INSTRUCTIONS TO TEST TAKER

Do not open this question paper until you are told to do so.
Write your name on the answer sheet
Read the instructions for each part of the paper carefully.
Answer all the questions.
Write your answers on the answer sheet. Use a penci/pen You
must complete the answer sheet within the time limit.
At the end of the test, hand in both this question paper and your answer sheet.
 TEST 1

READING PASSAGE
You
1 should spend about 20 minutes on Questions
1–13, which are based on Reading Passage 1
below.
EXTRACTION AND PURIFICATION OF DRINKING WATER
Some consumers choose to purchase bottled drinking water, rather than relying on city tap water supplies.
Bottled water has typically been extracted from underground sources. If water exists under- ground, but has no
natural exit points, bottling companies may construct a water table well by drilling down to extract water from
an unconfined aquifer. This is done when the Earth’s natural water level
– known as a water table – is much lower than the Earth’s surface. In some cases, as with a valley or gully on a
mountain, the level of the water table may be higher than the Earth’s surface, and a natural spring can emerge.
Bottling companies are permitted to extract this water from a hole drilled into the underground spring, but the
composition of the water must be identical to that of the naturally surfacing variety nearby.
Artesian water is drawn from a confined aquifer, a deep underground cavity of porous rock that holds water and
bears pressure from a confining layer above it. This water can be accessed if companies drill a vertical channel
down into the confined aquifer. Due to the pressurised nature of this aquifer, water will often rise up from
within it and form a flowing artesian well, which appears as an explosive fountain at the earth’s surface.
However, this only occurs when the surface is lower than the natural water table. If the surface is not lower than
the natural water table, it is still possible to draw artesian water by using an extraction pump.
Some bottled water is advertised as ‘purified’, which means it has been subjected to a variety of dif- ferent
cleansing processes. A common filtering procedure, known as reverse osmosis, involves the water being
pressed through microscopic membranes that prevent larger contaminants from passing through. The
microscopic size of these holes is such that they can even obstruct germs, but they are most effective against
undesirable materials such as salt, nitrates and lime scale. One disadvantage of reverse osmosis is that a lot of
unusable water is generated as a by-product of the procedure; this must be thrown away.
For treating pathogens, an impressive newer option is ultraviolet (UV) light. Powerful UV light has nat- ural
antibacterial qualities, so this process simply requires water to be subjected to a sufficient strength of UV light
as it passes through a treatment chamber. The light neutralises many harmful germs by removing their DNA,
thereby impeding their ability to replicate. A particularly impressive quality of UV light is its ability to
neutralise highly resistant viral agents such as hepatitis.
The overall effects of UV light treatment are variable, however, which leaves many municipal water treatment
processes relying on chlorination. Its powerful and comprehensive antimicrobial effect not- withstanding,
chlorination is also extremely inexpensive and remains the only antimicrobial treatment capable of ensuring
water remains contaminant-free all the way through the pipes and to the taps of domestic homes. Many
members of the public remain suspicious of water that has been treated with such a harsh chemical. Its ease of
use and affordability has meant that chlorine often plays an import- ant role in making tainted water supplies
safe for consumption immediately after natural disasters have occurred.
READING PASSAGE
You
1 should spend about 20 minutes on Questions
1–13, which are based on Reading Passage 1
below.
Some water also undergoes distillation. This involves water being boiled until it converts to steam, which then
passes through a cooling tube and becomes water again. Toxic compounds and impurities such as heavy metal
residue are left behind in this process, so the steamed water is typically cleaner than the pre-distilled version.
Unfortunately, distillation equipment also removes up to fourteen types of beneficial minerals that naturally
occur in water. Consequently, those who rely on distilled water may need to take mineral supplements.
In developed countries, all forms of drinking water are typically subject to stringent quality control pro- cesses,
so there is little evidence to suggest importing bottled water at significant expense will be safer or healthier than
regular tap water from a municipal drinking supply. Both tap water and bottled water are tested for pathogens
and contaminants and, aside from isolated cases related to issues such as faulty plumbing or old pipes, tap water
is harmless. Nevertheless, many purchasers of bottled water still justify their choice on the quite reasonable
basis that tap water has a distinctly unpleasant aftertaste related to the chlorination process it has undergone.
Questions 1–5
Label the diagram below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1–5 on your answer sheet.

