BATTARAMULLA

SESSION 14

UNIT 04

NETWORK TECHNOLOGY

DAY 01
 4.1 - INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKS

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 2

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 3
 Computer Network

• Computer networking refers to interconnected computing devices that can exchange data
and share resources with each other. These networked devices use a system of rules, called
communications protocols, to transmit information over physical or wireless technologies.

• A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share resources
(such as printers and CD-ROMs), exchange files, or allow electronic communication.

• The computer on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves,
satellites, or infrared light beams.

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 4

 Advantages of Networks
▪ Information sharing

▪ Hardware sharing

▪ Software sharing

▪ Collaborative environment

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 5

 Types of Network
▪ Local Area Network(LAN)

▪ Metropolitan Area Network(MAN)

▪ Wide Area Network(WAN)

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 6

 Local Area Network (LAN)

• A local area network (LAN) is a group of computers and peripheral devices that share a
common communications line or wireless link to a server within a distinct geographic area.

• A local area network may serve as few as two or three users in a home office or thousands of
users in a corporation's central office. LANs are usually confined to one building or a group of
buildings

• Usually privately owned and Provides high data rates

• The most common type of Local Area Network is called Ethernet

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 7

 Metropolitan Area Network

• It covers medium geographical areas, such as cities / towns

• A larger network that mostly used to cover the area of the city. MAN used to connect
many LANs together in one region.
• Information is easily disseminated throughout the network.
• Provides high speed connectivity for Internet through DSL/ ADSL lines and other services
such as cable TV.

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 8

 Wide Area Network

• A network which covers a very large geographical area such as a country, continent or even
the world.

• WAN is a collection of LANs to share information globally.

• WANs used to be characterized with slow, noisy lines.

• Today WANs are very high speed with very low error rates.

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 9

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 10
 Differences between LAN & WAN & MAN

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 11

 Other Common Types of Area Networks

• Personal Area Network(PAN)

• Transmitting data wireless over a short distance.
• Bluetooth earpiece and a smartphone

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 12

 Other Common Types of Area Networks

• Campus Area Network(CAN)

• CAN is a group of interconnected LANs within a small geographical area, such as school,
university, hospital or a military base.

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 13

 Other Common Types of Area Networks

• Storage Area Network(SAN)

• SAN is a high-speed special purpose
network (or subnetwork) that
interconnects different kinds of storage
devices with associated data servers.

• In other words, network of storage devices

that can be accessed by multiple servers
or computers, providing a shared pool of
storage space.

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 14

 Other Common Types of Area Networks

• Virtual Local Area Network(VLAN)

• VLAN is a subset of LAN.
• VLAN provides an additional method
of managing the network traffic.

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 15

 Network Models

• PC network generally falls within one of these two network models.

• Sever-Based Network.

• Peer-to-Peer Network

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 16

 Server Based Network

• A server-based network consists of a group of user-oriented PCs (called clients) that request
and receive network services from specialized computers called servers.

• Servers are generally higher-performance systems; optimized to provide network services to

other PCs.

• In a server-based network environment, resources are located on a central server or group

of servers.

• A server is a computer that is specifically designated to provide services for the other
computers on the network.

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 17

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 18
 Peer-to-Peer Network

• Computers in a peer-to-peer network are typically situated physically near to each other and
run similar networking protocols and software.

• Before home networking became popular, only small schools-built peer to peer networks.
• Size:- It’s called as workgroups. Implies for small group of people.
• Cost:- Peer to peer network system is a less expensive system than Server –based networks.

• Operating systems:-Many operating systems support for peer-to-peer network. Therefore,

no additional software is required to set up a peer-to- peer network.

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 19

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 20
 Peer-to-Peer vs Server Based

Peer-to-Peer model Server Based model

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 21

 4.2 – NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 22

 Network
Topologies

Physical Topology Logical Topology

23
Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 23
 Physical Topology

• The mapping of the nodes of a network and the physical connections between them – the
layout of wiring, cables, the locations of nodes, and the interconnections between the nodes
and the cabling or wiring system.

• Example:
• Cables
• Computers
• Other peripherals

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 24

 Logical Topologies

• The logical topology, in contrast to the "physical", is the way that the signals act on the
network media, and how the data flow in the network.

