CHAPTER 3

REVIEW EXERCISES

These review exercises are for test preparation. They can also 6. P1t2 = 50 + ln t f) P(t)
be used as a practice test. Answers are at the back of the book.
The blue bracketed section references tell you what part(s) of
the chapter to restudy if your answer is incorrect.

CONCEPT REINFORCEMENT 50

t
Match each equation in column A with the most appropriate
graph in column B. [3.1–3.4]
Column A Column B Classify each statement as either true or false.
1. P1t2 = 50e 0.03t a) P(t)
7. The base a in the exponential function given by
50 f 1x2 = a x must be greater than 1. [3.1]
8. The base a in the logarithmic function given by
g1x2 = log a x must be greater than 0. [3.2]
9. If f ¿1x2 = c # f 1x2 for c Z 0 and f1x2 Z 0, then f must be
t an exponential function. [3.3]

50 10. With exponential growth, the doubling time depends on

2. P1t2 = b) P(t) the size of the original population. [3.3]
1 + 2e -0.02t
11. A radioactive isotope’s half-life determines the value of its
decay constant. [3.4]
12. A radioactive isotope’s half-life depends on how much of
50 the substance is initially present. [3.4]
t
13. For any exponential function of the form f 1x2 = a x, it
follows that f ¿1x2 = ln a # a x. [3.5]
3. P1t2 = 50e -0.20t c) P(t)
14. For any logarithmic function of the form g1x2 = log a x,
it follows that g¿1x2 = # . [3.5]
1 1
a x
15. Revenue is maximized when the elasticity of demand
is 1. [3.6]
1 t

4. P1t2 = ln t REVIEW EXERCISES

d) P(t)

50
Differentiate each function.
16. y = ln x [3.2] 17. y = e x [3.1]
18. y = ln 1x 4 + 52 [3.2] 19. y = e 22x [3.1]
1 t 20. f 1x2 = ln2x [3.2] 21. f 1x2 = x 4e 3x [3.1]

5. P1t2 = 5011 - e -0.04t2 e) P(t) ln x

22. f 1x2 = [3.2]
50
x3
23. f 1x2 = e x # ln 4x [3.1, 3.2]
2

x
24. f 1x2 = e 4x - ln [3.1, 3.2]
4
t
25. g1x2 = x 8 - 8 ln x [3.2]

