Comparative Cost Study of Reinforced Concrete Flat Slab and Slab With Beam Floor Systems
Comparative Cost Study of Reinforced Concrete Flat Slab and Slab With Beam Floor Systems
Comparative Cost Study of Reinforced Concrete Flat Slab and Slab With Beam Floor Systems
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Comparative Cost Study of Reinforced Concrete Flat Slab and Slab with Beam
Floor Systems
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Muhamad Burhan
University Of Garmian
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Comparative Cost Study of Reinforced Concrete Flat Slab and Slab with Beam Floor Systems View project
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KALAR – KURDISTAN
2021-2022
I|Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, we would like to thank Allah for his kindness in helping us to
prepare this research, after that we would like to thank to supervisor (Mr.
Kocher Dara) for his encouragement and support, special thanks for those
who helped us by giving references to bring this research to its end. Also
special thanks to the Department of civil Engineering and our teachers, and
deeply thankful do our family s for their love, care and boundless support.
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ABSTRACT
Slab selection and design becomes a major subject of concern in
traditional building design. In most circumstances, slab design and
selection are primarily driven by cost and, of course, safety. When
constructing floor slabs, it is frequently thought of as a cost-
effective and material-saving option. The comparison between slab
with beam system and Flat plate (i.e. Two Way Slab without
beams) is carried out on the basis of economics in this study,
"Comparative Study of Slab with beam and Flat Plate System."
Essentially, the comparison of the two slab systems in terms of
span length is the emphasis of this research; In contrast, a cost
comparison is performed based on the total cost. On the other
hand, they are compared in terms of overall cost (which includes
material costs, form work costs, and so on). For both slab systems,
the "ETAB program" was utilized for design purposes. We have
three models for each slab (6m, 7m, and 8m), and flat plates are
less costly for spans of 6m to 7m, but slab with beam are less
costly for span of 8m. The Cost of flat plate slab for long spans are
more than slab with beam because with increasing span length load
increase and in flat plat slab all load are resisted only by slab so the
moment on the slab is more than the slab with beam of. Therefore
increased the deflections and also require more reinforcement and
increase the depth compared with slab with beam and therefore it
cost more these comparison findings provide a clear picture that
can be used to choose the best cost-effective slab system.
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Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................. II
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................. III
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................. 1
1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1
1.1 GENERAL: ........................................................................................ 1
1.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVE: ................................................................... 4
1.3 OUTLINE OF THE PROJECT: ........................................................ 4
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................ 5
2 LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................... 5
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................... 5
2.2 MULTISTORY BUILDING .............................................................. 5
2.2.1 Reinforced Concrete Multistory Building ................................... 8
2.3 TYPE OF SUSPENDED FLOOR ..................................................... 9
2.3.1 Ribbed slab................................................................................... 9
2.3.2 Flat slab ........................................................................................ 9
2.3.3 Flat plates slab: ............................................................................ 9
2.3.4 Slab with beam:.......................................................................... 14
2.4 COST ESTIMATION ...................................................................... 17
2.4.1 Approximate Estimation ............................................................ 19
2.4.2 Detailed Estimation .................................................................... 20
CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................... 22
3 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................. 22
3.1 GENERAL ....................................................................................... 22
3.2 MATERIALS ................................................................................... 22
3.3 NUMERICAL MODELS................................................................. 22
3.4 Design: ............................................................................................. 29
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3.5 Long Term Deflection Analysis using SAFE Program: .................. 30
3.6 BEAM DESIGN ............................................................................... 34
3.6.1 Equation needed for design the beam: ....................................... 34
3.6.2 Checking shear for the beam. .................................................... 35
3.7 DESIGN OF SLAB WITH BEAM :............................................... 35
3.7.1 Equation needed for design of slab:........................................... 35
3.8 DESIGN OF FLAT PLATE SLAB ................................................. 38
3.8.1 Equation and procedure needed for Design of Flat Plate Slab: . 38
3.9 CHECKING FOR PUNCHING SHEAR FOR FLAT PLATE SLAB
40
3.9.1 Equation and procedure needed for Checking Punching Shear for
Flat Plate Slab ......................................................................................... 40
CHAPTER FOUR......................................................................................... 42
4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION ............................................................... 42
4.1 General : ........................................................................................... 42
