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Design of Compact Multi-band EBG Structures

Conference Paper · December 2007

DOI: 10.1049/ic.2007.1397 · Source: IEEE Xplore

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 Dublin Institute of Technology
ARROW@DIT
School of Electronic and Communications
Conference papers
Engineering

2007-01-01

Design of Compact Multi-band EBG Structures

Xiulong Bao
Dublin Institute of Technology, [email protected]

Max Ammann
Dublin Institute of Technology, [email protected]

Recommended Citation
Bao, X., Ammann, M.: Design of compact multi-band EBG structures. EuCAP 2007:the Second European Conference on Antennas
and Propagation, Edinburgh, Scotland, 11-16 November, 2007.

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 Design of Compact Multi-band EBG Structures
X.L. Bao and M. J. Ammann
Centre for Telecommunications Value-chain Research,
School of Electronic & Communications Engineering,
Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin Street, Dublin 8, Ireland

Keywords: High-impedance EBG structure, of EBG structures. In [4-6], the convoluted metal strips
Transmission characteristics, Multi-band of EBG cells are employed to increase the inductance
and reduce the resonant frequency. But its stopband
Abstract width is very narrow and the only the characteristics of a
Several novel compact multiple-band high-impedance single stopband are investigated. Therefore it is limited
surface EBG structures are presented. By utilizing four in application..
S-shape corrugated arms or spiral arms connected to In this paper, we study several compact EBG structures,
the edge of a small square patch to increase the which can provide the characeristics of multiple
inductance, the resonant frequency of the EBG bandgap and realize miniaturization. By adjusting the
structure can be significantly reduced. In order to distance between the strips according to log periodic
broaden the width of the stopband and adjust the ratio distances, the various ratios of centre frequencies for
of the centre frequencies for multi-band EBG, a log multiple bandstop can be achieved.
periodic distance between the S-shape strips is
2. Design of Several Compact
implemented. The effects of the parameters of the
EBG structure on the width of stopbands are discussed
High-Impedance EBG Structures
in detail. The results show that the proposed novel
EBG structure can provide more multiple bandgap and A high-impedance surface (HIS) EBG cell can be
reduce the EBG size for a fixed periodicity. This considered as an LC network model, its first resonant
proposed EBG can be usefully applied to multiple frequency f 1 , and the relative bandstop
frequency antennas and low frequency antennas. 227- L.C

width of EBG structure is1 L For a HIS cell with

1. Introduction 77C
square-shaped metal, the values of inductance L and
In recent decades, there has been increased interest in
capacitance C are approximated by the formula [7]:
investigating electromagnetic bandgap structures (EBG), c= 0 (+r)PW cosh-l(Pa)
2T g
and various EBG structures as applied to microwave
L = puo h (ln(I1/ a) + a -1
circuits and antennas have been reported. Generally, the
periodic length of EBG structure is about a
Where a, is the ratio of the via's metal pole cross
half-wavelengh with respect to the centre-frequency and
sectional area to the unit cell area of EBG, h is the
the bandstop is narrow. So the investigations on the
thickness of substrate. Pa: periodical length, Pa = g +
compact, broadband and multiband EBG structure have
Pw, g is the gap distance between the square metals, Pw:
also been attractive to many researchers. In [1-3], the
the length of square metal.
high-impedance surface structure, which is composed of
To reduce the resonant frequency and reduce the size of
square metal and metal pads via the ground plane, is
EBG structure, several different metal shape arms are
introduced and analyzed in detail. Then, some new
connected to a small square metal via ground plane, as
techniques, which are mostly to increase the inductance
shown in Figure 1.
or capacitance, are utilized to improve the characteristics

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 MicrostriD Line
'7

l0

FR4
w
Substrate

(a) (b) (c)

(a) with four spiral arms (b) with four equal-distance S-shaped
arms (c) with four log-periodic- spaced S-shaped arms
Figure 1 The geometries of three compact EBG cells Via Pole

