rectifier dodes ‘Amuttmeteris an electron instrument. tis mainly used to measure the three base electrical ‘characteristics of voltage, cuent and resistance. Incan also be used to test continuity between two points inanelectical circuit ‘Muitimetes cannot be used to measure electrical quantities such a frequency, charge et. ‘Themultmeter hee muti unetanalties xe acs ike ammeter, votmetet and omneter Ins a handheld device with postive and negate indicator needle over a numeric LCD cgitalcplay. ‘Mutimeters can be used for testing batteries, household wing, electric motors and power supplies.3. When an ammeter is inserted in the circuit, the circuit current will 1. Increase 2. Decrease 3, Remain the same 4, None of the above Answer: 2 4, Whatis internal resistance of an ideal ammeter? 1.Low 2. Infinite 3.2ero 4. High Answer: 35. Whats the resistance of an ideal voltmeter? 1. Low 2. Infinite 3. Zero 4. High Answer: 2 6. What is the function of shunt resistance in ammeter? 1. Bypass the current 2. Increase the sensitivity of ammeter 3. Increase the resistance of ammeter 4, None of the above Answer: 1
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