4.2 Estimation of quantities.................................................................... 45
4.2.1 Flat Plate Slab ............................................................................ 45
4.2.2 Slab with beam :......................................................................... 51
4.2.3 Summary: ................................................................................... 62
4.3 Cost analysis ..................................................................................... 63
CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................... 67
5 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................... 67
REFERENCE................................................................................................ 69
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List of table:
Table 2.1 :Minimum thickness of non pre-stressed two way slab without
interior beam ................................................................................................. 11
Table 2.2 : The distribution coefficient for edge span .................................. 12
Table 2.3 : Portion of interior negative Mu in column strip ......................... 12
Table 2.4 : Portion of exterior negative Mu in column strip ........................ 13
Table 2.5 : Portion of positive Mu in column strip ...................................... 13
Table 2.6 : Portion of column strip Mu in beam .......................................... 13
Table 2.7 : Minimum thickness of non-pre-stressed two way slab with beam
spanning between of all side ......................................................................... 16
Table 2.8 : Source and relation of literature review ..................................... 21
Table 3.1 : minimum load on floor ............................................................... 23
Table 3.2: Minimum thickness of slab and minimum depth and
width of beams .............................................................................................. 28
Table 3.3:Minimum thickness of slab and minimum depth and
width of beams .............................................................................................. 29
Table 3.4: Minimum thickness of slab with beam........................................ 35
Table 3.5 The distribution coefficient for edge span .................................... 36
Table 3.6 Portion of interior negative Mu in column strip ........................... 36
Table 3.7 Portion of exterior negative Mu in column strip .......................... 37
Table 3.8 Portion of positive Mu in column strip......................................... 37
Table 3.9 Portion of column strip Mu in beam............................................. 37
Table 3.10: Minimum thickness of non pre-stressed two way slab without
interior beam ................................................................................................. 38
Table 3.11 The distribution coefficient for edge span .................................. 39
Table 3.12 Portion of interior negative Mu in column strip ......................... 39
Table 3.13 Portion of exterior negative Mu in column strip ........................ 39
Table 3.14 Portion of positive Mu in column strip....................................... 40
Table 3.15 Portion of column strip Mu in beam........................................... 40
Table 4.1:Moment and Reinforcement result for floor systems ................... 43
Table 4.2: concrete quantity.......................................................................... 46
Table 4.3: Slab steel quantity........................................................................ 46
Table 4.4: : concrete quantity ....................................................................... 48
Table 4.5: Steel quantity ............................................................................... 48
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Table 4.6: : concrete quantity ....................................................................... 50
Table 4.7: Steel quantity ............................................................................... 50
Table 4.8: Concrete quantity......................................................................... 53
Table 4.9: Slab steel quantity........................................................................ 53
Table 4.10: Beam steel quantity ................................................................... 54
Table 4.11: Concrete quantity....................................................................... 56
Table 4.12: Slab steel quantity...................................................................... 57
Table 4.13: Beam steel quantity ................................................................... 57
Table 4.14: Concrete quantity....................................................................... 60
Table 4.15: Slab steel quantity...................................................................... 60
Table 4.16: Beam steel quantity ................................................................... 61
Table 4.17 : Quantity of Flat plate Slab ........................................................ 62
Table 4.18 : Quantity of Slab with beam with Beam ................................... 62
Table 4.19: cost analysis table for span length 6 m ...................................... 63
Table 4.20: cost analysis table for span length 7 m ...................................... 64
Table 4.21: cost analysis table for span length 8 m ...................................... 65
Table 4.22: Long-term Deflection Check .................................................... 66
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List of figure:
VIII | P a g e
CHAPTER ONE
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL:
The concept of the multistory building has changed throughout history,
the arose in urban areas where increased land prices and great population
densities created a demand for buildings that rose vertically rather than
spread horizontally, thus occupying less precious land area [1].
The Seven Wonders of the World, built around 2600 B.C., is one of
these ancient towering constructions. Such constructions were built for
defense and to demonstrate the population's pride in their homeland
Civilization. The rise of contemporary multi-story building development,
which began in the 1960s, has continued to this day. It was built primarily
for business and residential reasons in the late 1800s [1].