(a) Profile
In order to adjust the ratio of multiband centre frequency Ground Plane
and increase the width of the stopband of the (b) The configuration of HIS EBG
electromagnetic bandgap structure, log periodic
Figure 3 The model of transmission line for HIS EBG
structures are employed in the proposed EBG structure.
The log periodic structure is shown in Figure 2. For S-shape or spiral armed corrugated EBG structure,
its first resonant stopband will be reduced because of
increasing the inductance. At the same time, the
centre-frequencies of the multiple stopbands can be
tuned by changing the ratio of the log period. In
comparison to the conventional square metal EBG
structure, the proposed EBG structure can provide
wideband and multiple stopband characteristcs. The
effects of various parameters for the proposed EBG
structure are simulated and studied below:

3.1 Effect of patch shapes

Figure 2 The log periodic structure
Using the four-armed S-shape or spiral patch embedded
into the small square metal connecting to the ground
Ratio p = LIl L2 _L3 _ L4 _ _ Ln
L2 L3 L4 L5 Ln-I plane through metal pads to increase the inductance, the
first resonant frequency will be significantly reduced, as
3. Analysis on Transmission Coefficients of listed in Figure 4 and Table 1. For the S-shaped metal
Compact Multi-Band High-Impedance EBG structure with log periodic distance between the
EBG Structure strips, the widths of the bandstop can be broadened.

The proposed compact EBG structures are fabricated

using the substrate FR4, which has a relative
permittivity of 4.2, a thickness of 1.52mm, tan loss of
0.02. Several metal patches are connected to the
ground plane via a metal pole of radius 0.5mm. The top
layer on the high impedance surface structure has a co
cn
6.0mm width microstrip line which is in accordance
with 50 Ohm input impedance. The simulation models
of the transmission coefficients for the high-impedance
surface EBG structure is shown in Figure 3.

Frequency(GHz)

Figure 4 Comparison of S21 for different metal shapes EBG

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 Tablel. Comparison of multi-band and stopband width for
different metal shapes Table2. Comparison of multi-band and stopband width for
(periodic length Pa=18mm,Pw=16.Omm,Sg-0.4mm,Sa=2.0mm, different ratio of log period between the strips
g=2.Omm, metal pole radius=0.5mm, width of strip w=0.2mm ) (periodic length Pa=15mm, Pw=13.6mm,Sg-0.4mm,Sa=2.0mm,
g-1.4mm, metal pole radius=0.5mm, width of strip w=0.2mm)
fl(GHz) f2(GHz) f3(GHz)
Types
BW (0) BW(%) BW(%) Ratio of fl(GHz) F2(Ghz) f3(GHz) f1 t243
Square metal 1.846 log period BW(%) BW(%) BW(%)
34.6% 1.3 1.206 2.912 4.095 1:2.4:3.4
Spiral metal 0.881 2.161 3.092 27.3% 15.2% 16.5%
12.0% 14.2% 14.2% 1.4 1.264 3.146 4.416 1:2.5:3.5
Equal Distance 1.048 2.629 3.769 26.8% 16.8% 17.6%
21.6% 14.3% 18.4% 1.5 1.295 3.315 4.734 1:2.6:3.6
Log distance 1.210 3.075 4.186 26.5% 18.9% 20.0%
(p=1.5) 27.5% 15.4% 26.3%

3.3 Effect of width of strips

3.2 Effect of ratio of log period between the strips While the widths of strips for S-shape HIS EBG
In comparison with the conventional square metal HIS, structure with log periodic ratio p=1.5 are changed from
the four-armed S-shaped metal EBG with the 0.2mm to 0.8mm, the centre frequencies of multiple
variousdiffer differrent distances between the metal stopband will be somewhat raised and the widths of
strips can significantly increase the inductance and stopband will also become wider in comparison to other
reduce the resonant frequency. If the distances between HIS EBG structures. The simulation results are shown in
the metal strips are adjusted, the inductances and Figure 6 and are listed in Table 3 in detail. It is found
capacitances for HIS EBG cell are changed. So the ratio that the widths of first, second and third stopband, for
of multiband centre frequency is changed and the broad the EBG structure with 0.8mm width of strips are 38%,
width of the stopband can also be obtained. The 24%, and 25%, respectively.
simulated results are displayed in Figure 5 and are listed
in Table 2. It is noted that the ratio of the triband centre
frequency can be tuned from 1:2.4:3.4 to 1:2.6:3.6
because of the change of inductances and capacitances
in EBG cell while the ratios of log periodic length
changed from 1.3 to 1.5.