382 CHAPTER 3 • Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

 Chapter 3 Review Exercises 383

ln e x 45. Life science: decay rate. A certain radioactive isotope

26. y = [3.1, 3.2]
ex has a decay rate of 7% per day, that is,
27. F1x2 = 9x [3.5] dA
= - 0.07A,
dt
28. g1x2 = log 2 x [3.5]
where A is the amount of the isotope present at time t,
29. y = 3x # log 4 12x + 12 [3.5] in days. [3.4]
a) Find a function that satisfies the equation if the
Graph each function. [3.1] amount of the isotope present at t = 0 is 800 g.
30. f 1x2 = 4 x 31. g1x2 = A 13 B x b) After 20 days, how much of the 800 g will remain?
Round to the nearest gram.
c) After how long will half of the original amount remain?
Given log a 2 1.8301 and log a 7 5.0999, find each loga-
rithm. [3.2] 46. Social science: Hullian learning model. The proba-
32. log a 14 33. log a 27 34. log a 28 bility p of mastering a certain assembly-line task after
t learning trials is given by
35. log a 3.5 36. log a 27 37. log a 14
p1t2 = 1 - e -0.7t. [3.3]
38. Find the function that satisfies dQ>dt = 7Q, given that a) What is the probability of learning the task after
Q102 = 25. [3.3] 1 trial? 2 trials? 5 trials? 10 trials? 14 trials?
b) Find the rate of change, p¿1t2.
39. Life science: population growth. The population of
c) Interpret the meaning of p¿1t2.
Boomtown doubled in 16 yr. What was the growth rate of
d) Sketch a graph of the function.
the city? Round to the nearest tenth of a percent. [3.3]
47. Business: present value. Find the present value of
40. Business: interest compounded continuously. Suppose
$1,000,000 due 40 yr later at 4.2%, compounded
that $8300 is invested in Noether Bond Fund, where the
continuously. [3.4]
interest rate is 6.8%, compounded continuously. How
long will it take for the $8300 to double itself? Round to 48. Economics: elasticity of demand. Consider the demand
the nearest tenth of a year. [3.3] function
41. Business: cost of a prime-rib dinner. The average cost 600
q = D1x2 = . [3.6]
C of a prime-rib dinner was $15.81 in 1986. In 2010, it 1x + 422
was $27.95. Assuming that the exponential growth
model applies: [3.3] a) Find the elasticity.
b) Find the elasticity at x = $1, stating whether the
a) Find the exponential growth rate to three decimal demand is elastic or inelastic.
places, and write the function that models the c) Find the elasticity at x = $12, stating whether the
situation. demand is elastic or inelastic.
b) What will the cost of such a dinner be in 2012? d) At a price of $12, will a small increase in price cause
In 2020? the total revenue to increase or decrease?
42. Business: franchise growth. A clothing firm is selling e) Find the value of x for which the total revenue is a
franchises throughout the United States and Canada. It is maximum.
estimated that the number of franchises N will increase at
the rate of 12% per year, that is, SYNTHESIS
dN e 2x + e -2x
= 0.12N, 49. Differentiate: y = . [3.1]
dt
e 2x - e -2x
where t is the time, in years. [3.3]
50. Find the minimum value of f 1x2 = x 4 ln 14x2. [3.2]
a) Find the function that satisfies the equation,
assuming that the number of franchises in 2007
1t = 02 is 60. TECHNOLOGY CONNECTION
b) How many franchises will there be in 2013? e 1>x
c) After how long will the number of franchises be 51. Graph: f1x2 = . [3.1]
120? Round to the nearest tenth of a year. 11 + e 1>x22

43. Life science: decay rate. The decay rate of a certain e 1>x
52. Find lim . [3.1]
radioactive substance is 13% per year. What is its x :0 11 + e 1>x22
half-life? Round to the nearest tenth of a year. [3.4]
53. Business: shopping on the Internet. Online sales of all
44. Life science: half-life. The half-life of radon-222 is types of consumer products increased at an exponential
3.8 days. What is its decay rate? Round to the nearest rate in the last decade or so. Data in the following table
tenth of a percent. [3.4] show online retail sales, in billions of dollars. [3.3]
384 CHAPTER 3 • Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

a) Use REGRESSION to fit an exponential function

Years, t, U.S. Online Retail Sales y = a # b x to the data. Then convert that formula
after 1998 (in billions) to an exponential function, base e, where t is the
number of years after 1998, and determine the
0 $ 4.9 exponential growth rate.
1 14.7 b) Estimate online sales in 2010; in 2020.
2 28.0 c) After what amount of time will online sales be $400
3 34.3 billion?
4 44.7 d) What is the doubling time of online sales?
5 55.7
6 69.2
7 86.3

(Source: U.S. Census Bureau.)

CHAPTER 3
TEST

Differentiate. 16. Life science: drug dosage. A dose of a drug is injected

1. y = 2e 3x 2. y = 1ln x24 into the body of a patient. The drug amount in the body
decreases at the rate of 10% per hour, that is,
2 x dA
3. f1x2 = e -x 4. f 1x2 = ln = - 0.1A,
7 dt
5. f1x2 = e x - 5x 3 6. f 1x2 = 3e x ln x where A is the amount in the body and t is the time, in
x x hours.
7. y = 7 + 3 8. y = log 14 x
a) A dose of 3 cubic centimeters (cc) is administered.
Assuming A0 = 3, find the function that satisfies the
Given log b 2 0.2560 and log b 9 0.8114, find each equation.
of the following. b) How much of the initial dose of 3 cc will remain after
9. log b 18 10. log b 4.5 11. log b 3 10 hr?
c) After how long does half of the original dose remain?
12. Find the function that satisfies dM>dt = 6M, with
M102 = 2. 17. Life science: decay rate. The decay rate of radium-226 is
4.209% per century. What is its half-life?
13. The doubling time for a certain bacteria population is
3 hr. What is the growth rate? Round to the nearest tenth 18. Life science: half-life. The half-life of bohrium-267 is
of a percent. 17 sec. What is its decay rate? Express the rate as a per-
centage rounded to four decimal places.

