Chapter 2

Theorem of Banach
stainhaus
and of Closed Graph
II.1Recall of Baire’s
Lemma
 Lemma II.1 (Baire)
Let X be a complete metric space
and X n n1 a seq. of closed sets.
Assume that IntX n   for each n .
Then

Int(  X n )  
n 1
Let On  X n c  n  1,2,
Since X n is closed and IntX n   ,
On is an open dense set .

It requairs to show that G   On is dense.
n 1
Let W be a nonempty open set in X .
We shall to show that W  G  
Choose x0 W and r0  0 s.t. B( x0 , r0 )  W .
Then choose x1  B ( x0 , r0 )  O1 and r1  0 s.t.
 B( x1 , r1 )  B ( x0 , r0 )  O1

 r0
 0  r1 
Following such fashion, we construct by repetition
two sequences xn  and rn  such that
 B( xn 1 , rn 1 )  B( xn , rn )  On 1

 rn n  1
 0  rn 1 
2
It follows that xn  is Cauchy; let l  lim xn
n 
Since xn  p  B( xn , rn ) for all n and all p,
we obtain by letting p  
l  B( xn , rn ) n  1
In particular l W  G
W G  
Hence G is dence.
 Baire’s
RemarkCategory
1
Theorem
Baire’s Lemma is usually used in
the following form. Let X be a
nonempty complete metric space
and X n n 1 a seq. of closed sets

such that X   Xn . Then there
n 1
is n0 such that IntX n  
0
II.2 The Theorem of Banach -
Steinhaus
 L(E,F)
Let E and F be two normed vector
spaces.
Denoted by L(E,F) the space of all
L(E,E)=L(E)
linear continuous operators from
E to F equiped with norm

T L( E , F )
 sup T ( x )
xE , x 1
Theorem II.1(Banach Steinhaus)

Let E and F be two Banach space

and T  a family of linear
i iI
In other words,
continuous operators from E to F
there is c such that
Suppose (1)
sup Ti ( x )   x  E
iI Ti ( x )  c x x  E , i  I
then (2)
sup Ti  
iI
For each int eger n , put
X n  x  E ; Ti ( x )  n i  I 
X n is close

(1)  E   X n
n 1
Baire' s Lemma  Int X n   for certain int eger n0
0

Let x0  E and r  0 s.t

B ( x0 , r )  X n 0

We have Ti ( x0  rz )  n0  z  B (0,1) ,  i  I
r Ti ( z )  n0  Ti ( x0 )  z  B(0,1),  i  I
 r Ti L( E ,F )
 n0  Ti ( x0 )
Hence ( 2) holds
 Remark 2
In American literature, Theorem II.1
is referred as principle of uniform
boundness, which expresses well
the conceit of the result:
One deduces a uniform estimate
from pointwise estimates.
 Corollary II.2

Let E and F be two Banach spaces

and Tn  a family of linear
continuous operators from E to F
such that for each x  E , Tn ( x )
converges as n   to a limit denoted
by Tx. Then we have
( a ) sup Tn L( E ,F )
 
n

(b) T  L( E , F )

( c ) T  lim inf Tn
n 
For each x  E
Tn ( x )  T ( x ) as n  
 sup Tn ( x )  
n

 sup Tn   , by Thm II .1
n
 ( a ) holds
  c  0 s.t.
Tn ( x )  c x  n  1, x  E
 T ( x)  c x x  E
 T  L( E , F )
 (b) holds
Finally, we have
Tn ( x )  Tn L( E ,F )
x xE
 Tn ( x )  Tn L( E ,F )
xE, x 1
 T ( x )  lim inf Tn L( E ,F )
xE, x 1
n 

T L( E ,F )
 lim inf Tn L( E ,F )
n 
 Corollary II.3
Let G be a Banach space and B a
subset of G. Suppose that
(3) For all f  G  , the set  f ,x x  B
is bounded.(in R)
Then (4) B is bounded
Apply Thm II .1 with E  G , F  R and I  B
For each b  B, define
Tb ( f )  f , b  f  E  G 
(3)  sup Tb ( f )    f  E  G 
bB

 sup Tb   , by Banach  Stainhaus Thm

bB

  c  0 s.t. Tb ( f )  c f  f  E  G,  b  B
For each b  B, by Hahn  Banach Thm
f  G  s.t f  1 and b  f , b  Tb ( f )
 b c
Hence B is bounded.
Dual statement
Corollary II.4
of corollary II.3

Let G be a Banach space and B

a subset of G . Suppose that
(5) For all x G , the set

 f ,x f  B is bounded.
Then (6) B is bounded.
Apply Thm II .1 with E  G, F  R, and I  B
For each b  B, define
Tb ( x )  b, x x  G
(5)  sup Tb ( x )    x G
bB
 sup Tb   , by Banach  Stainhaus Thm
bB

  c  0 s.t. b, x  Tb ( x )  c x  x  G ,  b  B
 b  c  b  B
Hence B is bounded.
II.3 Open Mapping Theorem

And Closed Graph

Theorem
 Theorem II.5
(Open Mapping Thm,Banach)

Let E and F be two Banach spaces

and T a surjective linear continuous
from E onto F. Then there is a
constant c>0 such that