0-
0

-10 ----------
-- -- -- --
-o
C

m '30 -*-V\fdth=0.mn f

-60 -

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Frequency(GHz)

Figure 6 Comparison of S21 for HIS EBG structure for different

strip widths

2 3
Frequency(GHz)

Figure 5 Comparison of S21 for different Log-periodic EBG

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 Table3. Comparison of multi-band and stopband width for structure, the proposed EBG structure reduce the
can
different strip widths centre stopband frequencies by 4000 for the same
(periodic length Pa=15mm, Pw=13.6mm,p=1.5, periodic length. Secondly, the proposed EBG structure
Sa=2.Omm,Sg-0.4mm, g-=1.4mm, metal pole radius=0.5mm) can provide multiple bandstops, which can be applied to
multiband antennas. By adjusting the ratio of the log
Width of strips fl(GHz) F2(Ghz) f3(GHz) periodic, the ratio of the centre frequency for multi-band
BW(%) BW(%) BW(%) frequencies can be also tuned.
0.2mm 1.323 3.335 4.666
28.7% 19.0% 18.2% Acknowledgement
0.4mm 1.396 3.397 4.687 This work is supported by Science Foundation Ireland.
31.8% 19.6% 20.1%
0.6mm 1.466 3.507 4.817 References
34.7% 22.2% 22.1%
0.8mm 1.557 3.640 5.028 [1] D.Sievenpiper, L.J.Zhang, R.F.Broas,
38.0% 24.0% 25.2% N.G.Alexopolous, E.Yablonovitch, High-Impedance
Electromagnetic Surface with a Forbidden
Frequency Band, IEEE Transactions on Microwave
3.4 Effect of via metal pole radius size Theory and Techniques, vol.47, No.11, Nov. 1999,
For different sizes of metal pole radius, small changes pp.2059-2074.
in inductance will cause a small change in the resonant [2] S.P.Rea, D.Linton, E.Orr and J.McConnell,
frequency of HIS EBG structure. Broadband High-impedance Surface Design for
Aircraft HIRF Protection, IEE Proc.-Microwave
Antennas Propagation, Vol.153, No.4, Aug. 2006,
pp.307-313.
[3] L.Li, B.Li, H.X.Liu,C.H.Liang, Locally Resonant
C14 ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Cavity Cell Model for Electromagnetic Band Gap
Structures, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation, Vol.54, No.1, Jan. 2006, pp.90-100.
20
[4] C.R.Simovski, A.A.Sochava, High-Impedance
Surface Based on Self-Resonant Grids. Analytical
Modelling and Numerical Simulations, Progress In
Frequency(GHz) Electromagnetics Research, PIER No. 43, 2003,
pp.239-256.
Figure 7 Comparison of S21 with different Pole radius of EBG
[5] S.Tse, B.S.Izquierdo, J.C.Batchelor, R.J.Langley,
The parameters of the proposed HIS EBG are selected as Reduced Sized Cells for Electromagnetic Bandgap
follows: periodic length Pa=15mm, Pw=13.6mm, p=1.5, Structures, Electronics Letters, Vol.39, No.24, 27th
SgO0.4mm, Sa 2.0mm, g=1.4mm, width of strip Nov. 2003, pp.1699-1701.
w=0.8mm. As shown in Figure 7, the simulated results [6] Folayan, R.J.Langley, Wideband Reduced Size
show that the centre frequency increases somewhat with Electromagnetic Bandgap Structure, Electronics
increase of radius of via pole size. Letters, Vol.41, No.20, 29th Sept. 2005,
pp. 1099- 100.
4. Conclusions [7] S.Clavijo, R.E.Diaz, and W.E.McKinzie, Design
Methodology for Sievenpiper High-Impedance
The novel compact and multiband EBG structures are
Surfaces: An Artificial Magnetic Conductor for
designed and fabricated. The effects of parameters on
Positive Gain Electrically Small Antennas, IEEE
stopband characteristics for the proposed EBG structure
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol.51,
are studied in detail. In comparison with the
conventional square patch high impedance surface No.10, Oct. 2003, pp.2678-2690.

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