INTRODUCTION TO THE MICROPROCEfghgfhgfhdgf

AND

DEVELOPMENT OF MICROCONTROLLERS

ABSTRACT

This chapter provides a brief review on the evolution of

microprocessors (pps) and development of microcontrollers

(pcs). The use of microcontrollers in embedded systems and

their applications are explained briefly.

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1.1 EVOLUTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR

Intel Corporation, USA introduced the first pp, the 4004, in 1971. This 4004

has evolved from a development effort while designing a calculator chip set. Soon

after the 4004 appeared in the commercial market, three other microprocessors were

introduced. These were the Rockwell International PPS-4, the Intel 8-bit 8008, and

National semiconductor 16-bit IMP 16.

The microprocessors introduced between 1971 and 1973 were the first

generation systems They were designed using the PMOS technology. This

technology provided low cost, low speed, and low output currents and was not

compatible with TTfter 1973, second-generation microprocessors such as

Motorola 6800 and 6809, Intel 8085 and Zilog Z80 were evolved. These processors

were fabricated using the NMOS technology. The NMOS process offers faster speed

and higher density than PMOS and is TTL-compatible. After 1978, the third

generation microprocessors were introduced. These processors were 16 bits wide and

include typical processors such as Intel 8086/80186/80286 and Motorola

68000/68010 . These microprocessors were designed using the HMOS (high-density

performance MOS) technology.

Intel utilized the HMOS technology to fabricate the 8085A. Thus, Intel

offered a high-speed version of the 8085A called 8085AH. In 1980, fourth generation

microprocessors evolved. Intel introduced the first commercial 32-bit

microprocessor, the problematic Intel 432. This processor was eventually

discontinued by Intel. Since 1985, more 32-bit microprocessors have been

introduced. These include Motorola’s MC 68020 and 68030 and Intel 80386. Some
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other 32-bit microprocessors are Intel’s 80486, Pentium, Pentium pro, Pentium II,

Pentium III, Pentium IV etc. These processors were fabricated using the low-power

version of the HMOS technology called the HCMOS.

The performance offered by the 32-bit microprocessor was more comparable

to that of Super Minicomputers such as Digital Equipment Corporation’s VAX11/750

and VAX11/780. Motorola has introduced a 32-bit RISC Microprocessor with

simplified instruction set called the MC 88100.

Examples for 64-bit Microprocessors include SUN’s ULTRASPARC, Power

PC620, MIPS’ R5000, R10000 and 12000; Intel PA8000 etc. Intel’s i860 (1989) was

a 64-bit RISC microprocessor, but it did not become popular for general purpose

computers. It was used for industrial control applications [1, 2, 3],

1.2 DEVELOPMENT OF SINGLE CHIP MICROCOMPUTER/

MICROCONTROLLER

A digital computer built on a single chip (single IC) is called single-chip

miciocomputer (or microcontroller). A single-chip microcomputer contains a CPU,

RAM, ROM or EPROM, I/O lines, programmable timer/counter. Some single-chip

microcomputer also contains Analog to Digital (A/D) converter, DMA channels,

serial port, etc. As microcontrollers are embedded in the system which they control,

they are called embedded controllers.

Intel introduced the 8048 series of single-chip microcomputers in the year

1976. The 8048 contained an 8-bit CPU, 1K/2K/4K bytes ROM, 64/128/256 bytes
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RAM, three 8-bit I/O ports, a timer/counter and are interrupt line The summary of

8048 series (MCS-48) of microcontrollers is shown in Table 1.1.

Intel introduced the 8051 (MCS-51) series of micro- controllers (1980) which

are more powerful than Intel 8048 series. The 8051 series of micro- controllers are

the second generation of microcontrollers. They are faster, have enhanced instruction

set including instructions for multiplication and division, larger memory capacity, full

duplex serial port, Boolean processor and p.ower saving modes of operation. Some

selected versions have functions like A/D converter, DMA channels, pulse-width

modulator, watch dog timer etc Table 1.2 shows the details of MCS-51 series.