1 (provides access to trapped water)

2 (due to the lower land level)

3 ………………..

4 flowing artesian well (looks like..............................)

5is necessary to access this water source

Questions 6–11
Classify the following statements as referring to A

reverse osmosis

B UV light treatment

C chlorination

D distillation

Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in boxes 6–11 on your answer sheet. NB

You may use any letter more than once.

6 It continues to protect water as it is being transported.

7 It is particularly useful during emergencies.

8 It uses a physical barrier to separate unwanted matter from water.

9 It prevents bacteria from reproducing.

10 It removes all mineral particles.

11 It produces a lot of waste water.

Questions 12 and 13
Choose TWO letters, A–E.
Write the correct letters in boxes 12 and 13 on your answer sheet.
Which TWO of the following claims about water are made by the writer?

A Bottled water is overpriced.

B Tap water may not have a nice flavour. C

Most people should drink bottled water. D Tap

water is usually safe to drink.

E Public water supplies need better maintenance.

READING PASSAGE
You
2 should spend about 20 minutes on Questions
14–26, which are based on Reading Passage 2
below.

THE INTERNATIONAL STYLE

A In the early decades of the 20th century, many Western cities experienced a steep rise in demand for
commercial and civic premises, due to population growth and expansion of the white-collar professions. At the
same time, architects were growing discontented with the ornamental spirals and decorative features in the
prevailing design ethos of art deco or art moderne. Once considered the height of sophistication, these styles
were quickly becoming seen as pretentious and old-fashioned. In this confluence of movements, a new style of
architecture emerged. It was simple, practical and strong; a new look for the modern city and the modern man.
It was named ‘the international style’.
B Although the international style first emerged in Western Europe in the 1920s, it found its fullest
expression in American architecture and was given its name in a 1932 book of the same title. The first hints of it
in America can be seen on the Empire State Building in New York City, which was completed in 1931. The top
of the building, with its tapered crown, is decidedly art deco, yet the uniform shaft of the lower two thirds
represents a pronounced step in a new direction. Later efforts, such as the United Nations Secretariat building
(1952) and the Seagram Building (1954) came to exemplify the ‘true’ international style.
C The architects of the international style broke with the past by rejecting virtually all non-essential
ornamentation. They created blockish, flat-roofed skyscrapers using steel, stone and glass. A typical building
facade in this style has an instantly recognisable ribbon design, characterised by strips of floor- to-ceiling
windows separated by strips of metal panelling. Interiors showcased open spaces and fluid movements between
separate areas of the building.
D Fans of the international style of modern buildings celebrated their sleek and economical contribution to
modern cityscapes. While pre-modern architecture was typically designed to display the wealth and prestige of
its landlords or occupants, the international style in some ways exhibited a more egalitarian tendency. As every
building and every floor looked much the same, there was little attempt to use these designs to make a
statement. This focus on function and practicality reflected a desire in mid-century Western cities to ‘get on
with business’ and ‘give everyone a chance’, rather than lauding the dominant and influential institutions of the
day through features such as Romanesque columns.
E Detractors, however, condemned these buildings for showing little in the way of human spirit or
creativity. For them, the international style represented not an ethos of equality and progress, but an obsession
with profit and ‘the bottom line’ that removed spiritual and creative elements from public life and public
buildings. Under the dominance of the international style, cities became places to work and do business, but not
to express one’s desires or show individuality. It is perhaps telling that while banks and government
departments favoured the international style, arts organisations rarely opted for its austerity.
READING PASSAGE
You
2 should spend about 20 minutes on Questions
14–26, which are based on Reading Passage 2
below.
F By the mid-1970s, the international style was ubiquitous across key urban centres, dominating skylines
to such an extent that many travellers complained they could get off a plane and not know where they were. By
their nature, buildings in this style demanded very little of architects in the way of imagination, and a younger
generation of designers was yearning to express their ideas and experiment in novel and unexpected ways. The
outcome was a shift toward postmodernism, which celebrated much of what the international style had
dismissed: decoration, style without function, and an overall sense of levity. By the turn of the 1980s, the
international style was considered outdated and was falling rapidly out of favour.
Questions 14–19
Reading Passage 1 has six paragraphs, A–F.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A–F, in boxes 14–19 on your answer sheet.
14 a description of how international style buildings look on the inside
15 a reference to institutions that didn’t like to use international style buildings
16 a reason why architects didn’t like the international style
17 a building which combined art deco and international features
18 types of materials commonly used in international style buildings
19 an architectural feature previously associated with prominent organisations