The growth of the city has been facilitated by the construction of the
high-rise structure. In emerging nations like India, the trend of urbanization,
which began with the industrial revolution, is still continuing. People move
to urban areas as a result of industrialization, where work possibilities are
available. Land available for construction to meet this movement is
becoming limited, resulting in a significant rise in land prices. As a result,
developers have turned to the sky to create money. Multistory structures are
the outcome, since they give a significant floor space in a relatively little
amount of land in metropolitan areas[1].
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Scheduling and sequencing is concerned with assigning limited
resources to activities in the most efficient way possible throughout time.
The scheduling of project activities that are subject to priority and/or
resource restrictions is referred to as the project scheduling issue [2].
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While project management and cost engineering have come such a long
way, we still see far too many major budget overruns and delays. There is a
solution to the massive problem of budget overruns. During the later
decennials, the Successive Principle was used to show this. It has proven in
practice that correct, unbiased decisions can be made. Statistical projections
of the project's real cost or other critical metrics. Given the circumstances,
the findings presented here may be surprising. Cost overruns have a well-
documented history. These principles have been generally recognized by top
management in Scandinavia. Authorities. Professional project management
has improved as a result of it.[4]
Cost estimate aims to validate the work to be executed; this can happen
on a detail, phase or project level. The actual cost will remain always
unknown awaiting the completion of that work. From this very nature of
uncertainty comes the importance of reliable cost estimate, and the reason
beyond contingency and risk allocations. No matter how complex is the
required cost estimate, it always follows a simple process; generate input
data, process this data by applying appropriate method(s) (computation
formulas) to obtain an output.[5]
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1.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVE:
1- Carrying out a complete analysis and design of the floor systems by
using (Etabs 2016).
2- To compare the cost between Slab with beam and flat plate slab.
3- To compare the required time for constructing of slab with beam and
flat plate slab.
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion: In this chapter results will have been
showing and compare the results.
Chapter 5 Conclusions:
4|Page
CHAPTER TWO
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
A literature review examines published information in a certain subject
area, as well as information published within a specific time period.
Any construction with a height that could make evacuation difficult for
most purposes, the cut-off point for high-rise structures is roughly seven
floors. A high-rise is sometimes defined as seven stories or more, while
sometimes it is defined as more than seven stories. Rather than story s, the
definition is sometimes expressed in linear height (feet or meters) [6].
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Figure 2.1 Multistory Building
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Figure 2.2 Multistory Building
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2.2.1 Reinforced Concrete Multistory Building
For the development of optimal building structures, the design and
implementation of the most effective floor system is critical. Small changes
to a floor system's design can have a significant impact on the cost of
materials, construction schedule, overall power, operating expenses,
occupancy rates, and building end utilization. It would be impossible to
construct new structures out of concrete without reinforcing [7].
8|Page
2.3 TYPE OF SUSPENDED FLOOR
Flat slabs can withstand larger loads over longer spans than similar flat
plates. They are occasionally employed in factories and warehouses where
the weights are too great for a flat-plate design to be efficient. Most
designers, however, would move to a one-way or two-way floor on beams
for really large loads [8].
Flat slabs, like flat plates, are prone to high and unpredictable
deflections. Any beamless floor is likely to disappoint when the user
requires a perfectly level surface. For spans of up to 10 m (34 ft.) in both
directions, flat slabs can be used [8].
2. Poor use of resources due to the fact that the entire floor must be as
thick as its most strongly strained component.
Advantage:
1. Simple formwork that may be used for either a direct fix or a sprayed
ceiling.
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Disadvantage:
Table 2.1 :Minimum thickness of non pre-stressed two way slab without
interior beam
without drop panel[3] with drop panel[3]
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Determine the Moment we use Equation below from (ACI318-14):
Mo = Equation 2.1
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Portion of exterior negative moment in column strip:
βt = Equation 2.4
.[9]
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2.3.4 Slab with beam:
Each hanging panel is supported on all four sides by beams or walls in
these designs. A simple two-way floor with beams on every column line is
depicted in the diagram below. The supports might be carrying walls as well.
