Load Extensometer reading Extension Strain nominal stress

kgf N R ΔL(mm) % Mpa

300 2943 1 0.001 0.002 26.0350318471
600 5886 3 0.003 0.006 52.0700636943
900 8829 6 0.006 0.012 78.1050955414
1200 11772 16 0.016 0.032 104.140127389
1500 14715 24 0.024 0.048 130.175159236
1800 17658 36 0.036 0.072 156.210191083
2100 20601 45 0.045 0.09 182.24522293
2400 23544 58 0.058 0.116 208.280254777
2700 26487 70 0.07 0.14 234.315286624
3000 29430 82 0.082 0.164 260.350318471
3300 32373 93 0.093 0.186 286.385350318
3600 35316 105 0.105 0.21 312.420382166
3900 38259 120 0.12 0.24 338.455414013
4200 41202 137 0.137 0.274 364.49044586
4500 44145 165 0.165 0.33 390.525477707
4500 44145 1230 1.23 2.46 390.525477707
4500 44145 1260 1.26 2.52 390.525477707
4500 44145 1280 1.28 2.56 400.4747728
4600 45126 1300 1.3 2.6 399.203821656
4700 46107 1420 1.42 2.84 407.882165605
4800 47088 1660 1.66 3.32 416.560509554
5100 50031 2050 2.05 4.1 442.595541401
5300 51993 2305 2.305 4.61 459.952229299
5500 53955 2465 2.465 4.93 477.308917197
5700 55917 2645 2.645 5.29 494.665605096
5900 57879 2655 2.655 5.31 512.022292994
6200 60822 63 3 5 538.057324841
6500 63765 66 6 10 564.092356688
6800 66708 67 7 11.66667 590.127388535
6200 60822 75 15 25 538.057324841
5700 55917 76 16 26.66667 494.665605096
5420 53170.2 470.366242038
Remarks
dia= 1.2 12 hot rolled
elastic zone Area = 113.04 mm²
elastic zone
elastic zone
elastic zone
elastic zone 700
elastic zone
600
elastic zone
elastic zone 500
elastic zone
elastic zone 400
elastic zone stress-strain curve
elastic zone 300
elastic zone
200
elastic zone
yielding zone 100
yielding zone
yielding zone 0
yielding zone 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

1084.793 813.5947

necking

crushing
G.length vs elongation hot rolled
comm.Ref length Elongated length Elongation % elongation
Lo(mm) Lf(mm) ΔL(mm)
30 39 9 30
60 74 14 23.333333333
90 107 17 18.888888889
120 142 22 18.333333333
150 175 25 16.666666667
180 198 18 10
210 244 34 16.19047619
240 274 34 14.166666667
270 306 36 13.333333333
300 347 47 15.666666667
330 376 46 13.939393939
360 410 50 13.888888889
390 450 60 15.384615385
420 480 60 14.285714286
450 517 67 14.888888889
 G.length vs elongation
500
450
400
350
G.length vs elongation
300 Exponential (G.length vs
250 elongation)
200
150
100
50
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Load cold form
kgf N extensometer reading Extension ΔL Strain % Nominal stress
0 0 0 0 0 0
300 2943 12 0.012 0.024 26.0350318471338
600 5886 22 0.022 0.044 52.0700636942675
900 8829 37 0.037 0.074 78.1050955414013
1200 11772 49 0.049 0.098 104.140127388535
1500 14715 61 0.061 0.122 130.175159235669
1800 17658 75 0.075 0.15 156.210191082803
2100 20601 88 0.088 0.176 182.245222929936
2400 23544 100 0.1 0.2 208.28025477707
2700 26487 110 0.11 0.22 234.315286624204
3000 29430 125 0.125 0.25 260.350318471338
3300 32373 140 0.14 0.28 286.385350318471
3600 35316 155 0.155 0.31 312.420382165605
3900 38259 172 0.172 0.344 338.455414012739
4200 41202 190 0.19 0.38 364.490445859873
4500 44145 210 0.21 0.42 390.525477707006
4800 47088 240 0.24 0.48 416.56050955414
5100 50031 270 0.27 0.54 442.595541401274
5400 52974 312 0.312 0.624 468.630573248408
5700 55917 380 0.38 0.76 494.665605095541
6000 58860 477 0.477 0.954 520.700636942675
6300 61803 660 0.66 1.32 546.735668789809
6600 64746 1040 1.04 2.08 572.770700636943
7200 70632 1650 1.65 3.3 624.84076433121
7500 73575 70mm 10 15.625 650.875796178344
7580 74359.8 71mm 11 17.1875 657.81847133758
Remarks dia=1.28 12
area= 113.04