Questions 20–24
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 20–24 on your answer sheet.
20 The development of the international style was prompted by an increased need for
……………….. buildings

21 Designers used hardly any.................................on international style buildings.

22 International style buildings are easily identified from the outside because of the
……………….. .

23 Demonstration of ……………….. and ……………….. was often an important factor in the

design of old-style buildings.

24 The similarity of international style constructions reflected the concern of architects with
……………….. and
……………….. .
Questions 25–26
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 12–13 on your answer sheet.
25 Some people did not like the international style because they felt it focused too much on A
the public sector
B differences between people
C new ideas
D making money.
26 In the mid-1970s
A the best architects were no longer using the international style.
B there was a lot of international style architecture in major cities.
C young architects were becoming interested in the international style.
D people visited cities specifically to see international style buildings.
READING PASSAGE
You
3 should spend about 20 minutes on Questions
27–40, which are based on Reading Passage 3
below.

THE MPEMBA EFFECT

In 300 BC, the famous philosopher Aristotle wrote about a strange phenomenon that he had observed: “Many
people, when they want to cool water quickly, begin by putting it in the sun.” Other philosophers over the ages
noted the same result, but were unable to explain it. In 1963, a young Tanzanian student named Erasto
Mpemba noticed that the ice cream he was making froze faster
if the mix was placed in the freezer while warm than if it were at room temperature. He persisted in questioning
why this occurred, and eventually physicist Denis Osborne began a serious investigation into what is now known
as the Mpemba Effect. He and Mpemba co-authored a paper in New Scientist in 1969, which produced scientific
descriptions of some of the many factors at work in freezing water.
It was initially hypothesised that the warm bowl melted itself a place in the ice on the freezer shelf, thus
embedding its base in a ‘nest’ of ice, which would accelerate freezing. The hypothesis was tested by comparing
the result when bowls of warm water were placed on ice and on a dry wire shelf; this demonstrated that the ice
nest actually had little effect. A second suggestion was that the warmer water would be evaporating at its
surface, thus reducing the volume needing to be frozen, but this idea was also shown to be insignificant.
Thermometers placed in the water showed that the cooler water dropped to freezing temperature well before
the warmer bowlful, and yet the latter always froze solid first. Experiments at different temperatures showed
that water at 50C took longest to freeze in a conventional freezer, while water initially at 350C was quickest.
On further examination, an explanation for this paradox began to emerge. Losing heat from the water occurs at
the points where it is in touch with the colder atmosphere of the freezer, namely the sides of the bowl and the
water surface. A warm surface will lose heat faster than a cold one because of the contrast between the
temperatures; but of course there is more heat to be lost from one bowl than the other! If the surface can be kept
at a higher temperature, the higher rate of heat loss will continue. As long as the water remains liquid, the
cooling portion on top will sink to the bottom of the bowl as the warmer water below rises to take its place. The
early freezing that may occur on the sides and base of the container will amplify the effect.
The bowl that is more uniformly cold will have far less temperature difference so the water flow will be
minimal. Another inhibiting factor for this container is that ice will also form quite quickly on the surface.
This not only acts as insulation, but will virtually stop the helpful effects of the water circulating inside the
bowl. Ultimately, the rate of cooling the core of this body of water becomes so slow that the other warmer
one is always fully frozen first. While there are limitations to this
comparison (for example, we would not see such a result if one quantity were at 10C and another at 990C)
this counter-intuitive result does hold true within the 5–350C range of temperatures indicated previously.