In addition to the beams on the column lines, some designers utilize
intermediate beams. A waffle slab is created when the distance between
intermediate beams is smaller than 3m (10 feet), comparable to a one-way
joist floor but with the joists going in two ways. Over equivalent spans, two-
way floors on beams deflect less than other suspended floors. Waffle floors
have a great track record.
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difficult to construct. They should be developed to employ prepared forms
whenever feasible to reduce the effort and cost [8].
Advantage:
4. It's a great thing to conceal utilities like electrical and mechanical pipes
[8].
Disadvantage:
αf = Equation 2.6
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To determine the thickness we use table below:
1- αfm is the average value of αf for all beams on edges of a panel and αf
shall be calculated in accordance with 8.10.2.7.
2- Ln is the clear span in the long direction, measured face-to-face of
beams ( mm ).
3- β is the ratio of clear spans in long to short directions of slab.
16 | P a g e
2.4 COST ESTIMATION
Estimating the cost of transportation projects is an important
component of the project development process. The cost estimating process
include not only gathering important information about a project's scope and
projected resource costs, but also predicting the effects of changes in project
scope, available resources, and national and global market circumstances on
project costs over time [10].
Where the span is wider, grid slabs are required, and grid beams are
given to reduce the span. Grid slabs are suitable for longer spans with heavy
loads because they eliminate dead load due to voids. Grid slabs are less
expensive and have better vibration resistance. The project's purpose is to
determine which of the conventional slab, flat slab with drop, and grid slab
is the most cost-effective [11].
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In this work, story displacement, shear force, bending moment, and
story drift were evaluated in a G+5 commercial multi-story structure with
flat slab, standard slab, and gird slab. There are a total of 18 structures that
have been investigated. Dead load, live load, and seismic load were used to
evaluate the performance and behavior of all structures in India's seismic
zone III. Shear force, Bending Moment, tale shear, and story displacement
are all examples of the effects of shear force [11].
The FLAT slab system of construction is one in which the beam, which
is utilized in traditional techniques of construction, is removed and the load
from the slabs is transferred straight to the columns and ultimately to the
foundation. Column heads or capitals are usually included with drops or
columns. Grid floor systems are monolithic with slab and comprise of beams
spaced at regular intervals in perpendicular directions. They are commonly
used for architectural purposes in big rooms such as auditoriums, vestibules,
theatre halls, and retail show rooms, where column free space is often the
most important need [12].
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Estimating costs is an important aspect of every project's planning. It's
the process of estimating the amount, cost, and price of resources needed for
a project. The cost of slabs for any building project varies due to variances in
construction processes between different types of slabs. As a result, the goal
of this study is to compare the building costs of four distinct types of floor
slab systems using diverse construction methods [14].
TYPES OF ESTIMATIONS:
Unit costs are calculated for projects that are similar to the one under
consideration and were completed recently under almost identical site
circumstances. The cost of doing a unit quantity of work is referred to as the
unit cost. To get an idea of how much a project will cost, this worked
average unit cost is multiplied with total quantity of the present work in the
same units [10].
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2.4.2 Detailed Estimation
A detailed estimate is a precise estimate that involves calculating the
amounts of each item of work as well as the cost. Each item's dimensions,
length, width, and height are accurately extracted from the design, the
quantity of each item is computed, and abstracting and billing are completed.
After the design has been approved, comprehensive estimates are created by
carefully and independently determining the prices of various components of
work that make up the entire project using detailed working drawings. If
there were any errors in the approximate estimate, these are corrected in the
detailed estimate. For technical approval, detailed estimates are presented to
the appropriate authorities [10].
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Hyari, K. H., Al-Daraiseh, A. and El-
✓
Mashaleh, M. (2016)
Kuljaroenwirat, N. and Seresangtakul,
✓
P. (2016)
Agrama, F. A. (2014)
Table 2.8 : Source and relation of literature review
✓
Hyari, K. and El-Rayes, K. (2006)
✓
Muhamm.T Hatamleh, Mohammed
Hiyassat, Ghaleb Jalil Sweis, Rateb
✓
Jalil Sweis, A. (2011)
Elfaki, A. O., Alatawi, S. and
Abushandi, E. (2014)
✓
Arditi, D., Sikangwan, P. and
Tokdemir, O. B. (2002)
✓
Zima, K. (2015)
✓
Huawang, S. and Wanqing, L. (2008)
✓
Ji, C., Hong, T. and Hyun, C. (2010)
21 | P a g e
✓
Firouzi, A., Yang, W. and Li, C.-Q. (2016)
✓
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CHAPTER THREE
3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 GENERAL
This chapter will clarify the type and properties of the materials that
used in this study. Moreover, it will describe the procedures, plan, size and
dimension of members, this study focuses on comparing floor system with
slab with beam and flat plate system. To design those models the ʺ Etabs
2016 ʺ.
