ASSESSMENT 1

STA416-FRONT PAGE
APPLIED PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

GROUP NAME: ___________________

NAME STUDENT ID GROUP

NOORKHAIRUNNISA BINTI HASSAN 2022770469 CS2402B
NOOR SYUHADA BINTI MOHAMAD FAUZI 2022753267 CS2402B
NUR ALIA IZZATI BINTI AZMAN 2022753011 CS2402B

LECTURER
DR. NOOR FADHILAH BINTI AHMAD RADI

FOR EXAMINER USE ONLY

Marks
1

Total

TABLE OF CONTENT
1
1.0 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………
2.0 OBJECTIVES………………………………………………………………………
3.0 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES…………………………………………………………
4.0 DATA COLLECTION METHOD………………………………………………………
5.0 DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULT…………………………………………………
5.1 YEAR 2011…………………………………………………………………
5.2 YEAR 2012………………………………………………………………….
5.3 YEAR 2013……………………………………………………………………
5.4 YEAR 2014……………………………………………………………………
5.5 YEAR 2015…………………………………………………………………….
6.0 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………….

2
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Fire is the rapid oxidation of a substance (the fuel ), releasing heat, light and
different reaction products. Flames are created at a specific stage of the
combustion reaction known as the ignition point. The part of the fire that can be
seen is the flame. Carbon dioxide, water vapor, oxygen and nitrogen make up
most of a flame. The gases could form plasma if they get hot enough to ionize
them. The color of the flame and the strength of the fire will vary depending on
the materials that are burning as well as any outside pollutions. The fire
incidences in Malaysia, the government must raise public awareness of the need
of maintaining building safety. According to Datuk Wan Mohd Nor Ibrahim,
director – general of the Fire and Rescue Department, on average at about 6000
buildings are damaged by fire each year across the country. There are about 40%
that is according to him are private residences while the remaining 60% are
different types of structures like offices, factories, schools and shophouses.
The most frequent form of fire is conflagration that has a capacity to harm
physical objects through burning. Fire is a significant process that has an impact
on ecological systems all around the world. Fire has beneficial impacts such as
promoting growth and preserving different ecological systems. Hazard to life and
property, air pollution and water contamination are some of its detrimental effects.
Heavy rains may enhance soil erosion by water if a fire destroys protecting plans.
Additionally, nitrogen is released into the atmosphere when vegetation is burned
as opposed to potassium and phosphorus which remain in the ash and are
promptly recycled into the soil. A fire’s loss of nitrogen results in a long-term
decline in the fertility of the soil.
One of the four classical elements that fire has been utilized by humans for
ceremonies, land clearing in agriculture, cooking, producing heat and light,
smelling, fogging and as a weapon or tool of destruction.
A fire can start in a split second and rage unabated until its fuel supply runs out,
destroying homes and other property. It’s crucial to have a fundamental
awareness of the many sorts of flames, how they spread and the associated
dangers to watch out for in order to prevent a tragic fire-related loss.

3
2.0 OBJECTIVES
There are objectives for our research, the objectives are to learn what fire cases
data by state. First objectives because fire cases by state occur every year and
we want to determine how often cases of fires occur within a year.

4
3.0 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

3.1 DEFINE POPULATION

The group that we want to do research is the state from all Malaysia in
year 2011 to 2015. The state that we are having is 16 states.

The Fire Cases in Malaysia Population:

Kedah Pulau
Perlis Pinang

Melaka Perak
Sarawak Selangor

W.P
Kelantan
Putrajaya
Johor

Negeri W.P.Kuala Terengganu

Sembilan Lumpur

W.P.
Sabah Pahang
Labuan

5
3.2 DEFINE VARIABLE

The method that we used is stratified random sampling. Stratified random sampling
one of probability sampling which is convenient to use to get the samples from large
population. The reason our group choose this sampling method because it can be
accurately divided the population into specific criteria (strata) such as state and year.
This technique helps the research more realistic to calculate the accurate sample from
the large population.

