MT127: LINEAR ALGEBRA I

TUTORIAL 1 SOLUTIONS
1. (a) If Am×n and B p×q are two matrices, state the conditions for existence of

(i) A + B (ii) AB (iii) BA (iv) AB + BA

€ Solution:
€
(i) m = p, n = q (ii) n = p (iii) q = m (iv) m=n=p=q
€ € € €
(b) Matrix A has x rows and x + 5 columns. Matrix B has y rows and 11 − y columns.
Both AB and BA exist. Find x and y .
Solution:
€x+5 = €
y for AB € (1) € € €
11-y = x for BA (2)
€ €
(1) and (2) gives

From (1),
y = 8.

2. Suppose A is a 4 × 4 matrix with determinant 5.

(i) What is the rank of A ?
(ii) What is determinant of A 2 ?
(iii) Does A necessarily have an inverse? Give a brief justification for your answer.
€ €
Solution:
€
(i) Since the matrix is non-singular, the rank is the order of the matrix, i.e., 4.
2 €
(ii) € A 2 = A = 25
(iii) Yes. A square matrix A has inverse if and only if A ≠ 0.

3. A square matrix A is called an orthogonal matrix if AAT=I, where I is the identity matrix and AT the
€ transpose matrix of A. Show that the matrix
€ €
⎡ cosθ 0 sin θ ⎤
⎢ ⎥
A = ⎢ 0 1 0 ⎥
⎢⎣−sin θ 0 cosθ ⎥⎦

is an orthogonal matrix.
€ Solution: We have
⎡ cosθ 0 sin θ ⎤ ⎡cos θ 0 −sin θ ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
A = ⎢ 0 1 0 ⎥ and AT = ⎢ 0 1 0 ⎥
⎢⎣−sin θ 0 cosθ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ sin θ 0 cos θ ⎥⎦

€ €
 Now
⎡ cos θ 0 sin θ ⎤ ⎡cos θ 0 −sin θ ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
AAT = ⎢ 0 1 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 1 0 ⎥
⎢⎣ −sin θ 0 cos θ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ sin θ 0 cos θ ⎥⎦

⎡ cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ 0 −cosθ sin θ + sin θ cosθ ⎤

⎢ ⎥
€ = ⎢ 0+0+0 0 +1+ 0 0+0+0 ⎥
⎢⎣−sin θ cosθ + cos θ sin θ 0+0+0 2
sin θ + cos θ2 ⎥⎦

⎡1 0 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
€ = ⎢0 1 0 ⎥ = I (sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1)
⎢⎣0 0 1 ⎥⎦

Thus, A is an orthogonal matrix.

€
4. Find the rank of the matrix
€ ⎡1 3 4 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 3 7 5 ⎥
A=
⎢2 8 9 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣4 10 12 ⎦
Solution: We have

⎡1 3 4 ⎤
€ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 3 7 5 ⎥
A=
⎢2 8 9 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣4 10 12 ⎦

Applying elementary row operations, we obtain

⎡1 3 4 ⎤
€ ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 −2 −7 ⎥ R2 →R2 − 3R1
A~
⎢0 2 1 ⎥ R3 →R3 − 2R1
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 −2 −4 ⎦ R4 →R4 − 4R1

⎡1 3 4 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
€ 0 −2 −7
A ~ ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 0 −6 ⎥ R3 →R3 + R2
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 3 ⎦ R4 →R4 − R2

€
 ⎡1 3 4 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 −2 −7 ⎥
A~
⎢0 0 −6 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 0 ⎦ R4 →2R4 + R3

The above matrix is in upper triangular form and has three non-zero rows. Thus, the rank of the
Matrix A is 3.
€
5. (a) Solve the following system of linear equations using Gaussian elimination
method.
€ x + y + z − w = 2;
7x + y + 3z + w = 12
8x − y + z − 3w = 5
10x + 5y + 3z + 2w = 20