3.2 MATERIALS
3.2.1 Concrete compressive strength is 25MPa.
3.2.2 Steel yield tensile strength is 420MPa.
3.2.3 Reinforce Concrete Frame
The reinforced concrete frame is a superstructure made up of horizontal
and vertical components, such as columns and beams. The vertical elements,
or columns, of this structure support the whole load of the building, making
them the most significant aspect of this style of construction.
3.3 NUMERICAL MODELS
In this research Estimated for three models that only their span length
are different between models for two different type of slab that are flat plate
system and slab with beam system
The plan shown is a School .
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Figure 3.2 3D plan of the school
Column size is 400 × 400 mm .
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Hollowblockwallstobebuiltbetweencolumns,20cmwidthandγ=14
kN⁄m3 .
Calculating Slab Thickness :
Hslab=
For edge
L=5.6m,Fy=420MPa,Fc’=25MPa,
Span length 7 m .
L=7m,Fy=420MPa,Fc’=25MPa,
Ln=6.6m
Hslab=
For edge
L=6.6m,Fy=420MPa,Fc’=25MPa,
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Span length 8 m.
L=8m,Fy=420MPa,Fc’=25MPa,
Ln=7.6m
Hslab= .
For edge
Ln =7.6m,Fy=420MPa,Fc’=25MPa,
αf =
αf =
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Islab(interior) = 7000*2003/12=46.60*108mm4
αf1(edge)= 21.6*108mm4/24.6*108mm4=0.878
αf(2,3,4)= 28.8*108mm4/46.60*108mm4= 0.62
αf(total) = (0.878+3*0.62)/4 =0.68
0.2≤ αf≤2sousetable8.3.1.1:
Hslab =217mm≥assumed(200mm).
Span length 8 m.
L=8m,Fy=420MPa,Fc’=25MPa,
Design of beam Section :
Minimum depth of beam according to ACI-14-19 Table 9.3.1.1 is:
H = L/18.5
=8000mm/18.5=432mm≈440mm
H=b(1.5) = 440=1.5*b
b = 293mm ≈ 300
Beam section = (300*440)mm
For depth of Slab with beam we assume depth of slab is 250mm that
is required for determining the moment of inertia of the slab that
required in the (αf ) equation for determining the slab thickness.
αf =
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Islab(interior) = 8000*2503/12=10.42*109mm4
αf1(edge)= 3,2*109mm4/5.47*109mm4=0.585
αf(2,3,4)= 4.26*109mm4/10.42*109mm4= 0.41
αf(total) = (0.585+3*0.41)/4 =0.454
0.2≤αf≤2souse
Minimum Beam
Span length Slab Minimum Minimum
Type of slab
(m) thickness Width Depth
(mm) (mm) (mm)
6 190
flat plate slab 7 220
8 260
6 150 220 330
slab with beam 7 220 270 380
8 230 300 440
After designing for minimum thickness and minimum width and depth for
those models, decided to increase the slab thickness and beams width and
depth depending on the punching ratio ( 0.9 ) because of those reasons:
1- Required a lot of steel reinforcement that is not economical.
2- The space are very small that cause the segregation.
3- The slab failure mode is in compression that by increasing the thickness
the failure mode became tension failure.
4- To decrease the stress on the beam that decrease the deflection.
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Table 3.3:Minimum thickness of slab and minimum depth
and width of beams
Minimum Beam
Span length Slab Minimum Minimum
Type of slab
(m) thickness Width Depth
(mm) (mm) (mm)
6 260
flat plate slab 7 280
8 350
6 200 300 500
slab with beam 7 250 350 450
8 260 400 600
3.4 Design:
For design those models the ʺ Etabs 2016ʺ program are used by this
procedure:
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8- Appling the live load and super dead load on the floor and beam in the
slab with beam models and on the floor in a flat plate models,don’t
applying the dead load of the frames because the program
automatically applying it .