6
4.0 DATA COLLECTION METHOD

The method we are using to gather our data is by using secondary data. It is
referred to as the gathering of second -hand data collected by an individual who
is not the original user. We got our data via official government website. From that
website we obtained a lot of information, but we only used the information related
to the case study only.

OFFICIAL GOVERNMENT WEBSITE

7
5.0 DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

5.1 FIRE CASES BY STATE IN YEAR 2011

The bar chart below depicts fire cases by 16 states in 2011. According to
the bar chart, the highest of fire cases in 2011 is Selangor which has
recorded at 7882 number of cases (27.42%) and the lowest of fire cases in
2012 is W.P Putrajaya which has recorded at 72 number of cases (0.25%).

FIRE CASES BY STATE NUMBER OF CASES

(2011)
PERLIS 229
KEDAH 1887
PULAU PINANG 1933
PERAK 3386
SELANGOR 7882
W.P. KUALA LUMPUR 1799
NEGERI SEMBILAN 1430
MELAKA 1360
JOHOR 3419
PAHANG 1176
TERENGGANU 815
KELANTAN 595
SABAH 1140
SARAWAK 1478
W.P. LABUAN 140
W.P. PUTRAJAYA 72

Percentage Frequenc Class Class midpoint Cumulative

(%) y Boundary (%) frequency
72-572 3 71.5-572.5 322 3
573-1073 2 572.5-1073.5 823 5
1074-1574 5 1073.5-1574.5 1324 10
1575-2075 3 1574.5-2075.5 1825 13
2076-2576 0 2075.5-2576.5 2326 13
2577-3077 0 2576.5-3077.5 2827 13
3078-3578 2 3077.5-3578.5 3328 15
3579-4079 0 3578.5-4079.5 3829 15
4080-4580 0 4079.5-4580.5 4330 15
4581-5081 0 4580.5-5081.5 4831 15
5082-5582 0 5081.5-5582.5 5332 15
5583-6083 0 5582.5-6083.5 5833 15
6084-6584 0 6083.5-6584.5 6334 15
6585-7085 0 6584.5-7085.5 6835 15
7086-7586 0 7085.5-7586.5 7336 15
7587-8087 1 7586.5-8087.5 7837 16

8
 Σfx
Mean, x =
Σf

= (3 x 322) + (2 x 823) + (5 x 1324) + (3 x 1825) + (0 x 2326) + (0 x 2827) + (2 x 3328) +

(0 x 3829) + (0 x 4330) + (0 x 4831) + (0 x 5332) + (0 x 5833) + (0 x 6334) + (0 x 6835)
+ (0 x 7336) + (1 x 7837)
______________________________________________________________________
16

= 29200 / 16

= 1825

Meaning: The average of fire by state in 2011 is 1825 cases.

Median

= (3829 + 4330) / 2

= 4079.5

9
Mode

1074 – 1574 (class with highest frequency)

Lmo = 1073.5

d1 = 3

d2 = 2

C m = 16

= 1073.5 + (3 / 3+2) x 16

= 1121.5

Meaning = Most of fire by state in year 2011 are 1121.5 cases.

Variance

2
S = (229-1825)2 + (1887-1825)2 + (1933-1825)2 + (3386-1825)2 + (7882-1825)2 + (1799-
1825)2 + (1430-1825)2 + (1360-1825)2 + (3419-1176)2 + (1176-1825)2 + (815-1825)2 +
(595-1825)2 + (1140-1825)2 + (1478-1825)2 + (140-1825)2 + (72-1825)2
16
= 54056525 / 16

= 3378532.813

Standard Deviation

¿ √ 3378532.813

=1838.0786

Meaning: The fire data by state (cases) in year 2011 deviated as much as 1838.0786
from its mean of 1825

10
Measure of skewness

Pearson Coefficient of Skewness

mean−mode 3(mean−median)
Skewness = or =
standard deviation standard deviation

1825−1121.5 3(1825−4079.5)
= or =
1838.0786 1838.0786

= 0.3827 or -3.6797

Shape of distribution

1838.0786
CV = x 100%
1825

= 100.7%

Meaning: The fire data by states in year 2011 deviated approximately 100.7% from its
mean.