Solution:
The given system of linear equations can be written as
€

The augmented matrix is

Applying elementary row transformations to the augmented matrix , we obtain

 ...(1)

Thus,
From the third row of equation (1), we have

Substituting the value of w, we get

From the second row of equation (1), we have

Substituting the values of z and w, we get

From the first row of equation (1), we have

Or
Thus, the solution is

(b) Solve the following system of linear equations using the Gauss Jordan method.
x1 + 2x 2 − 3x 4 + x 5 =2
x1 + 2x 2 + x 3 − 3x 4 + x 5 + 2x 6 = 3
x1 + 2x 2 − 3x 4 + 2x 5 + x 6 = 4
3x1 + 6x 2 + x 3 − 9x 4 + 4 x 5 + 3x 6 = 9

€
 Solution: The augmented matrix of this linear system is
⎡1 2 0 −3 1 0 2 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢1 2 1 −3 1 2 3 ⎥
⎢1 2 0 −3 2 1 4 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣3 6 1 −9 4 3 9 ⎦

Reducing this matrix to reduced row-echelon form, we obtain (verify)

€ ⎡1 2 0 −3 0 −1 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 0 1 0 0 2 1 ⎥
⎢0 0 0 0 1 1 2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ⎦

The corresponding system of equations is

€ x1 + 2x 2 − 3x 4 + − x6 = 0
x3 + 2x 6 = 1
x5 + x6 = 2

Solving for the leading variables yields

€ x1 = r + 3s − 2t
x2 = t
x 3 = 1 − 2r
x4 = s
x5 = 2 − r
x6 = r
where r, s, and t are any real numbers.
Since r, s, and t can be assigned any real numbers, the given linear system has infinitely many
solutions.
€ 6. Use the Gauss-Jordan method to find the inverse of the following matrices:

Solution:
(i) Consider
Multiply R1 by

Hence
(ii) Consider

Interchange R1 and R3
 Hence

7. Write the following equations in matrix form AX=B and solve for X by finding A −1;
2x − 2y + z = 1
x + 2y + 2z = 2
2x + y − 2z = 7 €
Solution:
Given equations can be written as
⎡2 −2 1 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡1 ⎤
€ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢1 2 2 ⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢2 ⎥
⎢⎣2 1 −2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣7 ⎥⎦
⎡2 −2 1 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡1 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⇒ AX = B, where A = ⎢1 2 2 ⎥, X = ⎢ y ⎥, B = ⎢2 ⎥
€ ⎣⎢2 1 −2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 7 ⎥⎦
-1
To find A

€ ; ; ;

; ; ;
 ; ; ;

Also

By Matrix method X=A-1B

⇒ x = 2, y = 1, z = −1, is the required solution.

8. Investigate for consistency of the following equations and if possible find the solutions:
€ (i) 2x - 3y + 7z = 5, 3x + y - 3z = 13, 2x + 19y – 47z = 32.

(ii) 4x - 2y + 6z = 8, x + y - 3z = -1, 15x - 3y + 9z = 21

Solution:
(i) Writing the given equations in matrix notations, we have
⎡2 −3 7 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 5 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢3 1 −3 ⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢13 ⎥
⎢⎣2 19 −47 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣32 ⎥⎦

or AX = B, where
€
 ⎡2 −3 7 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 5 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
A = ⎢3 1 −3 ⎥, X = ⎢ y ⎥ , B = ⎢13 ⎥
⎢⎣2 19 −47 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 32 ⎥⎦