Dallas semiconductor (DS) was the first company which has changed the

805 l’s microcoded processor core with hardwired one. This change has resulted in

instructions taking 4, 8, 12 or 16 clock cycles per instruction. Further, there was an

improvement of 2.5 fold in the DSHSM as compared to the basic 805IS. The

difficulty in using DSHSM and the normal 8051 can be reduced if one is working

with timers having a divisor of 12. Dallas HSM has an additional timer called Timer

2. Timer 2 can work in two modes.

• Capture mode • Auto-reload mode

Further, a watch dog timer (WDT) is used to protect an application in case the

microcontroller begins to run and execute randomly. Dallas semiconductors HMS’s

has a second serial port. The second serial port can only be driven by timer 1

overflow.
 TABLE 1.1

Device ROM/EPROM RAM

8050AH 4 KB ROM 256 bytes

8049AH 2 KB ROM 128 bytes

8048 AH 1 KB ROM 64 bytes

8041 1 KB ROM 64 bytes

8040AHL None 256 bytes

8039 AHL None 128 bytes

8035AHL None 64 bytes

8749 H 2 KB EPROM 128 bytes

8748H 1 KB EPROM 64 bytes

8741 1KB EPROM 64 bytes

 TABLE 1.2

s. Product Technology On-chip CLK On-chip

No. program data
memory memory
(Bytes )

1 80C51BH CHMOS 4 KB ROM 24 MHz 128 bytes

2 80C31BH CHMOS None 24 MHz 128 bytes

3 87C51 CHMOS 4 KB 24 MHz 128 bytes

EPROM

4 8XC52/54/ 58 CHMOS 8/16/32 KB 12/24/33 256 bytes

MHz

5 8XL52/54/ 58 CHMOS 8/16/32 KB 20/16 MHz256 bytes

6 8XC51FA/FB/FC CHMOS 8/16/32 JCB 12/24/33 256 bytes

MHz

7 8XL51FA/FB/FC CHMOS 8/16/32 KB 20/16 MHz 256 bytes

8 8XC51RA/RB/RC CHMOS 8/16/32 KB 24 MHz 512 bytes

9 8XC51GB CHMOS 8 KB 3.5 to 256 bytes

12/16 MHz

10 8XC51SL CHMOS 16 KB 2 to 16 256 bytes

MHz

11 8XC152JA/JB/ CHMOS 8 KB 16.5 MHz 256 bytes

JC/JD
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Intel’s MCS 151 and 251 microcontrollers are an enhancement to the original

8051 with number of changes and improvements. ATMEL introduced a series of

microcontrollers: AT S9C51/C52/LV51/LV52/C1051/C2051 microcontrollers. They

include on-chip flash memory. Microchip introduced a series of microcontrollers:

PIC 12C5xx, PIC16C5x, PIC16F84, PIC16F83, PIC16C554.... etc.

Table 1 3 shows the other series of microcontrollers (8-bit) designed by

different manufacturers, such as Dallas, ATMEL, National and Hitachi series [4], In

the present work, Atmel’s 89C51 microcontroller is used.

1.3 CONCEPT OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM AND USE OF

MICROCONTROLLERS IN EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Embedded means ‘hidden’ or ‘buried’. The embedded information is truly

hidden inside the device/product that is in use. This is possible by programming

security bit/code in a microcontroller program. In the commonly used appliances

such as washing machine, the embedded software adjusts the water level basing on

the load and adjusts the washing cycle basing on the dirtiness of the water.

The use of simple microprocessors in embedded intelligence has gradually

decreased and the use of microcontrollers in such an environment has not only

increased but also brought in a revolutionary change. This is indeed due to the

integration of microprocessor and certain peripherals (including memory) on a single

chip known “microcontroller”. Thus it can be thought of as gp++.

The embedded information processing revolution is happening all around us.

Electronics intelligence is hidden inside the products that we use in daily lives. As the
 TABLE 1.3

Manufacturer: ModelPins: I/O Counters RAM (bytes) ROM (bytes)

National: COP820 28:24 1 64 IK

Motorola: 6805 28:20 1 64 IK

Motorola: 68HC11 52:40 2 256 8K

Rockwell: 6500/1 40:32 64 2K

.1
Philips: 87C552 68:48 3 256 8K

Zilog: Z8 40:32 2 128 2K

Zilog: Z86C83 28:22 2 256 4K

TI: Tms 7500 40:32 1 128 2K

TI: Tms 370C050 68:55 2 256 4K

Microchip: PIC 16C56 18/12 0 25 IK

DS 5000-8 32 128 8K
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cost of ICs that provides this intelligence has dropped over the years, the number of

manufacturers using these devices and diverse applications have increased.