stress-strain curve
700

600

500

400 stress-strain curve

300

200

100

0
0 5 10 15 20
G.length vs elongation cold form
Comm.G.length Elongated length Elongation % elongation
32 40 8 25
64 77 13 20.3125
96 123 27 28.125
128 148 20 15.625
160 196 36 22.5
192 220 28 14.5833333333333
224 255 31 13.8392857142857
256 290 34 13.28125
288 325 37 12.8472222222222
320 360 40 12.5
352 397 45 12.7840909090909
384 430 46 11.9791666666667
 G.length Vs %elongation
450
400
350
300
G.length Vs %elongation
250 Exponential (G.length Vs
200 %elongation)

150
100
50
0
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
load cast iron
kgf N Extensometer reading Extension Strain stress
0 0 0 0 0 0
200 1962 8 0.008 0.016 7.643461
400 3924 9 0.009 0.018 15.28692
600 5886 12 0.012 0.024 22.93038
800 7848 25 0.025 0.05 30.57384
1000 9810 36 0.036 0.072 38.2173
1200 11772 46 0.046 0.092 45.86077
1400 13734 60 0.06 0.12 53.50423
1600 15696 70 0.07 0.14 61.14769
1800 17658 82 0.082 0.164 68.79115
2000 19620 100 0.1 0.2 76.43461
2200 21582 115 0.115 0.23 84.07807
2400 23544 135 0.135 0.27 91.72153
2600 25506 150 0.15 0.3 99.36499
2800 27468 170 0.17 0.34 107.0085
3000 29430 195 0.195 0.39 114.6519
3200 31392 220 0.22 0.44 122.2954
3400 33354 250 0.25 0.5 129.9388
3600 35316 275 0.275 0.55 137.5823
3800 37278 310 0.31 0.62 145.2258
4100 40221 26 1 4 156.691
4400 43164 27 2 8 168.1561
4600 45126 28 3 12 175.7996
4800 47088
dia= 1.808333 18.08333
area= 256.69

stress-strain cirve
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
cast iron
G.length elongated length elongation % elongation
25 27 2 8
50 53 3 6
75 77 2 2.66666666667
100 103 3 3
125 129 4 3.2
150 154 4 2.66666666667
175 180 5 2.85714285714
200 206 6 3
 g.lenth vs elongation
250

200

g.lenth vs elongation
150 Exponential (g.lenth vs
elongation)
100

50

0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
hot rolled cold rolled cast iron

strain stress
0.002 26.69832 0 0 0
0.006 53.39664 0.024 22.88314 0.016
0.012 80.09495 0.044 45.76627 0.018
0.032 106.7933 0.074 68.64941 0.024
0.048 133.4916 0.098 91.53254 0.05
0.072 160.1899 0.122 114.4157 0.072
0.09 186.8882 0.15 137.2988 0.092
0.116 213.5865 0.176 160.1819 0.12
0.14 240.2849 0.2 183.0651 0.14
0.164 266.9832 0.22 205.9482 0.164
0.186 293.6815 0.25 228.8314 0.2
0.21 320.3798 0.28 251.7145 0.23
0.24 347.0781 0.31 274.5976 0.27
0.274 373.7765 0.344 297.4808 0.3
0.33 400.4748 0.38 320.3639 0.34
2.46 400.4748 0.42 343.247 0.39
2.52 400.4748 0.48 366.1302 0.44
2.56 400.4748 0.54 389.0133 0.5
2.6 409.3742 0.624 411.8964 0.55
2.84 418.2737 0.76 434.7796 0.62
3.32 427.1731 0.954 457.6627 4
4.1 453.8714 1.32 480.5458 8
4.61 471.6703 2.08 503.429 12
4.93 489.4692 3.3 549.1952
5.29 507.268 15.625 572.0784
5.31 525.0669 17.1875 578.1805
5 551.7652
10 578.4636
11.66667 605.1619
25 551.7652
26.66667 507.268
482.3496
 700
0
600
7.643461
15.28692 500
22.93038
30.57384 400
hot- rolled
38.2173 cold-rolled
300
45.86077 cast-iron
53.50423 200
61.14769
68.79115 100
76.43461
84.07807 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
91.72153
99.36499
107.0085
114.6519
122.2954
129.9388
137.5823
145.2258
156.691
168.1561
175.7996
comparison table
yield stress ultimate stress failure stress proportional limit
Mpa Mpa Mpa Mpa
hot rolled steel bar 400.47 605.16 482.35 373.77

cold rolled steel bar

cast iron bar

modolus of resiliance

0.34926003225