we apply rank method. Consider

⎡2 −3 7 5 ⎤
€ ⎢ ⎥
[A ]
B = ⎢ 3 1 −3 13 ⎥
⎢⎣2 19 −47 32 ⎥⎦

⎡2 −3 7 5 ⎤
€ ⎢ 11 27 11 ⎥ 2
~ ⎢0 − ⎥ R2 →R2 − R1
2
⎢0 22 2 2 3
⎣ −54 27 ⎥⎦ R3 →R3 − R1

⎡2 −3 7 5 ⎤
€ ⎢ 11 27 11 ⎥
~ ⎢0 − ⎥
⎢0 20 0
2 2 ⎥
5 ⎦ R3 →R3 − 4R2
⎣

which is in echelon form

€
Here r A [ ]
B = 3, r(A) = 2
∴ r A[ ]
B ≠ r(A).
Therefore the given system of equations has no solution or the given system is inconsistent.
€
(ii) 4x - 2y + 6z = 8, x + y - 3z = -1, 15x - 3y + 9z = 21
€ Solution:
Writing the given equations in matrix notations, we have
⎡ 4 −2 6 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 8 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 1 −3⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢−1⎥
⎢⎣15 −3 9 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣21⎥⎦

or AX = B, where
€ ⎡ 4 −2 6 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 8 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
A = ⎢ 1 1 −3⎥, X = ⎢ y ⎥, B = ⎢−1⎥
⎢⎣15 −3 9 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣21⎥⎦

we apply rank method. Consider

€
 ⎡ 4 −2 6 8 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
[A ]
B = ⎢ 1 1 −3 −1⎥
⎢⎣15 −3 9 21⎥⎦

Interchanging R1 and R2
⎡ 1 1 −3 −1⎤
€ ⎢ ⎥
~ ⎢ 4 −2 6 8 ⎥
⎢⎣15 −3 9 21⎥⎦

⎡1 1 −3 −1⎤
€ ⎢ ⎥
~ ⎢0 −6 18 12 ⎥ R2 →R2 − 4R1
⎢⎣0 −18 54 36 ⎥⎦ R3 →R3 −15R1

⎡1 1 −3 −1⎤
€ ⎢ ⎥
~ ⎢0 −6 18 12 ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 0 0 ⎥⎦ R3 →R3 − 3R3
Here r A [ ]
B = 2, r(A) = 2
⇒r A [ ]
B = r(A) = 2 < 3 = No. of unknowns
€ Therefore, the system has infinite solution. Take z = k
€ Expanding by 2nd row, -6y + 18z = 12
⇒ −6y = 12 −18z = 12 −18k
€
⇒ y = −2 + 3k
Expanding by the 1st row,
x + y − 3z = −1
⇒ x = −1+ 2 − 3k + 3k = 1
€
Hence x = 1, y = 3k − 2, z = k, is the required solution.

9. (a) Apply Cramer’s rule to solve the equations:

(i) x + y + z =0, 2x + 5y + 3z =1, -x + 2y + z = 2
€
(ii) 7x +10y + 5z =42, 13x + 6y +2z =31, 11x + 14y + 8z =63

Solution:
The given equations are
x + y + z =0
2x + 5y + 3z =1
-x + 2y + z = 2
 1 1 1
Here Δ = 2 5 3
−1 2 1
= 1(5 − 6) −1(2 + 3) +1(4 + 5) = −1 − 5 + 9 = 3 ≠ 0
∴ The system has a unique solution.

0 1 1
€
€ Δ1 = 1 5 3
2 2 1
= −1(1 − 6) +1(2 −10) = 5 − 8 = −3

Similarly,
1 0 1
€
Δ2 = 2 1 3 = 0
−1 2 1

1 1 0
€
Δ3 = 2 5 1 = 3
−1 2 2

Δ1 −3
€ ∴ x= = = −1
Δ 3
Δ 0
y = 2 = =0
Δ 3
Δ 3
z = 3 = =1
Δ 3

(ii) 7x +10y + 5z =42, 13x + 6y +2z =31, 11x + 14y + 8z =63

Solution:
€ The given equations are
7x +10y + 5z =42
13x + 6y +2z =31
11x + 14y + 8z =63
7 10 5
Here Δ = 13 6 2
11 14 8
= 7(48 − 28) −10(104 − 22) + 5(182 − 66)
= 140 − 820 + 580 = −100 ≠ 0