11
5.2 FIRE CASES BY STATE IN YEAR 2012

The bar chart below depicts fire cases by 16 states in 2012. According to the bar chart,
the highest of fire cases in 2012 is Selangor which has recorded at 8003 number of
cases (26.79 %) and the lowest of fire cases in 2012 is W.P Putrajaya which has
recorded at 81 number of cases ( 0.27 % ).

FIRE CASES BY STATE NUMBER OF CASES (2012)

PERLIS 228
KEDAH 1889
PULAU PINANG 1780
PERAK 3444
SELANGOR 8003
W.P. KUALA LUMPUR 1749
NEGERI SEMBILAN 1382
MELAKA 1222
JOHOR 3600
PAHANG 1272
TERENGGANU 971
KELANTAN 705
SABAH 1516
SARAWAK 1853
W.P. LABUAN 179
W.P. PUTRAJAYA 81

Percentage( % ) Frequency Class boundaries Class midpoint Cumulative

(%) (f )
80 – 580 3 80.5 – 84.5 82.5 3
581 – 1081 3 84.5 – 1081.5 583 3+3 = 6
1082 – 1582 4 1081.5 – 1582.5 1332 10
1583 – 2083 4 1582.5 – 2083.5 1833 14
2084 – 2584 0 2083.5 – 2584.5 2334 14
2585 – 3085 0 2584.5 – 3085.5 2835 14
3086 – 3586 1 3085.5 – 3586.5 3336 15
3587 – 4087 1 3586.5 – 4087.5 3837 16
4088 – 4588 0 4087.5 – 4588.5 4338 16
4589 – 5089 0 4588.5 – 5089.5 4839 16
5090 – 5590 0 5089.5 – 5590.5 5340 16
5591 - 6091 0 5590.5 – 6091.5 5841 16
6092 – 6592 0 6091.5 – 6592.5 6342 16
12
6593 – 7093 0 6592.5 – 7093.5 6843 16
7094 – 7594 0 7093.5 – 7594.5 7344 16
7595 - 8095 1 7594.5 – 8095.5 7845 17

13
Mean, sum / num

= 10177 / 8
= 1272.125
Meaning = The average fire cases by state in 2012 is 1272.125 cases.

Median :

Median position = f/2

3586 / 2 =

Lm = 3586.5

Fm = 16

= 1121.5 cases

Mode :

Modal class is 1082 – 1582 and 1583 – 2083 ( class with highest frequency )

Lmo = 1081.5 and 1582.5

Variance :

= ( 228 - 1272.125 ) 2 + ( 1889 – 1272.125 ) 2 + ( 1780 – 1272.125 ) 2 + ( 3444 -

1272.125 ) 2 + ( 8003 – 1272.125 ) 2 + (1749 – 1272.125 ) 2 + ( 1382 – 1272.125 ) 2 +
( 1222 – 1272.125 ) 2 + ( 3600 – 1272.125 ) 2 + ( 1272 – 1272.125 ) 2 + ( 971 –
1272.125 ) 2 + ( 705 – 1272.125 )2 + ( 1516 – 1272.125 ) 2 + ( 1853 – 1272.125 ) 2 + ( 179
– 1272.125 ) 2 + ( 81 – 1272.125 ) 2

= 1090197.02 + 380534.77 + 257937.02 + 4717041.02 + 45304678.27 + 227409.77 +

12072.52 + 2512.52 + 5419002.02 + 0.02 + 90676.27 + 32130.77 + 59475.02 +
337415.77 + 1194922.27 + 1418778.77 / 16 – 1

= 1263129

Standard Deviation :

s = √ 1263129

= 1123.89

Meaning : The fire cases in year 2012 that deviated as much as 1123.89 cases.
14
Measure of skewness :

Skewness = mean – mode

Standard deviation

= 1272.125 – 1582.5 / 1123.89

= - 0.276

Shape of distribution

1123.89
CV = x 100%
1272.125

= 88.35%

Meaning: The fire data by states in year 2012 deviated approximately 88.35% from its
mean.