• Ethernet
• Local Talk
• Token Ring
• FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)
• ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 25

 Physical Topologies

• Bus Topology
• Ring Topology
• Star Topology
• Tree Topology

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 26

 Bus Topology

• Bus topology is a network type in which every computer and network device is connected to
single cable.

• When it has exactly two endpoints, then it is called Bus topology.

• It transmits data only in one direction and every device is connected to a single cable.

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 27

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 28
 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bus Topology

Advantages Disadvantages
Easy to connect a computer or Entire network shut down if there is
peripheral to a bus. a break down in the main cable.
Terminators are required at both ends
of the backbone cable.
Requires less cable length than a star Difficult to identify the problem if the
topology. entire network shuts down.
Not meant to be used as a stand-
alone solution in a large building.

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 29

 Ring Topology

• In a ring topology, packets are sent aroundthe circle from computer to computer.
• Each computer looks at each packet to decide whether the packet was intended for it.

• If not, the packet is passed on to the next computer in the ring.

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 30

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 31
 Advantages and Disadvantages of Ring Topology

Advantages Disadvantages
Better than bus topology under Unidirectional traffic.
heavy traffic
No need of server to control Break in a single ring can risk the
connectivity among the nodes breaking of the entire network

Equal access to the resources Modern days high-speed LANs made this
topology less popular.

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 32

 Star Topology

• In this type of topology all the computers are connected to a single hub through a cable.

• This hub is the central node and all others nodes are connected to the central node.

• Every node has its own dedicated connection to the hub.

• Can be used with twisted pair, Optical Fiber or coaxial cable.

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 33

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 34
 Advantages and Disadvantages of Star Topology

Advantages Disadvantages

Easy to install and wire. Requires move cable length than bus
topology.
No disruptions to the network then If the hub or concentrator fails, nodes
connecting or removing devices. attached are disabled.

Easy to detect faults and to remove More expensive than bus topology.
parts.

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 35

 Tree Topology

• A tree topology is a special type of structure where many connected elements are arranged
like the branches of a tree.

• For example, tree topologies are frequently used to organize the computers in a corporate
network, or the information in a database.

• Tree topologies allow for the expansion of an existing network and enable organizations to
configure a network to meet their needs.

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 36

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 37
Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 38
 Advantages and Disadvantages of Tree Topology

Advantages Disadvantages

Extension of bus and star topologies. Heavily cabled.

Expansion of nodes is possible and If more nodes are added maintenance

easy. is difficult.
Easily managed and maintained. Costly.

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 39

 Mesh Topology

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 40

 Hybrid Topology

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 41

 4.3 – COMMUNICATION MEDIA

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 42

 Basic Types of Transmission

• Transmission media is a communication channel that carries the information from the sender
to the receiver. Data is transmitted through the electromagnetic signals.

• The main functionality of the transmission media is to carry the information in the form of
bits through LAN(Local Area Network).Factors to consider when selecting transmission
media.

• Transmission Rate
• Distance
• Cost and Ease of Installation
• Resistance to environmental conditions
Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 43
 Basic types of Transmission Media

• Twisted Pair Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cable

• Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cable
• Coaxial cable
• Thin Coaxial Cable Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

• Thick Coaxial Cable

• Optical Fiber

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 44

 Twisted Pair(TP)

• Twisted-pair cable is a type of cabling that is used for telephone communications and most
modern Ethernet networks. A pair of wires forms a circuit that can transmit data.

• The pairs are twisted to provide protection against crosstalk, the noise generated by
adjacent pairs.

• The most basic for TP cable consists of one or more pairs of insulated strands of copper wire
twisted around one another. The twisting is necessary to minimize electromagnetic radiation
and resist external interference.

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 45

 Unshielded Twisted Pair(UTP)

• The most popular type of cable today is unshielded twisted-pair cable (UTP).

• UTP cable is even cheaper than thin coaxial cable.

• UTP cable consists of pairs of thin wire twisted around each other; several such pairs are
gathered up inside an outer insulating jacket. Ethernet uses two pairs of wires, or four wires
altogether. The number of pairs in a UTP cable varies, but it’s often more than two.