APPLICATIONS 19. Business: effect of advertising. Twin City Roasters intro-

duced a new coffee in a trial run. The firm advertised the
14. Business: interest compounded continuously. An coffee on television and found that the percentage P of
investment is made at 6.931% per year, compounded people who bought the coffee after t ads had been run
continuously. What is the doubling time? Round to the satisfied the function
nearest tenth of a year. 100
P1t2 = .
15. Business: cost of milk. The cost C of a gallon of 1 + 24e -0.28t
milk was $3.22 in 2006. In 2010, it was $3.50. a) What percentage of people bought the coffee before
(Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor seeing the ad 1t = 02?
Statistics.) Assuming that the exponential growth b) What percentage bought the coffee after the ad had
model applies: been run 1 time? 5 times? 10 times? 15 times?
a) Find the exponential growth rate to the nearest tenth 20 times? 30 times? 35 times?
of a percent, and write the equation. c) Find the rate of change, P¿1t2.
b) Find the cost of a gallon of milk in 2012 and d) Interpret the meaning of P¿1t2.
2018. e) Sketch a graph of the function.
 Extended Technology Application 385

20. In 2010, a professional athlete signed a contract paying from 1991 to 2006. Data in the table below show costs
him $13 million in 2016. Find the present value of that for those years.
amount in 2010, assuming 4.3% interest, compounded
continuously. Years, t, Cost of
21. Economics: elasticity of demand. Consider the demand after 1990 commercial
function
1 $ 800,000
q = D1x2 = 400e -0.2x. 3 850,000
a) Find the elasticity. 5 1,000,000
b) Find the elasticity at x = 3, and state whether the 8 1,300,000
demand is elastic or inelastic. 13 2,100,000
c) Find the elasticity at x = 18, and state whether the 16 2,600,000
demand is elastic or inelastic.
d) At a price of $3, will a small increase in price cause (Source: National Football League.)
the total revenue to increase or decrease?
a) Use REGRESSION to fit an exponential function
y = a # b x to the data. Then convert that formula to
e) Find the price for which the total revenue is a
maximum.
an exponential function, base e, where t is the
number of years after 1990.
SYNTHESIS b) Estimate the cost of a commercial run during the Super
22. Differentiate: y = x 1ln x22 - 2x ln x + 2x. Bowl in 2012 and 2015.
c) After what amount of time will the cost be $1 billion?
23. Find the maximum and minimum values of d) What is the doubling time of the cost of a commercial
f 1x2 = x 4e -x over 30, 104. run during the Super Bowl?
e) The cost of a Super Bowl commercial in 2009 turned
TECHNOLOGY CONNECTION out to be $3 million, and in 2010 it dropped to about
$2.8 million, possibly due to the decline in the world
e x - e -x economy. Expand the table of costs, and make a scat-
24. Graph: f1x2 = .
e x + e -x terplot of the data. Does the cost still seem to follow
an exponential function? Explain. What kind of
e x - e -x
25. Find lim -x .
curve seems to fit the data best? Fit that curve using
x :0 e + e
x
REGRESSION, and predict the cost of a Super Bowl
26. Business: average price of a television commercial. commercial in 2012 and in 2015. Compare your
The cost of a 30-sec television commercial that runs answers to those of part (b).
during the Super Bowl was increasing exponentially

Extended Technology Application

The Business of Motion Picture Revenue and DVD Release
There has been increasing pressure by motion picture the number of people attending movies in the United
executives to narrow the gap between the theater release States and Canada decreased from 1.57 billion in 2002
of a movie and the release to DVD. The executives want to 1.42 billion in 2009. The owners are fearful that if
to reduce marketing expenses, adapt to audiences’ movie executives shorten the time between theater
increasing consumption of on-demand movies, and release and DVD release, the number of ticket buyers
boost decreasing DVD sales. Theater owners, on the will drop even more, as many people will be willing to
other hand, want to protect declining ticket sales; wait for the DVD.