15
 5.3 FIRE CASES BY STATE IN YEAR 2013
The bar chart below depicts fire cases by 16 states in 2013. According to
the bar chart, the highest of fire cases in 2012 is Selangor which has
recorded at 7639 number of cases (22.71 %) and the lowest of fire cases
in 2013 is W.P Putrajaya which has recorded at 86 number of cases
(0.26%).

FIRE CASES BY STATE NUMBER OF CASES (2013)

PERLIS 412
KEDAH 2197
PULAU PINANG 2046
PERAK 3772
SELANGOR 7639
W.P. KUALA LUMPUR 1907
NEGERI SEMBILAN 1568
MELAKA 1729
JOHOR 4578
PAHANG 1633
TERENGGANU 1427
KELANTAN 914
SABAH 1578
SARAWAK 1954
W.P. LABUAN 200
W.P. PUTRAJAYA 86

Percentage Frequenc Class Boundary Class Midpoint Cumulative Frequency

(%) y (%)
86-586 3 85.5-586.5 336 3
587-1087 1 586.5-1087.5 837 3+1=4
1088-1588 3 1087.5-1588.5 1338 4+3=7
1589-2089 4 1588.5-2089.5 1839 7+4=11
2090-2590 2 2089.5-2590.5 2340 11+2=13
2591-3091 0 2590.5-3091.5 2841 13+0=13
3092-3592 0 3091.5-3592.5 3342 13+0=13
3593-4093 1 3592.5-4093.5 3843 13+1=14
4094-4594 1 4093.5-4594.5 4344 14+1=15
4595-5095 0 4594.5-5095.5 4845 15+0=15
5096-5596 0 5095.5-5596.5 5346 15+0=15
5597-6097 0 5596.5-6097.5 5847 15+0=15
6098-6598 0 6097.5-6598.5 6348 15+0=15
6599-7099 0 6598.5-7099.5 6849 15+0=15
7100-7600 0 7099.5-7600.5 7350 15+0=15
7601-8101 1 7600.5-8101.5 7851 15+1=16

16
 Σfx
Mean, x =
Σf
33640
=
16
= 2102.5
Meaning: The average of fire by state in year 2013 is 2102.5 cases.

Median
3843+4344
=( )
2
8187
=
2
= 4093.5
Lm = 16.5
f m = 14.5
Σ f m−1 = 4
C m = 16
Σf = 16
16
−4
= 16.5 + ( 2 x 16
¿
14.5
= 268.41
Meaning: The fire by state in year 2013 more or less than 268.41 cases.

17
Mode
Modal class is 7601-8101 (class with the highest frequency)
Lmo = 7601.5
d1 = 1
d2 = 1
C m = 16
1
= 7601.5 + ( ¿ x 16
1+ 1
= 121.66
Meaning: Most data fire by state in year 2013 are 121.66 cases.

Variance

2 ( Σfx )2
s = ¿
n
2
s=
2 2 2 2 2 2
(412−2102.5) +(2197−2102.5) +(2046−2102.5) +(3772−2102.5) +(7639−2102.5) +(1907−2102.5) +(15
+
(4578−2102.5)2+(1633−2102.5)2 +(1427−2102.5)2 +( 914−2102.5)2 +(1578−2102.5)2+(1954−2102.5)2
+(200−2102.5)2 +(86−2102.5)2

16-1
71450452
=
15
= 4763363.466

Standard Deviation
s = √ 4763363.466
s = 2182.513
Meaning: The fire data by state (cases) in year 2013 deviated as much as 2182.513
from its mean of 2102.5

Measure of skewness
Pearson Coefficient of Skewness

18
 mean−mode 3 ( mean−median )
Skewness = ∨¿
s tan dard deviation s tan dard deviation
2102.5−121.66 3 ( 2102.5 – 4093.5 )
= ∨
2182.513 2182.513
1980.84 −5973
= ∨
2182.513 2182.513
= 0.907 or -2.736
Shape of distribution
2182.513
CV = x 100%
2102.5
= 103.80%
Meaning: The fire data by states in year 2013 deviated approximately 103.80% from its
mean.