( 7) T ( BE (0,1))  BF (0, c)
The prove will be carried in two steps.
First step :
Let T be a surjective linear continuous
operator from E onto F .
To show that  c  0 s.t.
(8) T (( B(0,1))  B(0,2c )
pf : Let X n  nT (( B(0,1))

Since T is surjective, F   X n
n 1
By Baire' s Category Thm
 n0  N s.t. Int X n  0

 Int T (( B(0,1))  
Let c  0 and y0  F be such that
(9) B ( y0 ,4c )  F (( B (0,1))
 y0  F (( B (0,1))
 (10)  y0  F (( B (0,1)) , by symmetry
(9)  (10) B (0,4c )  F (( B (0,1))  F (( B (0,1))
Claim : F (( B (0,1))  F (( B (0,1))  2 F (( B (0,1))
pf :
" " x, y  F (( B (0,1))
x y
  F (( B (0,1)) ( F (( B (0,1)) is convex )
2
 x  y  2 F (( B (0,1))
" " x  2 F (( B (0,1))
x
  F (( B (0,1))
2
x x
 x    F (( B (0,1))  F (( B (0,1))
2 2
then B (0,4c )  2 F (( B (0,1))
Hence F (( B (0,1))  B (0,2c )
Second step :
Let T be a surjective linear continuous operator
from E to F satisfying (8). To show that
T ( B(0,1))  B(0, c )
Fix y  F with y c
we look for x  E with x  1 and T ( x )  y
From (8) we have
1
   0  z  E with z  and y  Tz  
2
c
we choice   and obtain an z1  E
2
1 c
with z1  and y  Tz1 
2 2
Pr oceed the same way with y replaced by
c
y  Tz1 and   , we obtain an z2  E
4
1 c
with z2  and y  Tz1  Tz2 
4 4
In this fashion we obtain by repeating
the previous process a sequence zn  with
1 c
zn  n and y  T ( z1  z2    zn )  n
2 2
Let xn  z1  z2    zn , then
xn  is a Cauchy sequence
Since E is Banach space ,
lim xn exists , say equals x
n 

 x  1 and Tx  lim T ( xn )  y
n 
 Remark 4

Property (7) implies that T maps

each open set in E into open set in
F (hence the name of the Theorem)
In fact, let U be an open set in E,
let us prove that TU is open in T.
Let y0  TU , then  x0 U s.t. T ( x0 )  y0
Since U is open,  r  0 s.t. BE ( x0 , r )  U
 x0  BE (0, r )  U
 y0  T ( BE (0, r ))  TU
According (7) we have
BF (0, rc )  T ( BE (0, r ))
 BF ( y0 , rc )  TU
Hence TU is open.
 Corollary II.6
Let E and F be Banach spaces

T :EF
be linear continuous and bijective. Then

1
T is continuous from F to E
Since T is 1  1 and by (7), we have
if x  E s.t. Tx  c, then x  1
1
Claim : x  Tx  x  E
c
pf : For 0    c
T (c   ) x
 c   c Argument by
Tx
homogeneity
(c   ) x
 1
Tx
1
 x  Tx
c 
1
Hence x  Tx by letting   0
c
Then for y  F
1
T yE
1 1 1
 T y  T (T y )
c
1 1
 T y  y
c
1 1
 T 
c
1
Hence T is continuous
 Remark 5
Let E be a vector space equiped with
two norms x1 and x 2

Assume that ( E , x 1 ) and( E , x 2 ) are

Banach space and assume that there
is C such that
x 2  C x 1  xE
Then there is c>0 such that
x1c x 2
 xE
i.e. x1 and x are equivalent
2

Proof: Apply Corolary II.6 with

E  ( E, x 1) F  ( E, x 2 )

and T is identity
 Graph G(T)
E  F  (E  F , )
( x, y )  x E
 y F
( x, y )  E  F

The graph G(T) of a linear

operator from E to F is the set

( x, T ( x)) x  E E  F
 Theorem II.7
(Closed Graph Theorem)
Let E and F be two Banach spaces
and T a linear operator from E to F.
Suppose that the graph G(T) is
closed in EF
Then T is continuous.
(converse also holds)
Consider two norms in E.
x1 x E
 Tx F
x2 x E
Let xn  be Cauchy in ( E , 1
), then
xn  be Cauchy in ( E , E
) and
Txn  be Cauchy in ( F , F
)
  x  E , y  F s.t.
lim xn  x in ( E , E
)and
n 

lim Txn  y in ( F , F
)
n 
 ( x, y )  G (T ) , sin ce G (T ) is closed
 y  Tx
 xn  x 1  xn  x E
 T ( xn  x ) F
 0 as n  
 xn  x 1  0 as n  
Hence both ( E , 1
) and ( E , 2
) are Banach spaces
Let Id  S : ( E , 1
)  ( E, 2
)
Since x 2  x 1 xE,
S is surjective linear continuous
1
 S : ( E, 2
)  (E, 1
) is continuous
By open mapping Thm,
 c  0 s.t x1c x 2
 x E
 Tx F
c x E
 Tx F  ( c  1) x E
 T  c 1
Hence T is continuous.