9- Run the model and in display determined the moment and shear and
deflection of all frame required.
10- Designing the frame and concrete reinforced slab that displayed the
steel required.
11- In detailing can take all detail required.
3.5 Long Term Deflection Analysis using SAFE Program:
Long-term Deflection = 75%LL (immediate effect) + 25% LL+DL+SDL
(long-term effect).
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4. Define a Load Case for Long-Term- Sustained(Go to Define>Load
Cases>Add New Case > tick nonlinear (long-term cracked) for the
analysis type)
5.
Figure 3.4 Define a Load Case for Long-Term- Sustained
6. Define a Load Case for Immediate-Sustained(Go to Define>Load
Cases>Add New Case > tick nonlinear (cracked) for the analysis type)
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7. Define Load Combination: “Elastic”-to display elastic deflection for
service loads.( Go to Define>Load Combinations>Add new
combinations)
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9. Run Analysis.
(Go to Run>Run Analysis & Design)
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3.6 BEAM DESIGN
1. Procedure:
1. Assume (Width , height ) of the beam.
M= Equation 3.3
by Assuming.
6. Find diameter of bars.
7. Check the :
P= Equation 3.5
√
and compare it with Pmin=0.25 Equation 3.6
use larger .
8. Check Spacing.
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3.6.2 Checking shear for the beam.
1- Procedure:
1. Find : Vu= . Equation 3.7
αf = Equation 3.9
1. αfm is the average value of a for all beams on edges of a panel and a
shall be calculated in accordance with 8.10.2.7.
2. Ln is the clear span in the long direction, measured face-to-face of
beams (mm).
3. βistheratioofclearspansinlongtoshortdirectionsof slab.
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3. Determine the Moment we use Equation below from (ACI318-14):
Mo = Equation 3.10
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Portion of exterior negative moment in column strip:
Table 3.7 Portion of exterior negative Mu in column strip
Note:Linearinterpolationsshallbemadebetweenvaluesshownβt is
calculated using Eq. (8.10.5.2a), where C is calculated using Eq. (8.10.5.2b).
Portion of positive moment in column strip:
Table 3.8 Portion of positive Mu in column strip
βt = Equation 3.13
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3.8 DESIGN OF FLAT PLATE SLAB
3.8.1 Equation and procedure needed for Design of Flat Plate Slab:
Mo = Equation 3.15
38 | P a g e
The distribution coefficient for edge span:
Table 3.11 The distribution coefficient for edge span
Note:Linearinterpolationsshallbemadebetweenvaluesshownβt is
calculated using Eq. (8.10.5.2a), where C is calculated using Eq. (8.10.5.2b).
39 | P a g e
Portion of positive moment in column strip:
Table 3.14 Portion of positive Mu in column strip
3.9.1 Equation and procedure needed for Checking Punching Shear for
Flat Plate Slab
β: is the ratio of long side to short side of the column, concentrated load or
reaction area .
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Vc = 0.083 ( 2 + )λ√ bo d Equation 3.20
The value of αs is 40 for interior columns, 30 for edge columns, and 20 for
corner columns
The design strength is taken as V as usual, where 0 = 0.75 for shear. The
basic requirement is then V.s ≤ ØV.
Design Procedure:
1. Calculate factored applied shear load, Vu
2. Calculate ∅Vc (least values of eq.3.19 to eq.3.20 )
3. Check weather shear reinforcement is required, If ∅ Vc≥Vushear
reinforcement is not required.
41 | P a g e
CHAPTER FOUR
We have two different type of slab (Slab with beam, Flat Plate Slab)
with different span (6m,7m,8m),basing on the result we have using (flat
plate slab) for the building with (6m,7m) span is more economic because we
need lesser amount of reinforcement comparing with (slab with beam),and
for the building with (8m)span its more economical to use (slab with beam).