19
 5.4 FIRE CASES BY STATE IN YEAR 2014

The bar chart below depicts fire cases by 16 states in 2014. According to
the bar chart, the highest of fire cases in 2014 is Selangor which has
recorded at 9111 number of cases (16.71%) and the lowest of fire cases in
2012 is W.P Putrajaya which has recorded at 102 number of cases
(0.19%).

FIRE CASES BY STATE NUMBER OF CASES (2014)

PERLIS 971
KEDAH 4793
PULAU PINANG 3595
PERAK 6447
SELANGOR 9111
W.P. KUALA LUMPUR 2049
NEGERI SEMBILAN 3071
MELAKA 3433
JOHOR 7584
PAHANG 2929
TERENGGANU 3098
KELANTAN 1816
SABAH 2559
SARAWAK 2759
W.P. LABUAN 223
W.P. PUTRAJAYA 102

Percentage (%) Frequency Class Boundary Class midpoint Class Cumulative

(%)
102-602 2 101.5-602.5 352 2
603-1103 1 602.5-1103.5 853 3
1104-1604 0 1103.5-1604.5 1354 3
1605-2105 2 1604.5-2105.5 1855 5
2106-2606 1 2105.5-2606.5 2356 6
2607-3107 4 2606.5-3107.5 2857 10
3108-3608 2 3107.5-3608.5 3358 12
3609-4109 0 3608.5-4109.5 3859 12
4110-4610 0 4109.5-4610.5 4360 12
4611-5111 1 4610.5-5111.5 4861 13
5112-5612 0 5111.5-5612.5 5362 13
5613-6113 0 5612.5-6113.5 5863 13
6114-6614 1 6113.5-6614.5 6364 14
6615-7115 0 6614.5-7115.5 6865 14
7116-7616 1 7115.5-7616.5 7366 15
7617-8117 0 7616.5-8117.5 7867 15
8118-8618 0 8117.5-8618.5 8368 15
8619-9119 1 8618.5-9119.5 8869 16

20
 Σfx
Mean, x =
Σf

= (2 x 352) + (1 x 853) + (0 x 1354) + (2 x 1855) + (1 x 2356) + (4 x 2857) + (2 x 3358) +

(0 x 3859) + (0 x 4360) + (1 x 4861) + (0 x5362) + (0 x 5863) + (1 x 6364) + (0 x 6865)
+ (1 x 7366) + (0 x 7867) + (0 x 8368) + (1 x 8869)
______________________________________________________________________
16

= 45861 / 16

= 2866.3125

Meaning: The average of fire in year 2014 is 2866.3125 cases.

Median
= (4360 + 4861) / 2
= 4610.5

21
Mode
2607 – 3107 (class with highest frequency)
Lmo = 2606.5

d1 = 3

d2 = 2

C m = 16

= 2606.5 + (3 / 3+2) x 16
= 2654.5
Meaning = Most of fire by state in year 2014 are 2654.5 cases.

Variance

S2= (971-2866.3125)2 + (4793-2866.3125)2 + (3595-2866.3125)2 + (6447-2866.3125)2 +

(9111-2866.3125)2 + (2049-2866.3125)2 + (3071-2866.3125)2 + (3433-2866.3125)2 +
(7584-2866.3125)2 + (2929-2866.3125)2 + (3098-2866.3125)2 + (1816-2866.3125)2 +
(2559-2866.3125)2 + (2759-2866.3125)2 + (223-2866.3125)2 + (102-2866.3125)2
16-1
= 97719788.12 / 15

= 6514652.541

Standard Deviation

¿ √ 6514652.541

=2552.3817

Meaning: The fire data by state (cases) in year 2014 deviated as much as 2552.3817
from its mean of 2866.3125

22
Measure of skewness

Pearson Coefficient of Skewness

mean−mode 3(mean−median)
Skewness = or =
standard deviation standard deviation

2866.3125−2654.5 3(2866.3125−2654.5)
= or =
2552.3817 2552.3817

= 0.0830 or 0.2495

Shape of distribution

2552.3817
CV = x 100%
2866.3125

= 89.05%

Meaning: The fire data by states in year 2014 deviated approximately 89.05%from its
mean.