€
 ∴ The system has a unique solution.
42 10 5
Δ1 = 31 6 2
€ 63 14 8
= 42(48 − 28) −10(248 −126) + 5(434 − 378)
= 840 −1220 + 280
= -100
Similarly,
7 42 5
€ Δ 2 = 13 31 2 = −200
11 63 8

7 10 42
€
Δ 3 = 13 6 31 = −300
11 14 63
Δ1 −100
∴ x= = =1
Δ −100
Δ −200
€ y= 2 = =2
Δ −100
Δ −300
z= 3 = =3
Δ −100

(b) The sum of three numbers is 6. If we multiply the third number by 2 and add the first number to
€ the result, we get 7. By adding second and third numbers to three times the first number
we get 12. Use determinants to find the numbers.

Solution: Let the three numbers be x, y, z. Then, from the given conditions, we have

Here,
 1 6 1
D2 = 1 7 2 = 1(7 − 24) − 6(1 − 6) +1(12 − 21) = −17 + 30 − 9 = 4
3 12 1
and
1 1 6
€ D3 = 1 0 7 = 1(0 − 7) −1(12 − 21) + 6(1 − 0) = −7 + 9 + 6 = 8
3 1 12

Thus, the three numbers are 3, 1 and 2.

€

10. (a) Determine the values of λ and µ for which the equations 2x + 3y + 5z = 9,
7x + 3y - 2z = 8 and 2x + 3y + λz =µ have
(i) no solution
(ii) a unique solution
(iii) an infinite number of solutions.

Solution:
Writing the given equations in matrix notation, we have

or AX = B where

We apply rank method.

Consider

which is in echelon form.

(i) No solution. For this, we must have which is possible when
(ii) Unique solution. For this, we must have which
is possible when λ ≠ 5, µ ≠ 9 or µ = 9 i.e., µ may have any arbitrary value.

€
 (iii) Infinite solution. For this, we must have
which is possible when

(b) Show that the equations

3x + 4 y + 5z = a
4 x + 5y + 6z = b
5x + 6y + 7z = c
do not have a solution unless a + c = 2b.

€ Solution: Writing the given equations in matrix notation, we have

€
⎛ 3 4 5⎞ ⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ a⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 4 5 6⎟ ⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜ b⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 5 6 7⎠ ⎝ z ⎠ ⎝ c ⎠

or
€ ⎛ 3 4 5⎞ ⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ a⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
AX = B, A = ⎜ 4 5 6⎟ , X = ⎜ y ⎟ , B = ⎜ b⎟ .
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 5 6 7⎠ ⎝ z ⎠ ⎝ c ⎠
We apply rank method
⎛ 3 4 5 a⎞
⎜ ⎟
€ Consider A [ ]
B = ⎜ 4 5 6 b⎟
⎜ 5 6 7 c ⎟⎠
⎝
⎛ ⎞
⎜ 3 4 5 a ⎟
⎜ 1 2 4a ⎟ 4
€ ~ ⎜0 − − b − ⎟ R2 →R2 − R1
⎜ 3 3 3 ⎟ 3
⎜0 − 2 4 5a 5
− c − ⎟ R3 →R3 − R1
⎝ 3 3 3 ⎠ 3

⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
€ ⎜ 3 4 5 a ⎟
1 2 4a
~ ⎜0 − − b− ⎟
⎜ 3 3 3 ⎟
⎜0 0 0 5a ⎛ 4a ⎞⎟ R3 →R3 − 2R2
⎜ c− − 2⎜b − ⎟⎟
⎝ 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠⎠
5a 8a
Here r(A)=r[A|B]=2 if c − − 2b + =0
3 3
i.e., if 3c − 5a − 6b + 8a = 0
€

€
€
i.e., if c + a − 2b = 0
i.e., if a + c = 2b
Hence the given system of equations do not have a solution unless a + c = 2b.
€
€
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