ENGLISH TASK

UNDERSTANDING AND KINDS OF NUTRITION

ARRANGED BY
GROUP V

CARITA INTAN (2201140656)

KENDEDES HIGH SCHOOL OF HEALTH SCIENCES

PRELIMINARY
Nutrition is an organism's process of using food that is consumed normally through the
process of digestion, absorption, transportation, storage, metabolism, and excretion of
substances that are not used to maintain life, growth and normal function of organs and
produce energy (Supariasi, 2001).
Nutrients or nutrients are organic substances that organisms need for the normal function of
body systems, growth, maintenance of health. Nutrients are used for food as a form of
energy, where every tissue in the body works properly.
Nutrition is very important for humans because nutrition is a vital need for all living things,
consuming nutrients that are bad for the body three times a day for decades will become
poison that causes disease in the future.
Obesity is defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that poses a risk to
health. Obesity is also a disease disorder characterized by excessive accumulation of body fat
tissue. Obesity is a multifactorial disease, it is suspected that most of obesity is caused by
interactions between genetic factors and environmental factors, including activity, lifestyle,
socio-economic, and nutrition related to eating behavior.

To determine obesity, criteria based on anthropometric measurements and or

¼ This means that being overweight describes an abnormal body condition as a result of
excess fat in someone who is at risk for health. Gross measurement of the obese population by
measuring body mass index, body weight (kg²) divided by ¼ height (m). A person with a
body mass index equal to or more than 25 is considered overweight which indicates obesity.
 CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

a. Definition of Nutrition
Nutrients or nutrients are organic substances that organisms need for the normal
function of body systems, growth, and maintenance of health. Research in the field of
nutrition studies the relationship between food and drink on health and disease,
particularly in determining the optimal diet. In the past, research on nutrition was
limited to preventing malnutrition and determining basic nutritional requirements
(standards) in living things. This figure for basic nutritional needs is known
internationally as the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA).

Along with scientific developments in the medical and molecular biology fields,
medical evidence shows that RDA is not sufficient to maintain optimal body function
and prevent or help treat chronic diseases. Medical evidence shows that the root of
many chronic diseases is oxidative stress caused by an excess of free radicals in the
body. The use of nutrients at an optimal level, known as Optimal Daily Allowance
(ODA), is proven to be able to prevent and treat oxidative stress thereby helping to
prevent chronic diseases. This optimal level can be achieved if the amount and
composition of nutrients used are appropriate. In disease management, the use of
nutrition as a complementary medicine can help the effectiveness of treatment and at
the same time overcome the side effects of treatment. Therefore, nutrition / nutrition
is closely related to optimal health and increased quality of life. The results of
measuring can be done with the method of anthropometry
b. Obesity Definition
is excess fat in the body, which is generally stored in the subcutaneous tissue (under
the skin), around the organs and sometimes extends into the tissues of the organs.
Obesity is a condition that shows an imbalance between height and weight due to fat
tissue in the body resulting in excess body weight that exceeds the ideal size. The
occurrence of obesity is more determined by eating too much, too little physical
activity or exercise, or both. Thus each person needs to pay attention to the amount of
food input (adjusted for daily energy needs) and the physical activity carried out.
Greater attention to these two things is especially needed for those who happen to
 come from obese families, are female, work a lot of sitting, don't like doing sports,
and are emotionally unstable.
c. Obesity Determination
The state of obesity is determined by classifying nutritional status based on Body
Mass Index (BMI). Body Mass Index (BMI) is a mathematical formula related to
adult body fat, and is expressed as body weight in kilograms divided by the square of
height in meters (Arisman, 2007). The formula for determining BMI:
BB
BMI =
TB2
CLASSIFICATION OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS BASED ON BMI
BMI Nutritional Status:
KKPI<16
KKP II 16.0 – 16.9
KKP III 17.0 – 18.4
Normal 18.5 – 24.9
Obesity I 25.0 – 29.9
Obesity II 30.0 – 40.0
Obesity III >40
Source: Maurice ES et al VIII edition, Lea & Febinger, 1994 in Arisman, 2007
d. Obesity types
Based on the condition of the cells, obesity can be classified into several types
(Purwati, 2001), namely:

1) Hyperplastic type, is obesity that occurs because the number of cells is greater
than normal conditions, but the size of the cells corresponds to the normal cell
size that occurs during childhood. Efforts to reduce body weight to normal
conditions during childhood will be more difficult.
2) Hypertrophic type, this obesity occurs because the cell size is larger than normal
cell size. This type of obesity occurs in adulthood and efforts to lose weight will be
easier when compared to the hyperplastic type.
3) Hyperplastic and Hypertrophic Types of obesity, this type of obesity occurs
because the number and size of cells exceeds normal. This type of obesity begins
in childhood and continues into adulthood. Efforts to lose weight in this type are
 the most difficult, because it can be at risk of disease complications, such as
degenerative diseases.

e. Obesity risk
From a physical perspective, people who are obese will experience low self-esteem
and feel less confident. So that they often experience pressure, both from themselves
and from their environment (Purwati, 2001). Excess fat accumulation above 20% of
ideal body weight, will cause health problems resulting in impaired organ function
(Misnadierly, 2007). be reduced as unneeded energy source. Alcohol is like fat in the
body, because it separates fat so it is not oxidized. In heavy alcohol drinkers, it will
actually cause a decrease in appetite so that malnutrition can occur, but in moderate
drinkers, it will increase body weight because alcohol is considered as actually
increasing the amount incoming calories. Artificial sweeteners or fat substitutes have
not been shown to have any major effect on weight loss. Age-adjusted vitamin and
mineral supplements are highly recommended for consumption in weight loss
programs. In women it takes less than 1200 kcal and 1800 kcal in men.
f. Formula Diets or Meal Replacements
This meal replacement is a ready-to-eat food or drink that is used as a substitute for
other high-calorie foods. Generally, it contains 5 g of fiber, 10-14 g of protein, and
some carbohydrates, 10 g of fat and 25% - 30% RDfu vitamins and minerals. By
changing main or light meals 2 times a day can help reduce weight or maintain weight
body significantly.
g. Excessive Energy Restriction and Fasting
What is meant by excessive energy input restriction is if the amount is less than 800
kcal per day or fasting below 200 kcal per day. Fasting can indeed be a therapeutic
option, but sometimes it can cause neurological, hormonal, and other side effects.
More than 50% of the amount of body weight that will be lost is body fluids which
can cause hypotension. Uric acid accumulation can also occur or give rise to
gallstones. In addition, this extreme fasting can lead to anorexia.
h. Very Low Calorie Diet
What is meant by a very low calorie diet is if the daily calorie intake ranges from 200-
800 kcal. Generally, this diet is low in calories but high in protein (0.8-1.5 g/kg IBW
per day). This diet includes the consumption of vitamins, minerals, electrolytes, fatty
acids. The recommended length of time for this diet is 12-16 weeks. Due to possible
 side effects, this diet is recommended for patients with a BMI above 30. Side effects
include cold intolerance, dizziness, nervousness, euphoria, constipation or diarrhea,
dry skin, thinning and reddish hair, anemia, regular menstruation.
i. Lifestyle Modification
Behavior modification has become important in obesity intervention. This matter
focuses on reshaping the patient's environment to reduce behaviors or habits that
contribute to obesity. In addition to nutrition and physical activity, key components of
a behavior modification program include self-monitoring, goal setting, stimulus
control, problem solving, cognitive restructuring, and relapse prevention.Self-
monitoringwith daily data and time recordings of food intake, along with thoughts and
feelings, helps identify the physical and emotional patterns that occur when eating.
Physical activity is usually recorded in minutes or calories spent. It also provides
feedback on progress and places the responsibility for change on the patient. Most
behavioral programs try to achieve 0.5 – 1 kg of weight loss per week with target
calories, fat grams and physical activity, which are discussed during the goal setting
phase. Stimulus control includes modification of (1) the chain of events that precedes
eating, (2) the type of food consumed at the meal, and (3) the consequences of eating.
Patients are taught to slow down the rate of eating and to become more aware of
satiety and reduce food intake.Strategies such as placing cutlery between chews is one
way to slow down the eating process. Problem solving is the process of defining
eating problems or weight problems, creating possible solutions, evaluating solutions,
choosing the best, implementing new behaviors, evaluating results, and reevaluating
alternative solutions if previous solutions don't work. Cognitive restructuring teaches
patients to identify, challenge, and eliminate negative thoughts that often undermine
their efforts to maintain their weight. A comprehensive program of lifestyle
modification results in weight loss of approximately 10% of initial body weight in 16-
26 weeks.
j. Exercise Pattern
Obesity is the result of an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure.
By increasing the proportion of LBM in fat, exercise helps to balance the loss of LBM
and the reduction in RMR that will inevitably occur even on a good weight loss
program. Other positive effects of exercise include strengthening the cardiovascular
system, increasing sensitivity to insulin, and expending additional energy, namely
calories. Physical activity is the most diverse component of energy expenditure or
energy expenditure. Increased energy expenditure through exercise or other physical
activity is an important component for promoting weight loss and preventing weight
gain. The level of exercise or exercise that is adequate to produce an effect is 60-90
minutes per day (USDA recommendations).
Adults who are overweight and obese should be counseled to gradually increase the
person's physical activity and exercise. If an overweight or obese person cannot reach
a certain level of physical activity, then at least 30 minutes per day do activities that
aremoderate activity.Therefore interventions are needed that target these levels of
physical activity to improve health and control weight in the long term.
A combination of aerobic and resistance training is preferred. Resistance training can
increase LBM, the ability to increase energy intake and increase bone density, which
is especially important for women. Aerobic exercise is important for the health of the
cardiovascular system, as well as for energy expenditure so that the fat reserves in the
body will be used. In addition to the physiological benefits of the exercise is to
eliminate boredom, improve controllability, and increase a sense of well-being.The
RMR is increased by aerobic exercise. RMR will return to resting levels within an
hour or so after exercise, except during high-intensity exercise. Energy expenditure
during this period reflects the use of muscle glycogen, which is the effect of hormonal
changes and increased metabolism of energy reserves in the body.
Contrary to today's belief,spot reduction(reducing fat in a certain area of the body) is
not possible with exercise. This is because fat is burned at a greater concentration in
adipose tissue. Another misconception is that sports are called
counterproductivebecause it increases the desire to eat. When in fact consistency is
the key to getting a healthy body and the benefits of exercise to manage weight. In the
past, the recommended workout should be 20 to 60 minutes of moderate to high
intensity resistance training done three or more times a week. Now, however, it
appears that most of the health benefits can be obtained by physical activity of
moderate intensity (enough to expend 200 kcal each day). The best way to maintain
maximum cardiovascular health, regardless of body weight, is to do 20 to 30 minutes
of high-intensity exercise 4 to 7 days per week.
 CHAPTER III