23
 5.5 FIRE CASES BY STATE IN YEAR 2015

The bar chart below depicts fire cases by 16 states in 2015. According to
the bar chart, the highest of fire cases in 2015 is Selangor which has
recorded at 6827 number of cases (16.70%) and the lowest of fire cases in
2012 is W.P Putrajaya which has recorded at 87 number of cases (0.21%).

FIRE CASES BY STATE NUMBER OF CASES (2015)

PERLIS 717
KEDAH 2709
PULAU PINANG 2731
PERAK 3589
SELANGOR 6827
W.P. KUALA LUMPUR 1621
NEGERI SEMBILAN 1645
MELAKA 1892
JOHOR 6807
PAHANG 2559
TERENGGANU 1996
KELANTAN 1912
SABAH 3327
SARAWAK 2139
W.P. LABUAN 307
W.P. PUTRAJAYA 87

Percentage Frequency Class Boundary Class Cumulative

(%) Midpoint (%) Frequency
87-587 3 86.5-587.5 337 3
588-1088 0 587.5-1088.5 838 3+0=3
1089-1589 0 1088.5-1589.5 1339 3+0=3
1590-2090 5 1589.5-2090.5 1840 3+5=8
2091-2591 1 2090.5-2591.5 2341 8+1=9
2592-3092 3 2591.5-3092.5 2842 9+3=12
3093-3593 2 3092.5-3593.5 3343 12+2=14
3594-4094 0 3593.5-4094.5 3844 14+0=14
4095-4595 0 4094.5-4595.5 4345 14+0=14
4596-5096 0 4595.5-5096.5 4846 14+0=14
5097-5597 0 5096.5-5597.5 5347 14+0=14
5598-6098 0 5597.5-6098.5 5848 14+0=14
6099-6599 0 6098.5-6599.5 6349 14+0=14
6600-7100 2 6599.5-7100.5 6850 14+2=16

24
 Σfx
Mean, x =
Σf
40865
=
16
= 2554.06
Meaning: The average of fire by state in 2015 is 2554.06 cases.

Median
2842+ 3343
( ¿
2
6185
=
2
= 3092.5
Lm = 16.5
f m = 14
Σ f m−1 = 3
C m = 16
Σf = 16
16
−3
= 16.5 + ( 2 x 16
¿
14
= 269.71
Meaning: The fire data by state more or less than 269.71 cases.

25
Mode
Modal class is 7601-8101 (class with the highest frequency)
Lmo = 6600.5
d1 = 1
d2 = 2
C m = 16
1
= 6600.5 + ( ¿ x 16
1+ 2
= 105613.33
Meaning: Most data fire by state in 2015 are 105613.33 cases.

Variance

2 ( Σfx )2
s = ¿
n−1
s2 =
( 717−2554.06 )2 + ( 2709−2554.06 )2+ ( 2731−2554.06 )2 + ( 3589−2554.06 )2+ ( 6827−2554.06 )2 + ( 1621−2554.06 )2
16-1
55628120.68
s2 =
15
s2 = 3708541.378

Standard Deviation
s = √ 3708541.378
s = 1925.757
Meaning: The fire data by state (cases) in 2015 deviated as much as 1925.757 from its
mean of 2554.06

Measure of skewness
Pearson Coefficient of Skewness
mean−mode 3 ( mean−median )
Skewness = ∨¿
s tan dard deviation s tan dard deviation
2554.06−121.66 3 ( 2554.06 – 3092.5 )
= ∨
1925.757 1925.757
26
 2432.4 −1615.32
= ∨
1925.757 1925.757
= 1.263 or – 0.838

Shape of distribution
1925.757
CV = x 100%
2554.06
= 75.39%
Meaning: The fire data by states in 2015 deviated approximately 75.39% from its mean.

27
6.0 CONCLUSION

28