READING PASSAGE
You
3 should spend about 20 minutes on Questions
27–40, which are based on Reading Passage 3
below.
Since this paper was published, the validity of the research findings has been questioned by a number of
reviewers. They point out that the initial experimental question was not clearly defined; for example, the
researchers needed to decide on exactly what constituted freezing the water. They also state that the rate at
which water freezes depends on a large number of variables.
Container size is one of these; for the Mpemba Effect to be noticed, the container must be large enough to allow
a free circulation of water to take place, yet small enough for the freezing areas of the side and base to be
effective at extracting heat too. Secondly, research at a University in St Louis,
Missouri, suggests that the Mpemba Effect may be affected by water purity, or by dissolved gas in the
water. Distilled water is totally free of the particles that are common in normal drinking water or mineral
water. When suspended in water, these particles may have a small effect on the speed of cooling, especially
as ice molecules tend to expel them into the surrounding water, where they
become more concentrated. Just as salt dissolved in water will raise the boiling point and lower the
temperature at which it freezes, the researchers found that the final portion of ordinary water needed extra
cooling, below zero, before all was frozen solid.
One more factor that can distort the effect is observed if the bowls are not placed simultaneously into the same
freezer. In this case, the freezer thermostat is more likely to register the presence of a hotter bowl than a colder
one, and therefore the change in internal temperature causes a boost of freezing power as the motor is activated.
The Mpemba Effect is still not fully understood, and researchers continue to delve into its underlying physics.
Physicists cannot reach consensus. Some suggest that supercooling1 is involved; others that the molecular
bonds in the water molecules affect the rate of cooling and freezing of water. A 2013 competition to explain
the phenomenon run by the Royal Society of Chemistry attracted more than 22,000 entries, with the winning
one suggesting supercooling as an important factor so it seems the question and its underlying explanation
continue to fascinate.

1 cooling a liquid below its freezing point without solidification or crystallisation

Questions 27–33
Complete the summary using the list of words, A–O, below.
Write the correct letter, A–O, in boxes 29–34 on your answer sheet.
For more than 2000 years people have wondered why raising the 27.........................................of cold water
before cooling it results
in more rapid cooling. At first researchers thought that a warm container created its own icy 28
………………... which
made the water freeze faster, but comparisons with containers resting on a dry 29 ………………...
indicated that this
was inaccurate. Evaporation of water proved not to be a 30..........................................Temperature measure-
ments showed that,
although the water in the cooler container reached 00C before the warmer one, it took longer to actu- ally
solidify. The water
temperature drops the most at the top and sides of the container. Provided there is a temperature 31… ,
the
water will continue to circulate and to cool down. Cooler water will have less water 32…..................................,
and thus a slower
rate of freezing. If ice forms on the top of the water, this will further slow the 33…..................................of
freezing, but if it forms
on the bottom and the sides of the container, this will increase the rate of cooling.

A melt B element C process

D centre E acceleration F surface

G factor H hollow I matter

J circulation K limit L significance

M theory N difference O result

P temperature
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 35–40 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

34 The Mpemba Effect cannot be seen when comparing liquids with an extreme temperature dif- ference .
35 Osborne and Mpemba’s results are still widely accepted today.
36 The size of the container does not alter the Mpemba Effect.
37 Osborne and Mpemba experimented on both pure and impure water.
38 One variable is the timing of containers in a freezer.
39 Physicists now agree that supercooling accounts for the Mpemba Effect.