Competitive pressures require manufacturers to expand their product

functionality and provide differentiation while maintaining or reducing the cost. To

address these requirements, manufacturers use IC based embedded control systems

that provide an integrated solution for applications specific control (ASC)

requirements. Embedded control systems enable manufacturers to differentiate their

product, replace less efficient electromechanical control devices, add product

functionality, and significantly reduce product costs. In addition, embedded control

system facilitates the emergence of complete new classes of products. Embedded

control system typically incorporate microcontroller for the principle activity, and

some times or the sole component.

A microcontroller itself contains computer on a chip, which includes CPU,

non-volatile program memory, RAM for data storage and various I/O capabilities. In

addition to the microcontroller, a complete embedded control system incorporates

applications specific software and may include specialized peripheral controllers and

external non-volatile memory components, such as E2PROM to store additional

program software.

Embedded control solutions have been incorporated into thousands of

products and sub-assemblies in a wide variety of markets, world-wise. Some of these

applications include

> Automotive air bag systems

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> Remote control devices

> Hand held tools applications

> Portable computers

> Cordless and cellular telephones

> Motor controls

> Security systems

The increasing demand for embedded control has made the market for

microcontrollers as the largest segments of the semiconductor market. Currently

available microcontroller architectures range from 4-bit through 32-bit.

1.4 APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED MICROCONTROLLERS

There are two distinct areas of embedded control applications: event control

(real-time control) and data control. The controllers required for real-time control are

usually dedicated to single function applications, which include the control of a

motor, an engine, an indicator, etc. Data control applications include data processing,

data formatting, I/O control, etc. For such applications, the embedded controller is

often found in a subsystem which performs multiple functions repeatedly and

supports programs that move vast quantities of data. Such applications require a

combination of processing power, DMA and I/O bus bandwidth. The controllers

which are used in data control applications must perform many different functions

while handling large programs using large amounts of data. A typical example of a

high-end data control application is the control of a laser printer. Other examples of

high-end data control are: image processing, graphics, networking, sophisticated

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industrial control, digital switching networks, medical instrumentations and LAN

controllers, etc. The embedded applications include industrial automation, avionics,

image processing, graphics, etc [5,6], This type of environment is depicted in

Figure 1 1 [7],

Some of the other examples for embedded system are:

Printer, modem disk controller, sound card CD-ROM driver mouse, Toaster,

small ASCII data terminal, Chess player and House thermostat, etc.

The above review indicates that the microcontrollers are widely used in

different applications, especially in embedded systems. This dissertationChapter

is an

approach to develop an embedded system to improve the low cost web camera. The

proposed system not only replaces the costly web camera used in video conferences,

shopping complex etc., but has more functionality compared to the commercially

available web cameras.

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REFERENCES

1. Mohamed Rafiq Zzaman, “Microprocessors and Microcomputer based system

design”, USB Pub. (1999).

2. Badri Ram, “Advanced Microprocessors and Interfacing”, Tata Mc-Graw Hill

Publishing Company (2002).

3. Ramesh S. Gaonkar, “Microprocessor Architecture, Programming and

Applications ” with the 8Q85/8G80A”, Wiley eastern Limited.

4. Kenneth J. Ayala, “the 8051 Microcontroller Architecture, Programming of

Applications”, Penram International Publication (Second Edition).

5. Mohammad Ali Mazidi, Janice Gillispie Mazidi “The 8051 Microcontroller

and Embedded Systems”, Pearson Edu. (2002).

6. MYKE PREDKO “Programming and customizing the 8051 Microcontroller”,

Tata Mc-Graw Hill Publishing Company (2001).

7. Frank Vahid, Tony Givragis “Embedded system design. A unified

hardware/software introduction”, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. £ 1 .000 )