42 | P a g e
Table 4.1:Moment and Reinforcement result for floor systems
Description floor system
Flat Plate Slab Slab with beam
Span length 6 7 8 6 7 8
(m)
Slab thickness 0.26 0.28 0.35 0.2 0.25 0.26
(m)
+M
edge strip
( KN.m/m )
Middle strip 193 291 475 87 165 425
Column strip 119 182 291 46 96 232
-M
edge strip
( KN.m/m )
Middle strip 94 135 192 57 89 133
Column strip 194 309 466 77 149 256
As bottom 3920 5360 6726 2376 3557 5130
Edge strip
( mm2/m )
As top 3894 5209 6533 2143 3265 5769
Edge strip
( mm2/m )
+M
interior strip
( KN.m/m )
Middle strip 198 295 491 90 165 234
Column strip 239 370 585 107 200 497
-M
interior strip
( KN.m/m )
Middle strip 119 177 274 66 112 169
Column strip 506 810 1265 208 407 701
As bottom 8089 11317 13905 4515 6891 11026
interior strip
( mm2/m )
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As top 5475 7319 9204 3148 4563 9202
interior strip
( mm2/m )
Exterior Beam - - -
Size - - - 0.5*0.3 0.55*0.35 0.6*0.4
-M - - - 64.2 105.6 179
+M - - - 44.4 61.8 106
As bottom - - - 433 566 709
( mm2/m )
As top - - - 467 614 944
( mm2/m )
As for shear and - - - 772 729 1638
torsion
Interior Beam - - -
Size - - - 0.5*0.3 0.55*0.35 0.6*0.4
-M - - - 96.2 137.3 221.3
+M - - - 56 73.5 131.1
As bottom - - - 442 847
( mm2/m )
As top - - - 616 797 1298
( mm2/m )
As for shear - - - 204 232 674
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4.2 Estimation of quantities
Span Length 6m :
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Span Length 7m :
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g:Ø12mm@15cm c/c top cut bar,interior column strip
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Span Length 8m :
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f:Ø12mm@20cm c/c bottom continuous bar interior column strip
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K 120 24.11 2893.2 0.888 2569.162
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a:Ø12mm@40cm c/c bottom continuous bar, exterior column strip
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Table 4.10: Beam steel quantity
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Span Length 7m:
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Table 4.12: Slab steel quantity
Total Weight Total Steel
Location Item Number Length
Length Kg/m weight (Kg)
(m)
(m) ( Kg )
Exterior A 20 21.11 422.2 0.888 374.9136
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E 8 21.11 168.88 1.58 266.8304
Span Length 8 m :
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Table 4.16: Beam steel quantity
D 4 18 72 1.58 113.76
H 4 18 72 1.58 113.76
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4.2.3 Summary:
Here by putting two tables, we will show all the required quantities of
concrete and steel for all span length in both systems:
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4.3 Cost analysis
In these floor systems, the concrete used have fcˊ= 25 MPa and the unit cost
for one cubic meter(1m3) is 38 $ , as well as the steel used is mass steel and
for fy=420 MPa The price for one tone is 1060 $.
Span Length 6 m :
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Span Length 7 m :
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Span Length 8 m :
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50
45
40
35
total cost / m2
30
6m
25
7m
20 8m
15
10
0
Flat Plate slab Slab with beam
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CHAPTER FIVE
5 CONCLUSION
This research was carried out using ACI 318-14 and ASCE-16
requirements. Only gravity loads, such as dead and live loads, were taken
into account during the design process. The flooring that was considered for
this project all have the same panel sizes. The suggestions of this study can't
be followed if panel sizes change, however they can be followed for similar
types of floors, such as equal spanning floors in the same direction. The flat-
plates that were designed were thought to have no edge beams. To compare
the results fairly, some design characteristics were held constant, such as
material strength, bar size, loads, and so on.
And slab with beam are more efficient for spans of 8m and above but
if the span was short using this type of slab will cost more because usually
beams used for resisting high loads compared with slab and because short
spans have less load on it cost of slab with beam for small spans is more
Flat slab structure leads to economic saving, aesthetic view and yet
allow the architect from great freedom of form works as compared to
conventional slab structure
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Future Recommendation
Recommendations made in this report are grouped into the following three
factor of importance, to know how this factors will effect on cost of the
building, the factors are:
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