Question 40
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in box 40 on your answer sheet.
The Mpemba Effect is best summed up as the observation that A ice
cream freezes at different temperatures.
B different sources of heat result in water cooling at different rates.
C salt water freezes at a lower temperature than ordinary water. D
warmer water can freeze faster than colder wate

TEST 2
Structure and Written Expression
Part B
16. Some scientists believe that dinosaurs become extinct
A B
Part A
1. ---- was a wife and mother, Anne Bradstreet found time to
write poetry about her life in the American colonies.
(A) She (B) Despite she (C) Although she (D) Though both she
2. The worst snowstorm in American history was -----.
(A) of 1888 a three-day blizzard
(B) in 1888 there was a three-day blizzard
(C) three-day blizzard in 1888
(D) the three-day blizzard of 1888
3. Tombstone, Arizona, --—- the OK Corral shoot-out, is a well-
known tourist attraction.
(A) the scene of (B) that is the scene of
(C) where was the scene of (D) there the scene of
4. Glassware is formed either by blowing the molten glass into
shape —— it into a mold.
(A) and by pouring (B) or by pouring
(C) besides pouring (D) or to pour
5. Luxury items in medieval times, ——.
(A) only the nobility used forks
(B) only the nobility's using of forks
(C) forks were used only by the nobility
(D) forks used only by the nobility
6. There was no official quartermaster in the Revolutionary
Army, so everyone carried —— own provisions.
(A) their (B) his or her (C) its (D) our
7. —— the president's appearance and charisma that gave him his
initial "honeymoon" period with the voters.
(A) It seems to have been (B) It seems
(C) There seems to have been (D) There seems to be
8. —— from the cash machine, you must have a valid card and
the proper code number.
(A) For getting (B) To get money
(C) Having got money (D) To have gotten
9. To Vice President Agnew, resignation, rather than
impeachment, seemed ——.
(A) the only thing doing (B) the thing only doing
(C) the only thing to do (D) the thing only to do
10. —— Nebraska nor Iowa has any coastline.
(A) Either (B) Neither (C) Both (D) Together
11. The Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest, who were
excellent artisans, designed pottery, cloth, household items,
and ——.
(A) goods leather (B) good in leather
(C) leathers good (D) leather goods
12. Only infrequently -—- arthritis lead to total incapacitation.
(A) is (B) are (C) does (D) such
13. Not all historical sites that are found -----.
(A) are highly publicized (B) highly publicized
(C) of high publicity (D) to be highly publicized
14. Photographs should -—- only under proper conditions.
(A) exposure (B) to be exposed
(C) exposes (D) be exposed
15. Theodore Hesburgh is well known as the president of the
University of Notre Dame, but --—- an accomplished athlete,
traveler, and author.
(A) additionally he (B) he is also
(C) is more (D) is too including
31. Every cell carry genetic material that can produce a
A B C
 complete organism.
D
32. The metric system serves a simple, universal standard of
A B C
measurement.
D
33. The Dakota, being one of the oldest buildings in New
A
York City, it was designated a historical landmark.
B С D
34. Skiing on the Alps calls for a pair of well-exercised legs
A B C
and a thickly padded pocketbook.
D
35. A budget is a detailing statement of revenues and
A B
expenditures for a certain period of time.
C D
36. For half century, George Dallas played a prominent
A B
role in local, regional, and national political events.
C D

37. Amber, one of the first substances used decorating, is a

A B C
fossilized resin.
D
38. Modern airplanes are able to flу very highly because they
A B C
have pressurized cabins.
D
39. Queen Victoria, who reigned in 1837 to 1901, ruled
A B
England during its transition from an agricultural to an
C D
industrial society.
40. Spencer Tracy is remembered for his serious dramatic
A B
roles, as well for his comedy films with Katharine Hepburn.
C D
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18 TEACHERS RECRUITMENT
38 TEST PAPERS
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NAME :
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TEST 1
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