CONCLUSION

Obesity is a condition that shows an imbalance between height and weight due to fat tissue
in the body resulting in excess body weight that exceeds the ideal size (Sumanto, 2009).
The occurrence of obesity is determined more by eating too much, too little physical
activity or exercise, or both.

The diet for obesity is regulated based on proper nutrition, food portions, and meal
frequency. A strict diet is the old way of obesity therapy, in this way there is rapid weight
loss but will quickly return to its original state. proper diet arrangement is effective in the
long run. The basic principle is a healthy and balanced diet.

Behavior modification has become important in obesity intervention. This matter focuses on
reshaping the patient's environment to reduce behaviors or habits that contribute to obesity.
In addition to nutrition and physical activity, key components of a behavior modification
program include self-monitoring, goal setting, stimulus control, problem solving, cognitive
restructuring, and relapse prevention.
 CHAPTER IV
BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Persons 50 to 71 Years Old. The New England Journal of Medicine Vol.355, no. 8: 763-778
Atkinson, RL., 2002. Medical evaluation of the obese patient. In: Wadden TA and Stunkard
AJ. Eds. Handbook of Obesity Treatment. New York: The GuilforPress, 173– 185
Barker, M. & Phillips, DIW, 2005. Fetal and infant origins of obesity. INKopelman, PG,
Caterson, ID & Dietz, WH (Eds) Clinical Obesity in Adults and Children. 2nded.
Massachusetts, Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Maurice ES et al VIII edition, Lea & Febinger, 1994 in Arisman, 2007