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 46

 Twisted Pair(TP)

• Unshielded Twisted Pair(UTP)

• Category I – Traditional telephone wire cable of carrying voice but not data.
• Category II – Four Twisted Pairs of data transmission of up to 4Mbps.
• Category III – Four Twisted Pairs of data transmission of up to 10Mbps.
• Category IV- Four Twisted Pairs of data transmission of up to 16Mbps.
• Category V - Four Twisted Pairs of data transmission of up to 100Mbps.

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 47

 Shielded Twisted Pair(STP)

• Moderately expensive.
• Must be grounded, making installation more difficult than UTP.
• Most common transmission rate is 16Mbps.
• Distance is limited to 100m for 500Mbps,longer for speeds
• Shielded twisted pair cable (STP) has the individual pairs of wires wrapped in foil, which are
then wrapped again for double protection. Unshielded twisted pair cable (UTP) has each pair
of wires twisted together. Those wires are then wrapped in tubing without any other
protection.

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 48

 Coaxial Cable

• Coaxial cable is a type of copper cable specially built with a metal shield and other
components engineered to block signal interference.

• It is primarily used by cable TV companies to connect their satellite antenna facilities to

customer homes and businesses

• A major twisted pair and coaxial cable difference is related to shielding. Though coaxial
cables are more expensive, they support longer cable lengths because they are better
shielded. This superior shielding prevents crosstalk and other disruptions in traffic

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 49

 Coaxial Cable

Advantages Disadvantages
• Require fewer repeaters than • More expensive & difficultt to
Twisted Pair. install than twisted pair.
• Less expensive than fiber. • Need more room in wiring ducts
• Resilience (Flexible) than twisted pair.

50
Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 50
 Fiber Optical Cables
• Fiber optic cabling consists of a center glass core surrounded by several layers of protective
materials

• Fiber optics is used for long-distance and high-performance data networking. It is also
commonly used in telecommunication services, such as internet, television and telephones.

• Transmit light rather than electronic signals which eliminating the problem of electrical
interference.

• Ability to transmit signals over much longer distance.

• Data transmission at vastly greater speeds.
• It is more difficult to install and modify.
51
Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 51
 Fiber Optic Connector

• The most common connector used with fiber optic cable is an ST connector(Older version) .
It is barrel shape

• A newer connector SC, is becoming more popular. It has a squared face and is easier to
connect in a confined space,

52
Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 52
 Characteristics of Transmission Media

• Each type of transmission media has special characteristics that makes it suitable for a
specific type of service.

• Cost
• Installation requirements
• Bandwidth
• Band Usage(Baseband or Broadband)
• Attenuation
• Immunity from electromagnetic interference

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 53

 Bandwidth

• In computer networking, the term bandwidth refers to the measure of the capacity of a
medium to transmit data.

• A medium that has a high capacity, for example has a high bandwidth, where as a medium
that has limited capacity has a low bandwidth.

• Bandwidth can be best understood by using an analogy to water hoses.

• If a half inch garden hose can carry water flow from a trickle up to two gallons per minute,
then that hose can be said to have a bandwidth of two gallons per minute.

• Data transmission rates frequently are stated in terms of the bits that can be transmitted per
second
Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 54
 Allocate the Capacity of Transmission

• The two ways to allocate the capacity of transmission media are with baseband and
broadband transmissions.

• Baseband devotesthe entire capacity of the medium to one communication channel.

• Broadband enables two or more communication channels to share the bandwidth of
the communications medium.

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 55

 Attenuation

• Attenuation is a measure of how much a signal weakens as it travels through a medium.

• Attenuation is a contributing factor to why cable designs must specify limits in the lengths of
cable runs.

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 56

 Electromagnetic Interference

• Electromagnetic Interference(EMI) consists of outside electromagnetic noise that distorts

the signal in a medium.

• Crosstalk occurs when a signal transmitted on one cable interferes and corrupts the signal
transmitted on another cable in close proximity. It mainly occurs in communication systems
involving copper wires for transmission such as UTP (unshielded twisted pair cable) or coaxial
cable.

• Crosstalk is a special kind of interference caused by adjacent wires.

• Crosstalk is a particularly significant problem with computer networks because large number
of cables often are located close together with minimal attention to exact placement.

Friday, October 7, 2022 ESOFT METRO COLLEGE - BATTARAMULLA 57